Comparative studies on leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure of Elaeagnus angustifolia L.in two different regions of desert habitat

In order to obtain qualitative and quantitative characteristics of leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure to evaluate the responses ofElaeagnus angustifolia L. to different environmental factors, epidermal micromorphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and mesophyll structure was studied by light microscopy （LM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Materials were selected from Linze County, Gansu Province （material A） and Qitai County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region （material B） of China. Results show that lamina thickness was higher in material A, with one layer of epidermal cells in both adaxial and abaxial surfaces, and epidermal cell radial length was significantly longer in the adaxial surface. E. angustifolia leaves are typically bifacial, with a higher ratio of palisade to spongy tissue in material A. The thickness of trichome layer of epidermis was thicker in material A. In contrast, cell wall and cuticular wax of the epidermal cells were thinner in material A than in material B. Chloroplast ultrastructure was different with the approximate spherical chloroplast containing numerous starch grains and osmiophilic granules in ma- terial A, while only the spindly chloroplast contained starch grains in material B. Multiple layers of peltate or stel- late-peltate trichomes occupied both leaf surfaces in material A and the abaxial surface in material B, while the adaxial surface of material B contained few trichomes. Stomata were not observed on the leaf surfaces in materials A and B by SEM because of trichome obstruction. Our results indicate that the leaf structure of E. angustifolia is closely correlated with environmental factors, and the combination of leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure afford re- sistance to environmental stress.

De novo assembly of the seed transcriptome and search for potential EST-SSR markers for an endangered, economically important tree species: Elaeagnus mollis Diels

Seeds of Elaeagnus mollis(Elaeagnaceae) produce an edible oil and contain more vitamin E(Ve) than major oil-seed crops. Despite its economic value, there is no information on its genome sequence. Here, we used the Illumina platform to determine the seed transcriptome of E.mollis to identify the genes related to Ve biosynthesis and potential simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers. In total, 100,999 unigenes were obtained with an average length of 605 bp and N50 of 985 bp. Of these unigenes,52,256(51.7%) were annotated in at least one public database(NT, NR, PFAM, Swiss Prot, KOG, KO, and GO)in searches using blastn/x. The unigene annotation identified 15 unigenes encoding six enzymes(GGR, HPPD,HPT/VTE2, MPBQ-MT/VTE3, TC/VTE1, and c-TMT/VTE4) putatively involved in Ve biosynthesis. In addition,16,810 SSRs distributed in 14,057 unigenes were mined.Of these, 2820, 583, and 3423 SSRs were located in the 50–UTR, coding sequence(CDS), and 30–UTR regions,respectively, while the remaining 9984 SSRs had undetermined physical locations. The largest group of repeat motifs comprised mononucleotide repeats(70.76%), followed by dinucleotide(15.59%) and trinucleotide(12.10%)repeats. AG/CT(8.69%) and AAG/CTT(4.15%) were the main dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats, respectively.Furthermore, 9597 SSR-specific primer pairs were designed. Among 100 primer pairs selected randomly to determine their usefulness, 53 proved to be efficient. To the our best of knowledge, this work is the first study of the E. mollis transcriptome and constitutes valuable genomics data for future genetic engineering studies to alter the amount of Ve. The identified potential EST-SSR markers can be used for population genetics studies and assistedbreeding of E. mollis.

The eff ect of Rhizophagus irregularis on salt stress tolerance of Elaeagnus angustifolia roots

We assessed the eff ects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation on salt stress tolerance in roots of the drought-tolerant plant Elaeagnus angustifolia.We studied a plant growth index,spore density and hyphal length density of AMF,the Na+contents and ultrastructure of root cells,as well as rhizosphere soil enzyme activities of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal E.angustifolia seedlings under diff erent salt stress.Under salt stress,growth of E.angustifolia with mycorrhizal inoculation was higher than that of non-inoculated treatments.The spore density and hyphal length density decreased signifi cantly under salt stress in rhizosphere soil of mycorrhizal E.angustifolia seedlings(p<0.05).The root cells of E.angustifolia seedlings inoculated with R.irregularis at 300 mmol L−1 salt had more organelles,greater integrity,and lower root Na+contents than those of non-inoculated seedlings.In addition,the results showed notably higher activities of catalase,phosphatase,urease and saccharase in rhizosphere soil of the mycorrhizal seedlings in response to salinity compared to those of the non-mycorrhizal seedlings.Therefore,AMF inoculation could enhance salt stress tolerance in roots of E.angustifolia.

RP-HPLC method for the quantitation of β-Sitosterol in Elaeagnus Gonyanthes Benth

Objective To establish an RP-HPLC method for the determination of β-Sitosterol in Elaeagnus Gonyanthes Benth.Methods The separation was performed on a luna C8(2)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)column with the mobile phase of methanol-water(88∶12,v/v)at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min,the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm,and the temperature of the column was maintained at 35 ℃.Results The calibration curve of β-Sitosterol was linear over the concentration range of 0.075-0.375 mg/mL(r=0.9999)and the average recovery of β-Sitosterol was 96.30% with RSD of 3.60%(n=3).Conclusion The method is simple,rapid,and accurate,and can be used for the quality control of Elaeagnus Gonyanthes Benth.

Elaeagnus Angustifolia Colonization and Understory Floristic Successional Patterns at Mid Valley,North Patagonia,Argentina

From circa 1970,Elaeagnus angustifolia(olivillo,Russian olive)has been a notorious invader in the valley livestock fields at Mid Valley of Rio Negro,in North Patagonia,Argentina.The species colonized riparian and plain areas forming different stands.Once introduced in this semiarid region,the seasonal and yearly climatic variations,as well as the flow regimen of the river,influenced the colonization speed.Depending on the landscape,E.angustifolia stands may develop as monospecific groups or in associations with other trees,leaving some uninvaded areas in-between.The different shapes and the main species forming the canopy of the stands,affect the floristic composition,and the cattle forage quality,of the US(Understory)community,if compared with the uninvaded zones.Other herbaceous community can be distinguished at the stands'border.The description of the different stages on E.angustifolia colonization in Mid Valley for 25 years,shows that the colonization was hastened by rainy years and wet soils.Once established,and while the new specimens reached the reproductive age,the enhancement of the population was the result of vegetative sprouting and diminished US diversity.This period was immediately followed by drought years,but the amelioration of soil quality of the already nitrogen fixating roots and the attenuation of incident sunlight,benefited herbaceous strata under the canopy of all the stand with Russian olive.Posterior changes in trees composition and management of the cattle fields,influenced US diversity.Today,the herbaceous composition studies show that,under dense monospecific population of E.angustifolia,the pasture reduces forage quality because of the dominance of non-palatable species.Stands'border areas combine an enhanced nitrogen content in soils,and enough light to develop a herbaceous community of annual and perennial grasses and forbs.An increment on biodiversity and spontaneous forage biomass is noticed after the Russian olive plants are removed.

Forage Offer and Nutritive Value of Elaeagnus angustifolia in North Patagonia,Argentina

The presence and growth cycle of the browse Elaeagnus angustifolia(olivillo,Russian olive),naturalized in the Mid Valley,Rio Negro,Argentina,must be considered in the yearly schedule of rangeland management.Field observations showed that cattle prefer the leaves of this species that are included on the reproductive branches which develop as a thyrse inflorescence.In this trial,authors studied the incidence of E.angustifolia in the breeding cow’s diet as determined by microhistological analysis of cow feces;mapped the distribution patterns in a cattle farm and quantified its abundance in different parcels;estimated the volume of forage produced by this species and determined the nutritive value of the edible parts of the plants.The quality and quantity of the thyrses accessible for cow’s browse suggest that E.angustifolia must be considered as an important feed input.The results are used to schedule grazing periods in a valley farm divided into plots with different abundances of E.angustifolia and a known floristic composition.

胡杨(Populus euphratica)和沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)对荒漠环境的适应性比较

分析了在自然生长条件下两种阔叶沙生植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)和沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)的蒸腾和光合作用的日变化与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)胡杨的蒸腾作用和光合作用的日变化趋势接近,但蒸腾作用在时间上比光合作用有约2h的滞后;胡杨的蒸腾作用与温度和大气的水势正相关;随着温度和光照强度的升高,胡杨维持高水平的蒸腾作用和光合作用,没有表现出对水分利用的调节或节约能力;胡杨的光合作用与光强正相关,接近于线性关系,表明胡杨是典型的喜光植物,在自然的强光条件下没有出现光抑制现象;(2)沙枣的蒸腾和光合作用的日变化趋势几乎一致,表明沙枣的光合作用大小主要取决于气孔开度和气体交换量;在温度和光照强度维持在高水平的条件下,沙枣的光合作用和蒸腾作用逐渐下降,说明沙枣在水分胁迫加重时具有较强的气孔调节和节约水分的能力;与胡杨不同,沙枣午后的蒸腾和光合作用都出现了连续波动,可能是由于气孔震荡的作用;(3)从生态适应性上来说,胡杨可能通过高速蒸腾避免辐射造成的高温胁迫,并维持一个较高的光合作用水平,在有水分供应条件下,胡杨具有较高的初级生产力,但缺乏水分利用调节能力,是高耗水植物;而沙枣则通过叶片表面完全覆盖的星状鳞片反射高强度的光照避免高温伤害,同时通过气孔调节蒸腾减少水分散失,是阔叶树中相对节水的植物。

Effect of incorporating Elaeagnus angustifolia extract in PCL-PEG-PCL nanofibers for bone tissue engineering

Plants have been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years but they are still finding new uses in modem times. For example, Elaeagnus angustifolia (EA) is a medicinal herb with antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties and it is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. EA extract was loaded onto poly(ε-caprolactone)- poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone)(PCLPEG-PCL/EA) nanofibers and their potential applications for bone tissue engineering were studied. The morphology and chemical properties of the fibers were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements and mechanical tests. All the samples had bead-free morphologies with average diameters ranging from 100 to 200 nm. The response of human cells to the PCL-PEGPCL/ EA nanofibers was evaluated using human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). The hDPSCs had better adhesion and proliferation capacity on the EA loaded nanofibers than on the pristine PCL-PEG?PCL nanofibers. An alizarin red S assay and the alkaline phosphatase activity confirmed that the nanofibrous scaffolds induced osteoblastic performance in the hDPSCs. The quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that the EA loaded nanofibrous scaffolds had significantly upregulated gene expression correlating to osteogenic differentiation. These results suggest that PCL-PEG-PCL/ EA nanofibers might have potential applications for bone tissue engineering.

秋橄榄种子生活力测定及催芽技术研究

以野生秋橄榄作为研究材料,对其10个单株类型种子的纵横径及重量进行了检测,结果显示,秋橄榄种子纵横径分别在0.52～0.72 cm和0.26～0.33 cm之间,种子平均重量为0.020 8 g/粒,株间差异明显,属中小粒种子。生活力测定显示,4℃干藏的种子在催芽处理前有81.0%表现出较强的生活力。经21 d低温层积催芽的种子15℃室温条件下培养皿发芽力各项指标表现最佳:第6天进入发芽期,集中萌发时间在第6～17天,发芽势为36.0%,发芽率为80.5%。

新疆沙枣总黄酮含量测定及提取工艺优化

以芦丁为对照品,NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH显色体系为显色剂,采用分光光度法测定新疆沙枣(E-laeagnus angustifolia L.)果实、树叶和树枝中总黄酮的含量。采用正交试验优化新疆沙枣树叶中总黄酮的提取工艺。结果表明,新疆沙枣树叶的总黄酮含量为(18.75±0.11)mg/g(n=3),树枝和果实的总黄酮含量分别为(11.72±0.12)mg/g和(8.75±0.10)mg/g(n=3)。新疆沙枣树叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为乙醇体积分数70%,提取时间1.5 h,料液比1∶12(m/V,g∶mL),提取2次。该方法简单、准确、重复性好。

翅果油树嫩枝扦插繁殖技术

以翅果油树(Elaeagnus mollis Diels.)当年生枝条为材料,对影响插穗生根的插穗规格、母树年龄、扦插时间、基质种类、激素种类及其处理时间等因素进行了系统研究。结果表明:翅果油树嫩枝扦插宜于6月下旬进行,将直径(d)和长度(l)分别为3mm<d<5mm和8cm<l<13cm的插穗扦插于蛭石和珍珠岩按1∶1(V/V)组成的复合基质中,扦插效果好,生根能力强;嫩枝插穗具有显著的位置效应和年龄效应,2年生母树中段插条制作的嫩枝插穗生根率为82%;外源激素处理是提高嫩枝插穗生根能力的一个必要措施,且以100和500mg·mL-1的IBA分别处理240和1min的插穗生根效果最好。

翅果油树药学研究概况

在广泛文献检索基础上,对翅果油树种属、成分、药理及临床应用进行了综述,为其的深入开发利用提供参考依据。

不同灌水量对尖果沙枣耗水特性及生长的影响

干旱地区尖果沙枣(Elaeagnus oxycarpa)是水土保持的先锋树种。通过田间试验,利用中子水分仪和烘干法监测土壤水分变化,观测主要气象要素,结合水量平衡原理,计算出不同灌水量下尖果沙枣在生育期内的总耗水量以及日耗水强度,分析尖果沙枣各生长指标对水分的响应关系。结果表明:在实验灌水量条件下,尖果沙枣的耗水量随着灌水量的增加而增大,不同灌水量下尖果沙枣在生育期内的总耗水量依次为172.14 mm、301.11 mm、346.92 mm、372.53 mm、428.74 mm、564.62 mm和631.96 mm;各处理的耗水模系数与其对应的阶段耗水量保持着相同的变化规律。尖果沙枣属于前期耗水型树种,5、6月的耗水量较其他月份高。尖果沙枣逐月日平均耗水强度总体上表现为随着灌水量的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势。在30～90 mm灌水量中,各生长指标随着灌水量的增加而增大,但当灌水量达到90 mm后,随着灌水量的增加各生长指标的差异性不再显著,其中以新枝长对水分的响应最为敏感。尖果沙枣的凋萎系数约占田间持水率的11.33%,土壤含水率保持在49.15%以上是不会限制尖果沙枣生长的。

秋橄榄种子油超临界萃取工艺研究

以野生秋橄榄(Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.)种子为研究对象,采用三因素三水平正交试验设计对秋橄榄种子油的超临界CO2萃取工艺进行了研究。结果表明,在检测的3个因素中萃取时间对秋橄榄种子油的萃取效率影响最大,其次为温度和压力。在CO2流速约为60 L/h的条件下,秋橄榄种子油提取的最佳工艺参数为45℃、25 MPa,每次1.5 h,秋橄榄种子出油率可达5.70%。

盐胁迫对大果沙枣膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响

用50,100,200,300 mmol/L NaCl处理大果沙枣,NaCl胁迫10,20,30 d后取叶样测定结果显示:处理10 d的大果沙枣叶片细胞膜透性保持稳定,随盐浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长,叶片细胞膜透性逐渐增加。NaCl胁迫30d时,300 mmol/L NaCl胁迫的叶片膜透性达到68.8%。整个处理过程中,丙二醛含量逐渐增加,但增加幅度不大,表明脂质过氧化反应水平较低。各处理浓度的SOD和POD活性整体上呈增加趋势,其中NaCl胁迫10 d和30 d,胁迫浓度50 mmol/L时其活性达到最大值。另外,SOD和POD活性随着时间的延长有所降低,CAT活性则一直增加。

沙枣溃疡病病原菌的鉴定

为了明确中国内蒙古呼和浩特市引起沙枣溃疡病的病原菌是否为葡萄蔓生小穴壳菌(Dothiorella viticola),本研究从典型的沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)枝干发病组织中分离到了葡萄蔓生小穴壳菌,并应用科赫法则验证了该病原菌的致病性,同时结合形态特征和ITS(internal transcribed spacer)序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果显示,沙枣溃疡病的病原菌形态特征与葡萄蔓生小穴壳菌相符,其ITS序列与已经公布的小穴壳菌的ITS相似度为100%,系统发育树分析结果与之一致。确认引起沙枣溃疡病的病原菌为葡萄蔓生小穴壳菌,该病害为沙枣上的国内新病害。

旱砂地沙枣种子直播与植苗造林技术研究

为了提高荒漠区旱砂地造林成活率、保存率、降低造林成本,我们在景泰县芦阳镇红光村进行了沙枣（Elaeagnus angustifolia L.）种子直播与植苗造林试验。结果表明旱砂地沙枣植苗造林与直播造林成活率差异不大,但保存率差异较大,植苗造林保存率比直播造林高出18%;成本分析表明植苗造林与直播造林等成本效果比为100∶197.06,等效果成本比为100∶50.97。

民勤县干旱沙区沙枣膜下点播新技术推广与应用

介绍了使用黑色地膜覆膜点播技术,出圃沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)苗木质量和数量都有所增加,使得经济效益大幅度增加。

陇东高原地区翅果油引种试验初报

把户县、乡宁和翼城的2年生翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollis）截干苗木作为引种对象,通过观测不同种源翅果油在陇东高原地区的引种表现,分析了其生物学特性、生态适应性和抗性,对比筛选出最佳种源。通过试验数据分析,乡宁翅果油保存率在89.2%,平均年株高增加65cm,地径增加0.8cm,新梢生长46cm,冠幅增加0.64m2,优于其他2个种源翅果油。

ISOLATION, CULTIVATION AND INFECTIVITY OF ACTINORHIZAL ENDOPHYTE OF Casuarina equisetifolia

Since actinorhizal endophyte was first successfully isolated in 1978, various strains of Frankia have been isolated from nodules of Comptonia, Alnus, Elaeagnus, Hippophae, Myrica, etc. by using different techniques. But still many other attempts to isolate Fran-