Effects of wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution

The effects of different wind input and wave dissipation formulations on the steady Ekman current solution are described. Two formulations are considered: one from the wave modeling(WAM) program proposed by Hasselmann and Komen and the other provided by Tsagareli and Babanin. The solution adopted for our study was presented by Song for the wave-modifi ed Ekman current model that included the Stokes drift, wind input, and wave dissipation with eddy viscosity increasing linearly with depth. Using the Combi spectrum with tail effects, the solutions are calculated using two formulations for wind input and wave dissipation, and compared. Differences in the results are not negligible. Furthermore, the solution presented by Song and Xu for the eddy viscosity formulated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme under wind input and wave dissipation given by Tsagareli and Babanin is compared with that obtained for a depth-dependent eddy viscosity. The solutions are further compared with the available well-known observational data. The result indicates that the Tsagareli and Babanin scheme is more suitable for use in the model when capillary waves are included, and the solution calculated using the K-Profi le Parameterization scheme agrees best with observations.

Improving the estimate of wind energy input into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Based on the data and method offered by Liu et al. （2009）, the direct wind and Stokes drift-induced energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC） area are reestimated since the results of the former have been proved to be underestimated. And the result shows that the total rate of energy input into the Ekman-Stokes layer within the ACC area is 852.41 GW, including 649.75 GW of direct wind energy input （76%） and 202.66 GW of Stoke drift-induced energy input （24%）. Total increased energy input, due to wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing added to the classical Ekman model, is 52.05 GW, accounting for 6.5% of the wind energy input into the classical Ekman layer. The long-term variability of direct wind and Stokes drift-induced energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the ACC is also investigated, and the result shows that the Stokes drift hinders the decadal increasing trend of direct wind energy input. Meanwhile, there is a period of 4-5 a in the energy spectrums, as same as the Antarctic circumpolar wave.

Ocean surface currents retrieval based on the satellite remote sensing data

The ocean surface currents are reconstructed from the satellite remote sensing data containing altimeter-derived sea surface height and QuikSCAT satellite-derived wind data. Based on the method proposed by Lagerloef, a global weekly 0.5°×0.5°ocean surface current product was obtained over the period 2000 - 2008 by combining the geostrophic currents estimated from sea surface height with Ekman current estimated from the wind stress. Particularly, weight functions were introduced when calculating the Ekman currents to eliminate the discontinuity near 25°S and 25°N. These satellite-derived currents have been compared with TAO current meter and the SCUD product, respectively. The comparison showed that satellite-derived currents not only could capture the characteristics of ocean surface currents but also had high accuracy and reliability. The result showed that this innovatory method was effective.

Validation and error analysis of wave-modifi ed ocean surface currents in the northwestern Pacifi c Ocean

By incorporating the wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing into the classical Ekman layer,the wave-modifi ed ocean surface currents in the northwestern Pacifi c Ocean were estimated.Thus,the ocean surface currents are the combination of classical Ekman current from the cross-calibrated multi-platform(CCMP)wind speed,geostrophic current from the mean absolute dynamic topography(MADT),and wave-induced current based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Interim Re-Analysis(ERA-Interim)surface wave datasets.Weight functions are introduced in the Ekman current formulation as well.Comparisons with in-situ data from Lagrangian drifters in the study area and Kuroshio Extension Observatory(KEO)observations at 32.3°N,144.6°E,and 15-m depth indicate that wave-modifi ed ocean surface currents provide accurate time means of zonal and meridional currents in the northwestern Pacifi c Ocean.Result shows that the wave-modifi ed currents are quite consistent with the Lagrangian drifter observations for the period 1993-2017 in the deep ocean.The correlation(root mean square error,RMSE)is 0.96(1.45 cm/s)for the zonal component and 0.90(1.07 cm/s)for the meridional component.However,wave-modifi ed currents underestimate the Lagrangian drifter velocity in strong current and some off shore regions,especially in the regions along the Japan coast and the southeastern Mindanao.What’s more,the wave-modifi ed currents overestimate the pure Eulerian KEO current which does not consider the impact of waves,and the zonal(meridional)correlation and RMSE are 0.95(0.90)and 11.25 cm/s(12.05 cm/s)respectively.These comparisons demonstrate that our wave-modifi ed ocean surface currents have high precision and can describe the real-world ocean in the northwestern Pacifi c Ocean accurately and intuitively,which can provide important routes to calculate ocean surface currents on large spatial scales.

高频表面波对定常Ekman流解的影响

基于Jenkins(1989)建立的包含Stokes漂流、风输入和波耗散影响的修正Ekman模型,采用Paskyabi等(2012)使用的推广的Donelan等(1987)中的谱和波耗散函数,并利用Paskyabi等(2012)中修正方法给出的包含高频波的风输入函数,在粘性不依赖于水深及粘性随深度线性变化的条件下,研究了包含高频毛细重力波的随机表面波对Stokes漂流和Song(2009)导出的波浪修正定常Ekman流解的影响。结果表明高频表面波使Stokes漂流在海表面剪切加强,对定常Ekamn流解的影响通常不能忽略,但对Ekman流场的角度偏转影响很小。最后,将考虑高频表面波尾谱影响所估算的定常Ekman流解与已有观测结果以及经典Ekman解进行了比对分析。

微分方程特征值理论在Ekman流解中的应用

为了更为细致地讨论非恒常量的垂向湍黏性系数对Ekman流解的影响,基于微分方程的特征值理论,简要分析了在不同垂向湍黏系数分布条件下,Ekman流解所具有的结构特征,并结合数值方式模拟了Ekman流的垂向结构。在开边界条件下,不同深度的数值模拟结果较为一致,数值模拟验证了Ekman流的垂向结构与湍黏系数垂向分布的特征有密切关系。据此得出,不同的垂向湍黏系数结构将改变Ekman流的影响深度及表层流与风应力的夹角,Ekman流解含有垂向湍黏系数分布的特征。理论推导和数值试验均表明,在不同的黏性系数垂向分布状态下,Ekman流具有不同的垂向结构,且影响深度也各不相同。

基于再分析数据的南大洋区域Ekman流时空分布规律研究

南大洋Ekman输运是全球大气-海洋耦合气候系统的重要组成部分,对该区域Ekman动力过程的研究极为重要。首先基于实测数据和文献资料,对GEKCO2(Geostrophic and Ekman Current Observatory 2)产品提供的Ekman流数据进行了评估,验证了数据的有效性;并结合CCMP(cross-calibrated multi-platform)、ERA5(the fifth generation European centre for medium-range weather forecasts atmospheric reanalysis)风场数据,采用经验正交函数分析法(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)等方法分析了2010—2018年南大洋Ekman流的时空变化规律。结果表明:(1)南大洋Ekman流速集中在9—11 cm/s,且具有很强的月际变化特征(7月最强,12月最弱);(2)南大洋40°S以北海域是Ekman流速随时间变化较大的区域;(3)南大洋Ekman流速的EOF分析显示:第一模态和风场存在较强的相关性,表现为流速在整体上同时增强或减弱;第二模态和南半球中高纬大气环流存在较强的相关性,表现为以50°S为界南北流速反向变化;(4)Ekman流左偏角度集中在60°—75°,其中概率密度最大值处所对应的角度为67.5°。通过矢量相关分析,得到30°—35°S海域的平均偏角存在月际变化。南大洋的Ekman动力过程对海洋环流和全球气候系统具有重大影响,本文对于进一步理解南大洋的Ekman过程具有一定的参考价值。

基于卫星遥感数据的全球表层流场反演重构

利用2000—2008年的卫星高度计资料和QuikSCAT风场资料,反演了全球的海表的地转流和Ekman流,将两者合成后生成了0.5°×0.5°的逐周全球表层流产品。在计算Ekman流的时候,引入了权重函数,改进了Lagerloef方法中Ekman流在25°S和25°N上的不连续问题。分析表明:卫星资料反演的流产品能够反映出海表流场的特征,将其分别与TAO观测和SCUD流产品进行定量化的比较显示,所得流产品具有较高的反演精度和可信度,说明改进的方法是有效的。

珠江冲淡水季节变化及动力成因

依据珠江口及其附近海域2006-2007年4个航次的CTD资料,分析珠江冲淡水的扩展形态和垂向结构,结果表明:表层冲淡水仅在夏季同时向粤西和粤东扩展,其余季节以西向扩展为主,而底层冲淡水全年向西扩展;冲淡水的主体部分大致位于10 m水深之上,但最大厚度在秋季可以超过20 m水深。通过结合同期风、海流、潮汐资料分析发现径流和风是控制冲淡水扩展范围和垂向结构的关键因子,夏季珠江冲淡水的范围最广,其次是春季,冬季最窄;夏季西南季风有利于其向东及向外海扩展,东北季风驱使珠江冲淡水向西扩展并制约冲淡水向外海扩散;粤西的水位梯度全年都驱动沿岸流向西流,而粤东的水位梯度仅在夏季有利于珠江冲淡水东向扩散,相应的粤东沿岸流在夏季指向东北,其余季节均指向西南。

台风移动规律的研究 Ⅱ．小地形与边界层的动力作用

从支配台风中心移动的基本方程出发，着重分析了小地形（地形高度与台风系统的垂直厚度相比为小量）的抬升作用和边界层的摩擦作用对台风移动影响的定性特征。结果表明，较高地势对台风有“吸引”作用；边界层摩擦辐合引起的艾克曼抽吸有利于台风产生沿局地流场引导速度方向的加速度。

夏季长江口外海区域上升流现象的数值研究

基于Blumberg等(1996)的ECOMSED模式,对长江口外海区域夏季的上升流现象进行了数值模拟。模式综合考虑径流,风应力,环流,热通量和M2,S2,K1,O1四个主要分潮的作用,从而提高长江口外海区域上升流模拟的准确性和可靠性,并通过各种控制实验分析了其动力机制,进一步说明本区域影响上升流的主要因子。数值实验表明,长江口外水下河谷的南边(杭州湾口门中心东侧),上升流主要是由向北流动的台湾暖流通过底Ekman效应和陆坡的抬升共同作用产生的。夏季偏南风对长江口外水下河谷西侧上升流的产生有一定影响,但作用不大。此外,潮汐潮流对上升流的产生也起着一定的作用,但在本文关注的上升流区潮作用影响不大。

Ocean surface currents estimated from satellite remote sensing data based on a global hexagonal grid

Global ocean surface currents estimated from satellite derived data based on a regular global grid are affected by the grid’s shape and placement.Due to different neighbourhood relationships,the rectangular lat/lon grids lose accuracy when interpolating andfitting elevation data.Hexagonal grids have shown to be advantageous due to their isotropic,uniform neighbourhood.Considering these merits,this paper aims to estimate global ocean surface current using a global isotropic hexagonal grid from satellite remote sensing data.First,gridded satellite altimeter data and wind data with different resolutions are interpolated into the centre of the global isotropic hexagonal grid.Then,geostrophic and Ekman currents components are estimated according to the Lagerlof Ocean currents theory.Finally,the inversion results are verified.By analyzing the results,we conclude that the ocean surface currents estimated based on the global isotropic hexagonal grid have considerable accuracy,with improvement over rectangular lat/lon grids.

黑潮近岸分支流在2017年9月与2019年9月差异的研究

通过对比2017年9月和2019年9月的温盐大面观测数据,发现东海陆架上黑潮近岸分支流的路径在两次观测中存在显著差异。2019年9月黑潮近岸分支流中上游的路径相较2017年9月明显的东向偏移,造成黑潮次表层水入侵东海近岸海域的强度较弱。为了探究黑潮近岸分支流的上述显著年际差异的原因,利用卫星高度计数据和再分析风场数据,通过分析大面观测同期的绝对海表动力高度、地转流场以及海表风场的差异,阐述了黑潮近岸分支流路径产生显著年际差异的动力机制。2019年8—9月东海海表较2017年8—9月盛行更强的西南向沿岸季风,强的西南向沿岸风通过埃克曼输运促使水体向岸堆积并在近岸区域沿岸西南向堆积。因此, 2019年8—9月东海近岸海域的跨岸方向压力梯度与2017年8—9月相比较小而沿岸压力梯度则较大。2019年8—9月,受压力梯度分布的影响,东海近岸海域产生西南向的沿岸地转流和离岸地转流。其中西南向的沿岸地转流会在底部生成离岸的底埃克曼流,离岸底埃克曼流和离岸地转流共同抑制了黑潮近岸分支流的向岸入侵。这导致2019年9月黑潮近岸分支流的路径向东偏移,黑潮次表层水入侵浙江近海及长江口区域的强度随之减弱。通过分析研究实际观测案例,阐述了风影响黑潮近岸分支流入侵东海近岸海域的动力机制,同时明确指出海表风场会从黑潮近岸分支流的中上游区域改变其路径,进而对黑潮入侵东海近岸海域产生重要影响。

A STUDY ON TYPHOON MOVEMENT PARTⅡ： DYNAMICAL ROLE OF SMALL TOPOGRAPHY AND THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER

The dynamic effects of small topography (in the sense of the characteristic height of the topography as compared with the vertical thickness of the system of motion) and the Ekman pumping caused by the frictional convergence in the bounary layer on the motion of a typhoon have been qualitatively discussed in this part based on the governing equation of typhoon motion derived in part I of this paper. The results show that a topographical ridge tends to attract the typhoon approaching it and this explains at least partially the phenomenon that the typhoon over the western Pacific tends to accelerate just before their making land fall over the coastal areas. It is also shown that the Ekman pumping at the top of the boundary layer favors the typhoon acceleration along the local steering current.

Stokes漂流近似公式对海洋表层流场估算的影响

本文采用波浪订正的Ekman模型,研究分析了三种Stokes漂流近似公式(单波公式、e指数公式、Phillips谱近似公式)对海洋表层流场估算的影响。海表总流场由海表面高度(SSH)数据计算的地转流和海浪模式WAVEWATCH Ⅲ输出结果计算的非地转流组成,并采用拉格朗日浮标观测数据对计算结果进行了验证。研究表明,随着Stokes漂流近似公式精度的提高,其计算的拉格朗日流速更接近于谱积分公式的计算结果,更贴近拉格朗日浮标观测数据。与谱积分公式计算的海表拉格朗日流速相比,单波公式的平均相对偏差为0.0834,e指数公式的平均相对偏差为0.0392,Phillips谱近似公式的平均相对偏差为0.0101,说明Phillips谱近似公式在不同风速下均能对谱积分公式有良好的近似效果。在低风速条件下,由Stokes漂流近似公式精度引起的海洋表层流场估算误差可以忽略不计,但随着风速增加,由近似公式精度引起的偏差逐渐变大,此时应该选择Phillips谱近似公式计算Stokes漂流,来减小误差。

The Beaufort Gyre variation and its impacts on the Canada Basin in 2003–2012

The Beaufort Gyre （BG） was spun up in the last decade which is an important factor in regulating the variation of the upper ocean. The heat content and freshwater content of the upper ocean increased gradually in the Canada Basin, as did momentum input. Both the geostrophic wind curl and freshwater content could contribute to the spin-up of BG. However, even though there is no change of the wind field the increasing freshwater alone could result in the spin-up of BG. In this study we show that the Pacific Water is difficult to flow into the central basin as the BG spins up and the maximum temperature of the Pacific Summer Water （PSW） experienced a dramatic decrease inside the BG in 2005 and 2009 due to a change of flow pathway of PSW. The enhancement of Ekman Pumping （EP） contributed to the deepening of the Pacific Winter Water by piling up more freshwater. This change of water column dynamics has also contributed to the deepening ofthe Atlantic Water core after 2007. The EP decreased significantly in 2012 （indicating a spin down of BG） and the direction of Ekman transport turned to the north, which favoured the release of freshwater that had resided in the basin for years.

东印度沿岸流的季节变化及其热盐输运

基于卫星高度计数据、模式数据和同化资料揭示了东印度沿岸流(East India Coastal Current, EICC)年周期上的时空分布特征,并探讨了其可能的影响机制及热盐输运。在年周期上EICC呈现3种分布状态,受季风影响,在东北季风前期(10—12月)和后期(2—5月)为一致的南向(北向)流动;而6—8月EICC呈3段式分布,与另外两个时间段明显不同,表现为9°N以南、16°N以北区域的南向流动和9°—16°N区域的北向流动。前人研究认为印度东海岸的局地风应力是EICC的主要机制,本研究发现除局地风应力外,来自孟加拉湾中部的艾克曼抽吸(EkmanPumping)在全年也发挥着重要作用,并在2—5月(10—12月)驱动EICC的北向(南向)流动,而局地风应力则在10—12月有利于EICC的南向流动。EICC是孟加拉湾低盐水向赤道东印度洋和阿拉伯海输运的一个因素,在海盆间的热盐交换上发挥着重要作用。EICC的热输运在6—12月(2—5月)有利于(不利于)湾内温度的升高;盐输运则在全年都有利于孟加拉湾内盐度的增加。此外,EICC的一致南向(北向)流动以及3段式结构促进了湾内热盐的再分配,对于维持北印度洋的热量和盐度收支平衡具有重要作用。

Sustained Decadal Warming Phase in the Southwestern Indian Ocean since the Mid-1990s

Regardless of the slowdown in global warming during the hiatus period, sea surface temperatures(SSTs) in the southwestern Indian Ocean(SWIO) have experienced sustained decadal warming for more than two decades since the mid-1990 s. The SWIO SSTs warmed steadily during 1996–2016, causing a warming hot spot of 0.4 K decade-1 in a large region east of Madagascar. An upper-layer heat budget analysis indicated that heat advection by ocean currents was the greatest contributor to the warming of the SWIO SSTs. The existence of an anticyclonic geostrophic current along the western boundary of the SWIO tended to maintain such warming by transporting warmer water from the west into the SWIO region. In addition, net positive heat transport by ocean currents also occurred at the southern boundary of the SWIO as the climatological northward transport of cold water from the Southern Ocean weakened. This reduction in northward ocean currents at the surface was caused by local wind stress changes, leading to a southward Ekman current. Below the surface, an anticyclonic geostrophic current pattern existed around the warming center near the southeastern SWIO, which reduced the transport of cold waters from the Southern Ocean and warmed the SWIO. These processes near the two boundaries formed a self-sustaining positive feedback mechanism and favored the maintenance of sustained warming in the SWIO. More attention is needed to analyze the sustained long-lasting warming in the SWIO, as it is a unique phenomenon occurring under the background of the ongoing global warming.