Electromagnetic fields in ultra-peripheral relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Ultra-peripheral heavy-ion collisions(UPCs)offer unique opportunities to study processes under strong electromagnetic fields.In these collisions,highly charged fast-moving ions carry strong electromagnetic fields that can be effectively treated as photon fluxes.The exchange of photons can induce photonuclear and two-photon interactions and excite ions.This excitation of the ions results in Coulomb dissociation with the emission of photons,neutrons,and other particles.Additionally,the electromagnetic fields generated by the ions can be sufficiently strong to enforce mutual interactions between the two colliding ions.Consequently,the two colliding ions experience an electromagnetic force that pushes them in opposite directions,causing a back-to-back correlation in the emitted neutrons.Using a Monte Carlo simulation,we qualitatively demonstrate that the above electromagnetic effect is large enough to be observed in UPCs,which would provide a clear means to study strong electromagnetic fields and their effects.

Consideration of the influence of supports in modeling the electromagnetic fields of 25 kV traction networks under emergency conditions

Single-phase 25 kV traction networks of electrified alternating current(AC)railways create electromagnetic fields(EMFs)with significant levels of intensity.The most intense magnetic fields occur when short circuits exist between the contact wire and rails or ground.Despite the short duration of exposure,they can adversely affect electronic devices and induce significant voltages in adjacent power lines,which is dangerous for operating personnel.Although numerous investigations have focused on modeling the EMF of traction networks and power lines,the challenge of determining the three-dimensional electromagnetic fields near metal supports during the flow of a short-circuit current through them is yet to be resolved.In this case,the field has a complex spatial structure that significantly complicates the calculations of intensities.This study proposes a methodology,algorithms,software,and digital models for determining the EMF in the described emergency scenarios.During the modeling process,the objects being studied were represented by segments of thin wires to analyze the distribution of the electric charge and calculate the intensities of the electric and magnetic fields.This approach was implemented in the Fazonord software,and the modeling results show a substantial increase in EMF levels close to the support,with a noticeable decrease in the levels as the distance from it increases.The procedure implemented in the commercial software Fazonord is universal and can be used to determine electromagnetic fields at any electrical power facility that includes live parts of limited length.Based on the proposed procedure,the EMF near the supports of overhead power lines and traction networks of various designs could be determined,the EMF levels at substations can be calculated,and the influence of metal structures located near traction networks,such as pedestrian crossings at railway stations,can be considered.

Analysis of Modeling the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by Industrial Static Converters and Impacts on Operators Using Maxwell’s Equations

The study of Electromagnetic Compatibility is essential to ensure the harmonious operation of electronic equipment in a shared environment. The basic principles of Electromagnetic Compatibility focus on the ability of devices to withstand electromagnetic disturbances and not produce disturbances that could affect other systems. Imperceptible in most work situations, electromagnetic fields can, beyond certain thresholds, have effects on human health. The objective of the present article is focused on the modeling analysis of the influence of geometric parameters of industrial static converters radiated electromagnetic fields using Maxwell’s equations. To do this we used the analytical formalism for calculating the electromagnetic field emitted by a filiform conductor, to model the electromagnetic radiation of this device in the spatio-temporal domain. The interactions of electromagnetic waves with human bodies are complex and depend on several factors linked to the characteristics of the incident wave. To model these interactions, we implemented the physical laws of electromagnetic wave propagation based on Maxwell’s and bio-heat equations to obtain consistent results. These obtained models allowed us to evaluate the spatial profile of induced current and temperature of biological tissue during exposure to electromagnetic waves generated by this system. The simulation 2D results obtained from computer tools show that the temperature variation and current induced by the electromagnetic field can have a very significant influence on the life of biological tissue. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis using advanced mathematical models to evaluate the influence of electromagnetic fields. The findings have direct implications for workplace safety, potentially influencing standards and regulations concerning electromagnetic exposure in industrial settings.

Long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure attenuates cognitive dysfunction in 5×FAD mice by regulating microglial function

We have previously found that long-term effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in 5xFAD mice with severe late-stage Alzheimer’s disease reduced both amyloid-βdeposition and glial activation,including microglia.To examine whether this therapeutic effect is due to the regulation of activated microglia,we analyzed mic roglial gene expression profiles and the existence of microglia in the brain in this study.5xFAD mice at the age of 1.5 months were assigned to sham-and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed groups and then animals were exposed to 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at a specific absorption rate of 5 W/kg for 2 hours/day and 5 days/week for 6 months.We conducted behavioral tests including the object recognition and Y-maze tests and molecular and histopathological analysis of amyloid precursor protein/a myloid-beta metabolism in brain tissue.We confirmed that radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure for 6 months ameliorated cognitive impairment and amyloid-βdeposition.The expression levels of Iba1(pan-microglial marker)and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R;regulates microglial prolife ration)in the hippocampus in 5xFAD mice treated with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields were significantly reduced compared with those of the sham-exposed group.Subsequently,we analyzed the expression levels of genes related to mic rogliosis and microglial function in the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed group compared to those of a CSF1R inhibitor(PLX3397)-treated group.Both radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and PLX3397 suppressed the levels of genes related to microgliosis(Csf1r,CD68,and Ccl6)and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β.N otably,the expression levels of genes related to mic roglial function,including Trem2,Fcgr1α,Ctss,and Spi1,were decreased after long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure,which was also observed in response to microglial suppression by PLX3397.These results showed that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields ameliorated amyloid-βpathology and cognitive impairment by suppressing amyloid-βdeposition-induced microgliosis and their key regulator,CSF1R.

Analysis and Simulation of the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on Living Beings near HV Power Lines Using the FDTD Method

Recent decades have seen rapid advances in the field of electrical engineering, such that our environment has become a sea of electrical and magnetic signals, raising questions about the possible effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the environment and which are capable of modifying and destroying our ecosystem. Particular interest was given in this article due to a massive influx of population living near high voltage lines. The analysis and simulation of the influence of low frequency electromagnetic fields on living beings in the vicinity of high voltage sources 132 kV and 220 kV in urban areas in DR Congo is the subject of our research with a view to estimating the level of exposure of humans to low frequency electromagnetic fields. To carry out our research, we used the classic method of analyzing the field produced near a high voltage line based on Maxwell’s image theory, the Maxwell-Gauss theorem and Maxwell-Ampère theorem to model and quantify low-frequency electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of high-voltage lines. The 2D FDTD numerical formulation was developed from telegraphers’ equations and allowed us to obtain models of current and voltage induced by electromagnetic fields on living beings below and near HV lines. The different simulations carried out on the proposed models illustrate the effects of the electrical and geometric parameters of the pylons on the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the HV lines. The results obtained were compared to the safety limits recommended by the standards.

A study on the discrete image method for calculation of transient electromagnetic fields in geological media

We conducted a study on the numerical calculation and response analysis of a transient electromagnetic field generated by a ground source in geological media. One solution method, the traditional discrete image method, involves complex operation, and its digital filtering algorithm requires a large number of calculations. To solve these problems, we proposed an improved discrete image method, where the following are realized： the real number of the electromagnetic field solution based on the Gaver-Stehfest algorithm for approximate inversion, the exponential approximation of the objective kernel function using the Prony method, the transient electromagnetic field according to discrete image theory, and closed-form solution of the approximate coefficients. To verify the method, we tentatively calculated the transient electromagnetic field in a homogeneous model and compared it with the results obtained from the Hankel transform digital filtering method. The results show that the method has considerable accuracy and good applicability. We then used this method to calculate the transient electromagnetic field generated by a ground magnetic dipole source in a typical geoelectric model and analyzed the horizontal component response of the induced magnetic field obtained from the ＂ground excitation-stratum measurement method. We reached the conclusion that the horizontal component response of a transient field is related to the geoelectric structure, observation time, spatial location, and others. The horizontal component response of the induced magnetic field reflects the eddy current field distribution and its vertical gradient variation. During the detection of abnormal objects, positions with a zero or comparatively large offset were selected for the drill- hole measurements or a comparatively long observation delay was adopted to reduce the influence of the ambient field on the survey results. The discrete image method and forward calculation results in this paper can be used as references for relevant research.

Effects of Different Electromagnetic Fields on Circadian Rhythms of Some Haematochemical Parameters in Rats

Objective To investigate the effects of different electromagnetic fields on some haematochemical parameters of circadian rhythms in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods The study was carried out in 18 male and 18 female rats in good health conditions exposed to 50 Hz magnetic sinusoid fields at the intensity of 1000 μT, 100 μT, and 0 μT （control group） respectively, and in 18 male and 18 female rats in good health conditions exposed to 1.8 GHz electromagnetic fields at the intensity of 50 V/m, 25 V/m and 0 V/m （control group）, respectively. Following haematochemical parameters for glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were measured. Results Different effects of electromagnetic fields on circadian rhythms of both male and female rats were observed. Different changes occurred in some haematochemical parameters for glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Exposure to different electromagnetic fields is responsible for the variations of some haematochemical parameters in rats.

Evaluation of spermatogenesis and fertility in F1 male rats after in utero and neonatal exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

Aim:To determine whether in utero and neonatal exposure to a 60 Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) results in spermatotoxicity and reproductive dysfunction in the F1 offspring of rats.Methods:Age-matched, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed continuously (21 h/day) to a 60 Hz EMF at field strengths of 0 (sham control),5,83.3 or 500 μT from day 6 of gestation through to day 21 of lactation.The experimentally generated magnetic field was monitored continuously (uninterrupted monitoring over the period of the study) throughout the study.Results:No exposure-related changes were found in exposed or sham-exposed animals with respect to the anogenital distance,preputial separation,testis weight,testicular histology,sperm count,daily sperm production, sperm motility,sperm morphology and reproductive capacity of F1 offspring.Conclusion:Exposure of Sprague- Dawley rats to a 60 Hz EMF at field strengths of up to 500 μT from day 6 of gestation to day 21 of lactation did not produce any detectable alterations in offspring spermatogenesis and fertility.

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields promote cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis of rats with cerebral ischemia

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields(ELF-EMF) can improve the learning and memory impairment of rats with Alzheimer's disease, however, its effect on cerebral ischemia remains poorly understood.In this study, we established rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion.One day after modeling, a group of rats were treated with ELF-EMF(50 Hz, 1 mT) for 2 hours daily on 28 successive days.Our results showed that rats treated with ELF-EMF required shorter swimming distances and latencies in the Morris water maze test than those of untreated rats.The number of times the platform was crossed and the time spent in the target quadrant were greater than those of untreated rats.The number of BrdU~+/NeuN~+ cells, representing newly born neurons, in the hippocampal subgranular zone increased more in the treated than in untreated rats.Up-regulation in the expressions of Notch1, Hes1, and Hes5 proteins, which are the key factors of the Notch signaling pathway, was greatest in the treated rats.These findings suggest that ELF-EMF can enhance hippocampal neurogenesis of rats with cerebral ischemia, possibly by affecting the Notch signaling pathway.The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Sichuan University, China(approval No.2019255A) on March 5, 2019.

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields stimulation modulates autoimmunity and immune responses：a possible immuno-modulatory therapeutic effect in neurodegenerative diseases

Increasing evidence shows that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields（ELF-EMFs） stimulation is able to exert a certain action on autoimmunity and immune cells. In the past, the efficacy of pulsed ELFEMFs in alleviating the symptoms and the progression of multiple sclerosis has been supported through their action on neurotransmission and on the autoimmune mechanisms responsible for demyelination. Regarding the immune system, ELF-EMF exposure contributes to a general activation of macrophages, resulting in changes of autoimmunity and several immunological reactions, such as increased reactive oxygen species-formation, enhanced phagocytic activity and increased production of chemokines. Transcranial electromagnetic brain stimulation is a non-invasive novel technique used recently to treat different neurodegenerative disorders, in particular Alzheimer＇s disease. Despite its proven value, the mechanisms through which EMF brain-stimulation exerts its beneficial action on neuronal function remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that its beneficial effects may be due to a neuroprotective effect on oxidative cell damage. On the basis of in vitro and clinical studies on brain activity, modulation by ELF-EMFs could possibly counteract the aberrant pro-inflammatory responses present in neurodegenerative disorders reducing their severity and their onset. The objective of this review is to provide a systematic overview of the published literature on EMFs and outline the most promising effects of ELF-EMFs in developing treatments of neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, we review data supporting the role of ELF-EMF in generating immune-modulatory responses, neuromodulation, and potential neuroprotective benefits. Nonetheless, we reckon that the underlying mechanisms of interaction between EMF and the immune system are still to be completely understood and need further studies at a molecular level.

BOUND STATES OF SCHRODINGER EQUATIONS WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND VANISHING POTENTIALS

We study the bound states to nonlinear Schrodinger equations with electro magnetic fields ihδψ/δt=（h/i -A（x））^2ψ＋V（x）ψ-K（x）｜ψ｜^p-1ψ=0,on R＋ ×R^N. Let G（x）=[V（x）p＋1/p-1-N/2][K（x）]-2/p-1 and suppose that G（x） has k local minimum points. For h 〉 0 small, we find multi-bump bound states ~bh （x, t） ---- e-iE~/huh （X） with Uh concentrating at the local minimum points of G（x） simultaneously as h ~ O. The potentials V（x） and K（x） are allowed to be either compactly supported or unbounded at infinity.

Role of pulsed electromagnetic fields after joint replacements

Although the rate of patients reporting satisfaction is generally high after joint replacement surgery, up to 23% after total hip replacement and 34% after total knee arthroplasty of treated subjects report discomfort or pain 1 year after surgery. Moreover, chronic or subacute inflammation is reported in some cases even a long time after surgery. Another open and debated issue in prosthetic surgery is implant survivorship, especially when related to good prosthesis bone ingrowth. Pulsed Electro Magnetic Fields(PEMFs) treatment, although initially recommended after total joint replacement to promote bone ingrowth and to reduce inflammation and pain, is not currently part of usual clinical practice. The purpose of this review was to analyze existing literature on PEMFs effects in joint replacement surgery and to report results of clinical studies and current indications. We selected all currently available prospective studies or RCT on the use of PEMFs in total joint replacement with the purpose of investigating effects of PEMFs on recovery, pain relief and patients’ satisfaction following hip, knee or shoulder arthroplasty. All the studies analyzed reported no adverse effects, and good patient compliance to the treatment. The available literature shows that early control of joint inflammation process in the first days after surgery through the use of PEMFs should be considered an effective completion of the surgical procedure to improve the patient’s functional recovery.

Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Proliferation and Differentiation of Cultured Mouse Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Summary: In order to study the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on proliferation, differentiation and intercellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro, the mouse bone MSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro. The third passage MSCs were divided into 4 groups and stimulated with EMFs. The cellular proliferation (MTT), the cellular differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity, ALP), and the intercellular cAMP level were investigated at different time points. The results showed that EMF (50Hz pulse burst 2 mT peak) inhibited the cellular proliferation (P<0.05), enhanced the cellular differentiation (P<0.05), and increased the intercellular cAMP level (P<0.01) in the early time of the stimulation (1-3 days), but the intercellular cAMP level did not increased further in the later days. We are led to conclude that the cAMP may be involved in the mediation of the growth inhibitory and differentiation-inducing signals of specific EMFs in vitro.

Grain refinement and macrosegregation behavior of direct chill cast Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy under combined electromagnetic fields

The combined electromagnetic fields were achieved by the application of an alternating magnetic field and a stationary magnetic field and were used during direct chill(DC) casting process to control the microstructure and macrosegregation of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Ingot microstructures were analyzed under an optical microscope(Leica DMR). The composition at different locations in the ingots was measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP) method. The results showed that the grain structure is transformed from dendrite to equiaxed structure and significantly refined with the application of combined electromagnetic fields. The uniformity of microstructure is also greatly improved. The combined electromagnetic fields show a significant effect on the distribution of elements. The negative macrosegregation in the centre area of the ingot is obviously reduced.

Unification of Gravitational and Electromagnetic Fields Using Gauge Symmetry

A new method for the unification of gravitational and electromagnetic forces is proposed. Previously, Kaluza-Klein theory dealt with the unification, but it has not yet been established as a complete theory. The main reason for this is that Kaluza-Klein theory has various contradictions due to the use of a 5-dimensional metric tensor. In this paper, unlike the conventional method, various equations related to gravitational and electromagnetic force are derived without any contradiction by processing equations having gauge symmetry within a 4-dimensional range. In this process, we propose that Maxwell’s equations for the electromagnetic force are expressed more simply and implicitly than the existing tensor form. Using the gauge symmetry, it shows that electromagnetic force can exist in single metric tensor along with gravity. In addition, since geodesic equations can be derived in the form of coordinate transformation, it has been shown that they are consistent with the existing equations. As a result, it has shown that they are consistent with the existing physical equations without contradiction.

Effect of Types and Orders of Electromagnetic Field Finite Element Meshes on Power Communication Harmonic Parameters Calculation Results of Tubular Hydrogenerators

In generator design field,waveform total harmonic distortion(THD)and telephone harmonic factor(THF)are parameters commonly used to measure the impact of generator no-load voltage harmonics on the power communication quality.Tubular hydrogenerators are considered the optimal generator for exploiting low-head,high-flow hydro resources,and they have seen increasingly widespread application in China's power systems recent years.However,owing to the compact and constrained internal space of such generators,their internal magnetic-field harmonics are pronounced.Therefore,accurate calculation of their THD and THF is crucial during the analysis and design stages to ensure the quality of power communication.Especially in the electromagnetic field finite element modeling analysis of such generators,the type and order of the finite element meshes may have a significant impact on the THD and THF calculation results,which warrants in-depth research.To address this,this study takes a real 34 MW large tubular hydrogenerator as an example,and establishes its electromagnetic field finite element model under no-load conditions.Two types of meshes,five mesh densities,and two mesh orders are analyzed to reveal the effect of electromagnetic field finite element mesh types and orders on the calculation results of THD and THF for such generators.

Electrical structure identification of deep shale gas reservoir in complex structural area using wide field electromagnetic method

To fully exploit the technical advantages of the large-depth and high-precision artificial source electromagnetic method in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan and compensate for the shortcomings of the conventional electromagnetic method in exploration depth,precision,and accuracy,the large-depth and high-precision wide field electromagnetic method is applied to the complex structure test area of the Luochang syncline and Yuhe nose anticline in the southern Sichuan.The advantages of the wide field electromagnetic method in detecting deep,low-resistivity thin layers are demonstrated.First,on the basis of the analysis of physical property data,a geological–geoelectric model is established in the test area,and the wide field electromagnetic method is numerically simulated to analyze and evaluate the response characteristics of deep thin shale gas layers on wide field electromagnetic curves.Second,a wide field electromagnetic test is conducted in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan.After data processing and inversion imaging,apparent resistivity logging data are used for calibration to develop an apparent resistivity interpretation model suitable for the test area.On the basis of the results,the characteristics of the electrical structure change in the shallow longitudinal formation of 6 km are implemented,and the transverse electrical distribution characteristics of the deep shale gas layer are delineated.In the prediction area near the well,the subsequent data verification shows that the apparent resistivity obtained using the inversion of the wide field electromagnetic method is consistent with the trend of apparent resistivity revealed by logging,which proves that this method can effectively identify the weak response characteristics of deep shale gas formations in complex structural areas.This experiment,it is shown shows that the wide field electromagnetic method with a large depth and high precision can effectively characterize the electrical characteristics of deep,low-resistivity thin layers in complex structural areas,and a new set of low-cost evaluation technologies for shale gas target layers based on the wide field electromagnetic method is explored.

Flashover Probability of Wind Turbine Blade and Impact of Strong Electromagnetic Pulse from Lightning Strikes on Wind Turbine Safety

This paper systematically studies the flashover probability of wind turbine blade lightning arrester and the impact of strong electromagnetic pulses on the local and surrounding wind turbines during lightning strikes.The research results indicate that the flashover probability of direct lightning strikes by the wind turbine blade lightning arrester is almost negligible,and the strong electromagnetic pulse of wind turbine blade during lightning strikes has a serious impact on the electronic equipment of the machine,while the impact on the surrounding wind turbine is relatively small.At the same time,the calculation formula for the reflection of lightning current on the carbon brush between the wind turbine hub and the engine compartment during the flashing of the wind turbine blades is provided,and the calculation method for calculating the spatial gradient distribution of electromagnetic field intensity using Biot-Savart Law theorem is applied.The limitations of using wind turbine blades for lightning protection are pointed out,and a technical route for achieving wind turbine lightning safety is proposed,which can be used as a reference for wind turbine lightning protection technicians.

Clinical update of pulsed electromagnetic fields on osteoporosis

Objective To understand the effects of low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields （PEMFs） on chronic bony pain, bone mineral density （BMD）, bone strength and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in the patients of osteoporosis. Data sources Using the key words “pulsed electromagnetic fields” and “osteoporosis”, we searched the PubMed for related studies published in English from January 1996 to December 2007. We also searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） for studies published in Chinese from January 1996 to December 2007.Study selection Inclusion criteria： （1） all articles which referred to the effects of low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields on osteoporosis either in primary osteoporosis or secondary osteoporosis; （2） either observational studies or randomized controlled studies. Exclusion criteria： （1） articles on experimental studies about osteoporosis; （2） repetitive studies; （3） case reports; （4） meta analysis.Results Totally 111 related articles were collected, 101 of them were published in Chinese, 10 were in English. Thirty-four were included and the remaining 84 were excluded.Conclusions Low-frequency PEMFs relieves the pain of primary osteoporosis quickly and efficiently, enhances bone formation and increases BMD of secondary osteoporosis. But the effects of PEMFs on bone mineral density of primary osteoporosis and bone resorption were controversial.

Puerarin, an isoflavone compound extracted from Gegen (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), modulates sclera remodeling caused by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect of puerarin [an isoflavone compound extracted from Gegen(Radix Puerariae Lobatae)] in scleral remodeling induced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields(ELF-EMFs).METHODS: Human fetal scleral fibroblasts(HFSFs)were divided into 5 groups:(a) untreated controls;(b) cells treated with ELF-EMFs;(c) cells treated with ELF-EMFs and puerarin 0.1 μM;(d) cells treated with ELF-EMFs and puerarin 1 μM;(e) cells treated with ELF-EMFs and puerarin 10 μM. Cell proliferation activity was measured by the cell-counting kit-8 assay. Matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) activity was measured by gelatin enzymography.MMP-2 and collagenⅠ(COL1A1) m RNA, protein expression were measured by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, respectively.RESULTS: Puerarin reduced the inhibition in cell proliferation, MMP-2 activity, m RNA, protein expression of HFSFs exposed to ELF-EMFs and enhanced the COL1A1 m RNA and protein expression.CONCLUSION: Puerarin was found to participate in the matrix remodeling process. It might be a potential agent for the treatment of extracellular matrix degradation of sclera associated with ocular conditions.