Traction power systems for electrified railways:evolution,state of the art,and future trends

Traction power systems(TPSs)play a vital role in the operation of electrified railways.The transformation of conventional railway TPSs to novel structures is not only a trend to promote the development of electrified railways toward high-efficiency and resilience but also an inevitable requirement to achieve carbon neutrality target.On the basis of sorting out the power supply structures of conventional AC and DC modes,this paper first reviews the characteristics of the existing TPSs,such as weak power supply flexibility and low-energy efficiency.Furthermore,the power supply structures of various TPSs for future electrified railways are described in detail,which satisfy longer distance,low-carbon,high-efficiency,high-reliability and high-quality power supply requirements.Meanwhile,the application prospects of different traction modes are discussed from both technical and economic aspects.Eventually,this paper introduces the research progress of mixed-system electrified railways and traction power supply technologies without catenary system,speculates on the future development trends and challenges of TPSs and predicts that TPSs will be based on the continuous power supply mode,employing power electronic equipment and intelligent information technology to construct a railway comprehensive energy system with renewable energy.

Visualization on electrified micro-jet instability from Taylor cone in electrohydrodynamic atomization

The cone-jet in electrohydrodynamic atomization has been widely applied into numerous industrial fields owing to micro-sized drops with narrow distribution and high charge.The electrified jet emits from a single capillary sheathed with quartz tube is visualized versus operating parameters and physical properties,and breakup instabilities are also discussed.The range of operating parameters for a steady conejet broadens,as well as the minimum flow rate.Taylor cone angle decreases with an increase in flow rate,while increases as electric potential increasing.The jet breakup length decreases with an increase in flow rate and conductivity,while increases as electric potential increasing.The diffusion angle increases as flow rate increasing,while decrease as electric potential and conductivity increasing.Much clearer whipping instabilities are observed with an increase in“electro-Weber”number and conductivity.The completion in disturbance or/and suppression from axial and radial stresses,drag force dominates the variation.Meanwhile,for a large flow rate,the transition from varicose instabilities to whipping instabilities is found.The whipping instabilities are clearly observed for high conductivity due to much more free ions in liquid.For much higher conductivity,an intermittent electrified jet appears and shows an umbrella plume,and breakup length sharply shortens.

Adaptive Multi-modal Fusion Instance Segmentation for CAEVs in Complex Conditions:Dataset,Framework and Verifications

Current works of environmental perception for connected autonomous electrified vehicles(CAEVs)mainly focus on the object detection task in good weather and illumination conditions,they often perform poorly in adverse scenarios and have a vague scene parsing ability.This paper aims to develop an end-to-end sharpening mixture of experts(SMoE)fusion framework to improve the robustness and accuracy of the perception systems for CAEVs in complex illumination and weather conditions.Three original contributions make our work distinctive from the existing relevant literature.The Complex KITTI dataset is introduced which consists of 7481 pairs of modified KITTI RGB images and the generated LiDAR dense depth maps,and this dataset is fine annotated in instance-level with the proposed semi-automatic annotation method.The SMoE fusion approach is devised to adaptively learn the robust kernels from complementary modalities.Comprehensive comparative experiments are implemented,and the results show that the proposed SMoE framework yield significant improvements over the other fusion techniques in adverse environmental conditions.This research proposes a SMoE fusion framework to improve the scene parsing ability of the perception systems for CAEVs in adverse conditions.

Power management in co-phase traction power supply system with super capacitor energy storage for electrified railways

Increasing railway traffic and energy utilization issues prompt electrified railway systems to be more economical,efficient and sustainable.As regenerative braking energy in railway systems has huge potential for optimized utilization,a lot of research has been focusing on how to use the energy efficiently and gain sustainable benefits.The energy storage system is an alternative because it not only deals with regenerative braking energy but also smooths drastic fluctuation of load power profile and optimizes energy management.In this work,we propose a co-phase traction power supply system with super capacitor(CSS_SC)for the purpose of realizing the function of energy management and power quality management in electrified railways.Besides,the coordinated control strategy is presented to match four working modes,including traction,regenerative braking,peak shaving and valley filling.A corresponding simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the feasibility of the proposed system under dynamic working conditions.The results demonstrate that CSS_SC is flexible to deal with four different working conditions and can realize energy saving within the allowable voltage unbalance of 0.008%in simulation in contrast to 1.3%of the standard limit.With such a control strategy,the performance of super capacitor is controlled to comply with efficiency and safety constraints.Finally,a case study demonstrates the improvement in power fluctuation with the valley-to-peak ratio reduced by 20.3%and the daily load factor increased by 17.9%.

A preventive opportunistic maintenance method for railway traction power supply system based on equipment reliability

Conventional maintenance mode for the traction power supply system(TPSS)is to perform scheduled regular maintenance activities for power supply equipment,while such maintenance mode may result in undue maintenance tasks and low efficiency due to different degradation processes of different sorts of equipment.To address this problem,this paper introduces a preventive opportunistic maintenance(POM)method for TPSS based on equipment reliability.Firstly,a POM model is established by considering the equipment reliability degradation process based on Weibull distribution.Then,by considering the total power outage time in the planned operation cycle of TPSS as the optimization objective,the optimal maintenance scheme of TPSS is formulated by iterative method of maintenance strategies.The proposed method is verified by introducing practical maintenance strategies and fault record data of the traction transformer,circuit breaker and disconnector in an actual TPSS of a railway administration.Results show that the presented method can make full use of the existing fault data to develop a POM scheme for TPSS.It can improve maintenance efficiency and reduce power outage time,providing guidance to formulate scientific maintenance strategies for TPSS.

Hybrid compensation method for traction power quality compensators in electrified railway power supply system

In order to improve the Power Quality(PQ)of traction power supply system and reduce the power rating and operation cost of compensator,a Static VAR Compensator(SVC)integrated Railway Power Conditioner(RPC)is presented in this paper.RPC is a widely used device in the AC electrified railway systems to enhance the PQ indices of the main network.The next generation of this equipment is Active Power Quality Compensator(APQC).The major concern of these compensators is their high kVA rating.In this paper,a hybrid technique is proposed to solve aforementioned problems.A combination of SVC as an auxiliary device is employed together with the main compensators,i.e.,RPC and APQC that leads on to the reduction of power rating of the main compensators.The use of proposed scheme will cause to reduce significantly the initial investment cost of compensation system.The main compensators are only utilized to balance active powers of two adjacent feeder sections and suppress harmonic currents.The SVCs are used to compensate reactive power and suppress the third and fifth harmonic currents.In this paper firstly,the PQ compensation procedure in AC electrified railway is analyzed step by step.Then,the control strategies for SVC and the main compensators are presented.Finally,a simulation is fulfilled using Matlab/Simulink software to verify the effectiveness and validity of the proposed scheme and compensation strategy and also demonstrate that this technique could compensate all PQ problems.

Analysis of Power Supply Interference of Geomagnetic Second Data Observation-Take Changli Seismic Station as An Example

This paper analyzes two types of power supply interference encountered in the observation of geomagnetic second data: the HVDC interference and the discharge interference of electrified railway. By taking the FGM fluxgate magnetometer of Changli Seismic Station as the research object,we analyze interference characteristics and conduct intensive observational experiment of electrified railway interference.Finally,several conclusions are obtained:(1) HVDC interference is closely related to the changes in the current system of the interference source,such as current size,distance or orientation of the interference source. Although the characteristics of each change are not the same, the main changes are variable.(2) The discharge phenomenon caused by the contact of the pantograph system or other reasons during the operation of the electrified railway is a factor that may cause random small interference in the geomagnetic second data at Changli Seismic Station. This study explains similar phenomena discovered in previous years and meanwhile correct previous misjudgments including unstable working systems,unstable power supply,and occasional sudden jumps that are considered to be discrete.

高速公路上跨电气化铁路立交桥换梁工程设计施工

唐津高速公路北环立交桥上部结构采用25 m后张预应力空心板梁,全桥共36跨总长890 m,其第20孔上跨北环双股电气化铁路,常规检查发现该跨板梁跨中梁底范围普遍存在横向裂缝,急需对该跨板梁进行更换。通过分析认为原桥设计标准偏低、近年来超载车辆激增、板梁间横向联系较弱为病害主要原因。针对病害原因,采用提高板梁荷载设计等级、增加梁高、增配普通钢筋和预应力钢筋、改变板梁间铰缝形式等措施设计新板梁。换梁施工采用切割机沿顺桥向切割板梁,用架桥机吊装新梁,并在施工过程中对铁路进行电气化防护。

Scheme of long distance power supply for electrified railway traction network based on traction cable

Purpose–The traction cable is paralleled with the existing traction network of electrified railway through transverse connecting line to form the scheme of long distance power supply for the traction network.This paper aims to study the scheme composition and power supply distance(PSD)of the scheme.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the structure of parallel traction network(referred to as“cable traction network(CTN)”),the power supply modes(PSMs)are divided into cableþdirect PSM and cableþautotransformer(AT)PSM(including Japanese mode,French mode and new mode).Taking cableþJapanese AT PSM as an example,the scheme of long distance power supply for CTN under the PSMs of co-phase and out-of-phase power supply are designed.On the basis of establishing the equivalent circuit model and the chain circuit model of CTN,taking the train working voltage as the constraint condition,and based on the power flow calculation of multiple train loads,the calculation formula and process for determining the PSD of CTN are given.The impedance and PSD of CTN under the cableþAT PSM are simulated and analyzed,and a certain line is taken as an example to compare the scheme design.Findings–Results show that the equivalent impedance of CTN under the cableþAT PSM is smaller,and the PSD is about 2.5 times of that under the AT PSM,which can effectively increase the PSD and the flexibility of external power supply location.Originality/value–The research content can effectively improve the PSD of traction power supply system and has important reference value for the engineering application of the scheme.

Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Estimations of Electrified Railways in China

Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People＇s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and direct emission reductions of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm of electrified railways, and analyzed their dynamic characteristics during the period of 1975 2007. The results show that during this period, the annual mean values of energy saving is 1.23×10^6 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 4.267×10^6 t, 20.5×10^3 t, 3.0×10^3 t, 9.6×10^3 t, 67.9×10^3 t, and 6.9×10^3 t per year, respectively. The annual average increasing rates of energy saving is 139×10^3 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 483×10^3 t, 2.3×10^3 t, 0.34×10^3 t, 1.1×10^3 t, 7.7 ×10^3 t and 0.78×10^3 t per year, respectively. The electrified railways have played an important role in decreasing the energy consumption and air pollutant emissions of China＇s railway system. The results of this study could provide some reference knowledge for future reductions of energy consumption and waste gas emission in China＇s railway transportation.

Improved fault location method for AT traction power network based on EMU load test

The autotransformer(AT)neutral current ratio method is widely used for fault location in the AT traction power network.With the development of high-speed electrified railways,a large number of data show that the relation between the AT neutral current ratio and the distance from the beginning of the fault AT section to the fault point(Q-L relation)is mostly nonlinear.Therefore,the linear Q-L relation in the traditional fault location method always leads to large errors.To solve this problem,a large number of load-related current data that can be used to describe the Q-L relation are obtained through the load test of the electric multiple unit(EMU).Thus,an improved fault location method based on the back propagation(BP)neural network is proposed in this paper.On this basis,a comparison between the improved method and the traditional method shows that the maximum absolute error and the average absolute error of the improved method are 0.651 km and 0.334 km lower than those of the traditional method,respectively,which demonstrates that the improved method can effectively eliminate the influence of nonlinear factors and greatly improve the accuracy of fault location for the AT traction power network.Finally,combined with a shortcircuit test,the accuracy of the improved method is verified.

The Application of Fuzzy Image Recognition in Power System

Electrified railway is an important but disturbing load in power system. In China railway electrification is gaining momentum at the end of this century.The Ministry of Railway has a clear indication that the development trend of railway transportation is the coexistence of internal-combustion engine locomotive and electrified locomotive. Meanwhile it will make strenuous efforts to develop the electrified railWay for the plain land, the main lines and the busy areas of transportation. It is obvious that the importance of electrified railway in railWay transpoftation will be enhanced more and more. It is going to be an important load to power systems all over China. But it is a disturbing load It gives serious harmonics pollution to power system if not properly maintained. This paper describes a new advanced method, fuzzy image recognition technique, to improve the adjustment during maintenance of the supply line so that good contact of the pantograph with the power line is ensured. This case also serves as an example to illustrate how the work on the demand side effectively improves the operation of the power system.

斜靠座轻型电动车

一种称为斜靠座轻型电动车（E1ectrified Recumbents）将舒适性、速度和行程距离等性能加以综合，从而构成了一种实用的交通工具，它且是可配用挡风罩的车型，适于上、下班或旅程大于16km的行程使用。

Investigation of Shunt Active Power Filters in Railway Systems, Substation Installation

This paper investigates the performance of SAPFs （shunt active power filters） which are introduced in order to address the quality issues in electrified railway supply systems. These filters can be installed at either the S/S （substation） end or at the SP （sectioning post） of the railway feeding power system. In this investigation novel control algorithms, based on the synchronously rotating frame of reference, are proposed for the case when the SAPF is installed at the substation end and its performance is assessed. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithms are illustrated via Matlab/SimPower computer simulations and validated via comparisons with other publications. This investigation demonstrated that when the SAPF is installed at the substation side, it can effectively compensate for the higher harmonic supply current. In addition, the reactive power demand is fully compensated for, leading to close to unity power factor. However, the voltage drop/sag at the locomotive power supply feed point is only partially compensated for.

The effect of electrical current on lubricant film thickness in boundary and mixed lubrication contacts measured with ultrasound

This work explores experimentally the effects of DC electrical currents on lubricant film thickness alteration in lubricated sliding steel contacts in the boundary and mixed regime as measured by ultrasound.The experiments were performed in a two-electrode cell-based pin-on-disk tester instrumented with ultrasonic transducers.Unelectrified and electrified tribological tests were conducted on steel flat-on-flat contacts under various speeds and loads using both a mineral base oil and a gear oil.Film thickness,coefficient of friction(CoF),and electrical contact resistance(ECR)were measured during short experiments(30 s)in unelectrified and electrified(1.5 and 3 A)conditions.The results suggest that film thickness,CoF,and all ECR are altered by passing DC currents through the contact.In particular,film thickness increased and decreased,respectively,by applying electricity at the different speeds and loads tested.These alterations were majorly ascribed to oil viscosity decrease by local heat and surface oxidation caused by electrical discharge and break down at the interface.

Intensifying electrified flow-through water treatment technologies via local environment modification

Removing high-risk and persistent contaminants from water is challenging,because they typically exist at low concentrations in complex water matrices.Electrified flow-through technologies are viable to overcome the limitations induced by mass transport for efficient contaminant removal.Modifying the local environment of the flow-through electrodes offers opportunities to further improve the reaction kinetics and selectivity for achieving near-complete removal of these contaminants from water.Here,we present state-of-the-art local environment modification approaches that can be incorporated into electrified flow-through technologies to intensify water treatment.We first show methods of nanospace incorporation,local geometry adjustment,and microporous structure optimization that can induce spatial confinement,enhanced local electric field,and microperiodic vortex,respectively,for local environment modification.We then discuss why local environment modification can complement the flow-through electrodes for improving the reaction rate and selectivity.Finally,we outline appropriate scenarios of intensifying electrified flow-through technologies through local environment modification for fit-for-purpose water treatment applications.

Highly efficient chemicalproductionviaelectrified,transient high-temperature synthesis

In response to the current energy and environmental challenges,reducing or replacing reliance on fossil fuels and striving for carbon neutrality seems to be the only viable choice.Recently,a cutting-edge,eco-friendly method of chemical synthesis via transient Joule heating(JH)demonstrated significant promise across various domains,including methane reforming,ammonia synthesis,volatile organic compounds removal,plastic recycling,the synthesis of functional carbon materials from repurposed solid waste,etc.In this review,the advantages,and latest developments in thermochemical synthesis by flash and transient JH are comprehensively outlined.Unlike the ongoing heating process of conventional furnaces that consume fossil fuels,dynamic and transient JH can get significantly higher reaction rates,energy efficiency,flexibility,and versatility.Subsequently,the transient reaction mechanism,data science optimization,and scale-up production models are discussed,and prospects for the integration of the electrified chemical industry with renewable energy for carbon neutrality and long-term energy storage are also envisioned.

The model of electrified cell clusters in biological tissues basing on the resting potential difference

The resting potential is the potential difference that exists between the inner and outer sides of the cell membrane when the cell is not stimulated.The resting membrane potential is a key regulator of phenomena such as cell proliferation,morphogenesis,migration and differentiation.In this paper,we proposed a model of electrified cell clusters that considers the resting potential of cell clusters in the resting state.By measuring the potential difference between the inner and outer sides of biological tissues,it is verified that the cell cluster has a negative potential difference when taking the outer potential as the reference.In the absence of external conductors,the tissue is electrically neutral;while in the presence of external conductors,the positive net charges escape freely under repulsive forces and the biological tissues form a negative electrical equilibrium system.The model proposed in this study explored the potential situation above the cellular level in the resting state,providing a new perspective for the research on resting potential.

Review of pantograph and catenary interaction

The application of electrified railway directly promotes relevant studies on pantograph-catenary interac- tion. With the increase of train running speed, the operating conditions for pantograph and catenary have become increasingly complex. This paper reviews the related achievements contributed by groups and institutions around the world. This article specifically focuses on three aspects： The dynamic characteristics of the panto- graph and catenary components, the systems＇ dynamic properties, and the environmental influences on the pantograph-catenary interaction. In accordance with the existing studies, future research may prioritize the task of identifying the mechanism of contact force variation. This kind of study can be carried out by simplifying the pantograph-catenary interaction into a moving load problem and utilizing the theory of matching mechanical impedance. In addition, developing a computational platform that accommodates environmental interferences and multi-field coupling effects is necessary in order to further explore applications based on fundamental studies.

Thermal Management of Electrified Propulsion System for Low-Carbon Vehicles

An overview of current thermal challenges in transport electrification is introduced in order to underpin the research developments and trends of recent thermal management techniques.Currently,explorations of intelligent thermal management and control strategies prevail among car manufacturers in the context of climate change and global warming impacts.Therefore,major cutting-edge systematic approaches in electrified powertrain are summarized in the first place.In particular,the important role of heating,ventilation and air-condition system(HVAC)is emphasised.The trends in developing efficient HVAC system for future electrified powertrain are analysed.Then electric machine efficiency is under spotlight which could be improved by introducing new thermal management techniques and strengthening the efforts of driveline integrations.The demanded integration efforts are expected to provide better value per volume,or more power output/torque per unit with smaller form factor.Driven by demands,major thermal issues of high-power density machines are raised including the comprehensive understanding of thermal path,and multiphysics challenges are addressed whilst embedding power electronic semiconductors,non-isotropic electromagnetic materials and thermal insulation materials.Last but not least,the present review has listed several typical cooling techniques such as liquid cooling jacket,impingement/spray cooling and immersion cooling that could be applied to facilitate the development of integrated electric machine,and a mechanic-electric-thermal holistic approach is suggested at early design phase.Conclusively,a brief summary of the emerging new cooling techniques is presented and the keys to a successful integration are concluded.