An Environment‑Tolerant Ion‑Conducting Double‑Network Composite Hydrogel for High‑Performance Flexible Electronic Devices

High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.

Fortifying Smart Grids: A Holistic Assessment Strategy against Cyber Attacks and Physical Threats for Intelligent Electronic Devices

Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightened security challenges within smart grids,IEDs pose significant risks due to inherent hardware and software vulner-abilities,as well as the openness and vulnerability of communication protocols.Smart grid security,distinct from traditional internet security,mainly relies on monitoring network security events at the platform layer,lacking an effective assessment mechanism for IEDs.Hence,we incorporate considerations for both cyber-attacks and physical faults,presenting security assessment indicators and methods specifically tailored for IEDs.Initially,we outline the security monitoring technology for IEDs,considering the necessary data sources for their security assessment.Subsequently,we classify IEDs and establish a comprehensive security monitoring index system,incorporating factors such as running states,network traffic,and abnormal behaviors.This index system contains 18 indicators in 3 categories.Additionally,we elucidate quantitative methods for various indicators and propose a hybrid security assessment method known as GRCW-hybrid,combining grey relational analysis(GRA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and entropy weight method(EWM).According to the proposed assessment method,the security risk level of IEDs can be graded into 6 levels,namely 0,1,2,3,4,and 5.The higher the level,the greater the security risk.Finally,we assess and simulate 15 scenarios in 3 categories,which are based on monitoring indicators and real-world situations encountered by IEDs.The results show that calculated security risk level based on the proposed assessment method are consistent with actual simulation.Thus,the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed index system and assessment method are validated.

The Advent of Wide Bandgap Green-Synthesized Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanoparticles for Applications in Optical and Electronic Devices

Power-electronic devices are widely used in various applications, such as voltage and frequency control for transmitting and converting electric power. As these devices are becoming increasingly important, there is a need to reduce their losses and improve their performance to reduce electric power consumption. Current power semiconductor devices, such as inverters, are made of silicon (Si), but the performance of these Si power devices is reaching its limit due to physical properties and energy bandgap. To address this issue, recent developments in wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), offer the potential for a new generation of power semiconductor devices that can perform significantly better than silicon-based devices. In this research, a green synthesized copper-zinc-tin-sulfide (CZTS) nanoparticle is proposed as a new WBG semiconductor material that could be used for optical and electronic devices. Its synthesis, consisting of the production methods and materials used, is discussed. The characterization is also discussed, and further research is recommended in the later sections to enable the continual advancement of this technology.

Graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits

Recent progress of research for graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices is reviewed, and recent developments in circuits based on graphene devices are summarized. The bandgap-mobility tradeoff inevitably constrains the application of graphene for the conventional field-effect transistor （FET） devices in digital applications. However, this shortcoming has not dampened the enthusiasm of the research community toward graphene electronics. Aside from high mobility, graphene offers numerous other amazing electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that continually motivate innovations.

The gender difference of utilization of cardiac implantable electronic device in China： data from Arrhythmia Interventional Therapy Data Registry

Background Cardiac implantable electronic devices （CIEDs） greatly improve survival and life quality of patients. However, there are gender differences regarding both the utilization and benefit of these devices. In this prospective CIED registry, we aim to appraise the gender differences in CIED utilization in China. Methods Twenty centers from 14 provinces in China were included in our registry study. All patients who underwent a CIED implantation in these twenty centers between Jan 2015 and Dec 2016 were included. Results A total of 8570 patients were enrolled in the baseline cohort, including 7203 pacemaker, 664 implantable cardiac defibrillators （ICD） implants and 703 cardiac resynchronization therapy device （CRT/D）. Totally, 4117 （48.0%） CIED patients were female, and more than 59% pacemaker patients were female, but women account only one third of ICD or CRT/D implantation in this registry. There were significant differences between genders at pacemaker and ICD indications. Female was more likely received a pacemaker due to sick sinus syndrome （SSS） （63.9% vs. 51.0%, P 〈 0.001）. Female patients receiving an ICD were more likely due to cardiac ion channel disease （29.2% vs. 4.2%, P 〈 0.001）. The percentage of utilization of dual-chamber pacemaker in female patients was significantly higher than male （85.3% vs. 81.1%, P 〈 0.001）. But male patients were more likely received a cardiac resynchronization therapy devices with defibrillator than female （56.5% vs. 41.9%, P = 0.001）. In pacemaker patient, male was more likely to have structure heart disease （31.3% vs. 28.0%, P = 0.002）. In ICD patient, male patients were more likely to have ischemic heart disease （48.2% vs. 29.2%, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age of women at the time of CRT/D implantation was older than men （P = 0.014）. Nonischemic cardiomyopathy （70.9%） was the most common etiology in the patients who underwent the treat？ment of CRT/D, no matter male or female. Conclusions In real-world setting, female do have different epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of many cardiac rhythm disorders when compared with male, and all these factors may affect the utilization of CIED implantation. But it also possibility that cultural and socioeconomic features may play a role in this apparent discrimination.

Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrole-Coated Microelectrode Array and the Fabrication of Polypyrrole-Based Microelectronic Devices

Conducting polymers have been studied extensively. An interesting property of the conducting polymer is that the conductivity of some polymers, such as polypyrrolc, polyaniline, poly(3-methylthiophene) etc. , is affected by the voltage applied to them. For polypyrrole, the oxidized state is an electronic conductor and the reduced state is essentially insulating. Using this property, one can fabricate the polymer-based electronic devices. Experimental results of Pickun

A Discrete Multi‑Objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for a Real‑World Electronic Device Testing Machine Allocation Problem

With the continuous development of science and technology,electronic devices have begun to enter all aspects of human life,becoming increasingly closely related to human life.Users have higher quality requirements for electronic devices.Electronic device testing has gradually become an irreplaceable engineering process in modern manufacturing enterprises to guarantee the quality of products while preventing inferior products from entering the market.Considering the large output of electronic devices,improving the testing efficiency while reducing the testing cost has become an urgent problem to be solved.This study investigates the electronic device testing machine allocation problem(EDTMAP),aiming to improve the production of electronic devices and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines through reasonable machine allocation.First,a mathematical model was formulated for the EDTMAP to maximize both production and the scheduling distance among testing machines.Second,we developed a discrete multi-objective artificial bee colony(DMOABC)algorithm to solve EDTMAP.A crossover operator and local search operator were designed to improve the exploration and exploitation of the algorithm,respectively.Numerical experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II)and strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2(SPEA2).Finally,the mathematical model and DMOABC algorithm were applied to a real-world factory that tests radio-frequency modules.The results verify that our method can significantly improve production and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines.

Experimental Research of Electronic Devices Thermal Control Using Metallic Phase Change Materials

A Phase-change thermal control unit( PTCU) filled with metallic phase change material( PCM) Bismuth alloy for electric devices thermal protection was developed and investigated experimentally. The PTCU filled with PCM was designed and manufactured. Resistance heating components( RCHs) produced 1 W,3 W, 5 W,7W,and 10 W for simulating heat generation of electronic devices. At various heating power levels,the performance of PTCU were tested during heating period and one duty cycle period. The experimental results show that the PTCU delays RCH reaching the maximum operating temperature. Also,a numerical model was developed to enable interpretation of experimental results and to perform parametric studies. The results confirmed that the PTCU is suitable for electric devices thermal control.

The Research and Application of the Anti-Interference Techniques of Electronic Device in Power System

This paper presents the study and application of the electronic device anti-interference techniques underhigh voltage and/or heavy current electro-magnetic circumstance in power system.[

Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Their Association with the Use of Electronic Devices among Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background:Adolescence is a critical,multifactorial developmental phase.With the current pandemic of COVID-19,excessive using of electronic devices is a public health concern.The aim of this study is to investigate the relation-ship between depression and the use of electronic devices among secondary school children in Jazan,Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and Methods:The study is an observational,cross-sectional study.Data was collected using an anonymous online survey instrument.including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.Results:A total of 427 participants were included in the study.The prevalence of depression,anxiety,and stress in our study was 14.55%,12.01%,and 15.55%,respectively.For the hours spent on electronic devices,13.6%of participants spent 1–4 h,43.6%spent 5–9 h,and 42.9%spent 10 h or more.86.7%reported an increase in their use of electronic devices during COVID-19.The regression analysis revealed that the increase of Videogame Addiction Scale for Chil-dren is significantly associated with an increase in Depression,Anxiety,and Stress scores(p-value<0.05 for all).Conclusion:Electronic device use is a challenging issue among Saudi adolescents,and it has been associated with a negative impact on participants’mental well-being.The study found a positive correlation between electronic device use and increased prevalence of mental health issues.We also found significantly increased use of electronic device during the COVID-19 lockdown;hence,more mental issues were reported.It is obvious that electronic device use needs to be more controlled among adolescents.This can be achieved by involving those who are in this age group in other activities,like sports,which can reduce the time they spend on electronic device.

Risk profiles and outcomes of patients receiving antibacterial cardiovascular implantable electronic device envelopes:A retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices(CIEDs)are implanted in an increasing number of patients each year,which has led to an increase in the risk of CIED infection.Antibacterial CIED envelopes locally deliver antibiotics to the implant site over a short-term period and have been shown to reduce the risk of implant site infection.These envelopes are derived from either biologic or nonbiologic materials.There is a paucity of data examining patient risk profiles and outcomes from using these envelope materials in the clinical setting and comparing these results to patients receiving no envelope with their CIED implantation.AIM To evaluate risk profiles and outcomes of patients who underwent CIED procedures with an antibacterial envelope or no envelope.METHODS After obtaining Internal Review Board approval,the records of consecutive patients who underwent a CIED implantation procedure by a single physician between March 2017 and December 2019 were retrospectively collected from our hospital.A total of 248 patients within this period were identified and reviewed through 12 mo of follow up.The CIED procedures used either no envelope(n=57),a biologic envelope(CanGaroo®,Aziyo Biologics)that was pre-hydrated by the physician with vancomycin and gentamicin(n=89),or a non-biologic envelope(Tyrx^(TM),Medtronic)that was coated with a resorbable polymer containing the drug substances rifampin and minocycline by the manufacturer(n=102).Patient selection for receiving either no envelope or an envelope(and which envelope to use)was determined by the treating physician.Statistical analyses were performed between the 3 groups(CanGaroo,Tyrx,and no envelope),and also between the No Envelope and Any Envelope groups by an independent,experienced biostatistician.RESULTS On average,patients who received any envelope(biologic or non-biologic)were younger(70.7±14.0 vs 74.9±10.6,P=0.017),had a greater number of infection risk factors(81.2%vs 49.1%,P<0.001),received more high-powered devices(37.2%vs 5.8%,P=0.004),and were undergoing more reoperative procedures(47.1%vs 0.0%,P<0.001)than patients who received no envelope.Between the two envelopes,biologic envelopes tended to be used more often in higher risk patients(84.3%vs 78.4%)and reoperative procedures(62.9%vs 33.3%)than non-biologic envelopes.The rate of CIED implant site pocket infection was low(any envelope 0.5%vs no envelope 0.0%)and was statistically equivalent between the two envelope groups.Other reported adverse events(lead dislodgement,lead or pocket revision,device migration or erosion,twiddler’s syndrome,and erythema/fever)were low and statistically equivalent between groups(biologic 2.2%,non-biologic 3.9%,no envelope 1.8%).CONCLUSION CIED infection rates for biologic and non-biologic antibacterial envelopes are similar.Antibacterial envelopes may benefit patients who are higher risk for infection,however additional studies are warranted to confirm this.

Effects of medically generated electromagnetic interference from medical devices on cardiac implantable electronic devices: A review

As cardiac implantable electronic devices(CIED)become more prevalent,it is important to acknowledge potential electromagnetic interference(EMI)from other sources,such as internal and external electronic devices and procedures and its effect on these devices.EMI from other sources can potentially inhibit pacing and trigger shocks in permanent pacemakers(PPM)and implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICD),respectively.This review analyzes potential EMI amongst CIED and left ventricular assist device,deep brain stimulators,spinal cord stimulators,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators,and throughout an array of procedures,such as endoscopy,bronchoscopy,and procedures involving electrocautery.Although there is evidence to support EMI from internal and external devices and during procedures,there is a lack of large multicenter studies,and,as a result,current management guidelines are based primarily on expert opinion and anecdotal experience.We aim to provide a general overview of PPM/ICD function,review documented EMI effect on these devices,and acknowledge current management of CIED interference.

A Hierarchical Modeling and Fault Diagnosis Method for Complex Electronic Devices

Due to the shortcomings of the diagnosis systems for complex electronic devices such as failure models hard to build and low fault isolation resolution, a new hierarchical modeling and diagnosis method is proposed based on multisignal model and support vector machine （SVM）. Multisignal model is used to describe the failure propagation relationship in electronic device system, and the most probable failure printed circuit boards （PCBs） can be found by Bayes inference. The exact failure modes in the PCBs can be identified by SVM. The results show the proposed modeling and diagnosis method is effective and suitable for diagnosis for complex electronic devices.

Corrosion in Control Systems Decrease the Lifetime of the Electronic Devices of the Industrial Plants of Mexicali,BC,Mexico

The principal factor to determine the economical value of the products manufactured in the electronics industry is due to the productive yielding. This is important for the cost of the articles fabricated in this type of industrial plants installed in Mexicali city, where around 80% of companies are, and which fabricate electronic devices and systems, or have industrial electronic systems and machines to their manufacturing process. Mexicalicity is located in theBaja CaliforniaStateof the northwest ofMexico, which is a border city with Calexico in theCaliforniaStateof the United States of America (USA). The region located in Mexicali, is a desert area. Geothermal plant is located in this area, which is an important industry and supplies electricity to this city and its valleys and some cities on southwest of United States for daily activities. This company emits hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a main air pollutant that reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere, generating sulfur oxides (SOX). This chemical is dispersed to the city of Mexicali in which industrial plants are located with electronic control systems, and penetrates to indoor rooms. Those cause the corrosion process. The presence of corrosion leads to the deterioration of electrical connectors, the connections of electronic systems and the decreasing of the lifetime of these control systems. Other air pollutants that are considered as chemical agents which cause damage to materials used in the electronics industry, are the sulfurs and nitrogen oxides (NOX), emitted from the traffic vehicle and some industries. This causes the low productive yielding of electrical and electronic devices and systems used in the companies of this city, and is a major concern to specialized people, managers and owners. To analyze the productive yielding of electronic devices and systems installed in indoor of the electronics industry. For this reason, to know the principal causes of it, a study in three industrial plants, to determine the grade level of deterioration of the electronic control systems (ECS) used in the electronics industry of this city was made. The results showed that at major air pollution concentration detected by specialized methods, the lifetime of the ECS was decreased by the generation of corrosion in their electrical connectors and connections. This was caused for the levels of air pollutants mentioned above, than exceed the air quality standards in some periods of the year, added with the levels upper of relative humidity levels (RH) and temperatures of 85% and 25°C in winter and 80% 35°C in summer, being a main factor of this electrochemical phenomenon.

Constructal design of a rectangular parallel phase change microchannel in a three-dimensional electronic device

Based on constructal theory,a rectangular parallel phase change microchannel model in a three-dimensional electronic device(TDED)is established with R134a as the cooling fluid.Based on the minimization of a complex function(CF)composed of linear weighting sum of maximum temperature difference and pumping power consumption,constructal design of the TDED is conducted first;and then,maximum temperature difference and pumping power consumption are minimized by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II methods.The results reveal that there exist an optimal mass flow rate(0.0012 kg/s)and a quadratic optimal aspect ratio(AR)(0.39)of the microchannel which lead to quadratic minimum CF(0.817).Compared with the original value,the CF after optimization is reduced by 18.34%.Reducing the inlet temperature of cooling fluid and microchannel number appropriately can help to enhance the overall performance of TDED.By using the artificial neural network and genetic algorithms in the toolboxes of Matlab software,the optimal AR gained in the Pareto solution set is located between 0.2–0.45.The smallest deviation index among three discussed strategies is 0.346,and the corresponding optimal AR is 0.413,which is selected as the optimal design strategy of the microchannel in the TDED under multiple requirements.The findings in this study can serve as theoretical guides for thermal designs of electronic devices.

Liquid metal compartmented by polyphenol-mediated nanointerfaces enables high-performance thermal management on electronic devices

The exponentially increasing heat generation in electronic devices,induced by high power density and miniaturization,has become a dominant issue that affects carbon footprint,cost,performance,reliability,and lifespan.Liquid metals(LMs)with high thermal conductivity are promising candidates for effective thermal management yet are facing pump-out and surface-spreading issues.Confinement in the form of metallic particles can address these problems,but apparent alloying processes elevate the LM melting point,leading to severely deteriorated stability.Here,we propose a facile and sustainable approach to address these challenges by using a biogenic supramolecular network as an effective diffusion barrier at copper particle-LM(EGaIn/Cu@TA)interfaces to achieve superior thermal conduction.The supramolecular network promotes LM stability by reducing unfavorable alloying and fluidity transition.The EGaIn/Cu@TA exhibits a record-high metallic-mediated thermal conductivity(66.1 W m^(-1) K^(-1))and fluidic stability.Moreover,mechanistic studies suggest the enhanced heat flow path after the incorporation of copper particles,generating heat dissipation suitable for computer central processing units,exceeding that of commercial silicone.Our results highlight the prospects of renewable macromolecules isolated from biomass for the rational design of nanointerfaces based on metallic particles and LM,paving a new and sustainable avenue for high-performance thermal management.

Recent advances in self-healing hydrogel composites for flexible wearable electronic devices

Flexible electronic devices with mechanical properties like the soft tissues of human organs have great potential for the next generation of wearable and implantable electronic devices.Self-healing hydrogel composites typically have high tensile strength,high electrical conductivity and damage repair properties and have wide applications in flexible electronics,such as human-computer interaction,health detection and soft robots.Various self-healing hydrogel composites have been developed to produce new stretchable conductive materials with satisfactory mechanical and selfhealing properties.This paper presents the fabrication of self-healing hydrogel composites and their application in flexible electronic devices.Firstly,the repair mechanism of physically cross-linked and chemically cross-linked self-healing hydrogel composites is presented.Secondly,self-healing double network hydrogels,self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels and double crosslinked self-healing hydrogel composites and their applications in flexible sensors,energy harvesting devices,energy storage devices and optical devices are presented and discussed.Finally,the challenges and prospects of self-healing hydrogel composites in flexible electronic devices in the future are presented.

Application of Machine Learning in Electronic Device Fault Diagnosis

As electronic devices become increasingly complex, traditional fault diagnosis methods face significant challenges. Machine learning technologies offer new opportunities and solutions for electronic device fault diagnosis. This paper explores the application of machine learning in electronic device fault diagnosis, focusing on common machine learning algorithms, data preprocessing techniques, and diagnostic model construction methods. Case study analysis elucidates the advantages of machine learning in improving diagnostic accuracy, reducing diagnosis time, and implementing predictive maintenance. Research indicates that machine learning techniques can effectively enhance the efficiency and precision of electronic device fault diagnosis, providing robust support for device reliability and maintenance strategy optimization. In the future, as artificial intelligence technology further develops, machine learning will play an increasingly important role in the field of electronic device fault diagnosis.

Freestanding oxide membranes:synthesis,tunable physical properties,and functional devices

The study of oxide heteroepitaxy has been hindered by the issues of misfit strain and substrate clamping,which impede both the optimization of performance and the acquisition of a fundamental understanding of oxide systems.Recently,however,the development of freestanding oxide membranes has provided a plausible solution to these substrate limitations.Single-crystalline functional oxide films can be released from their substrates without incurring significant damage and can subsequently be transferred to any substrate of choice.This paper discusses recent advancements in the fabrication,adjustable physical properties,and various applications of freestanding oxide perovskite films.First,we present the primary strategies employed for the synthesis and transfer of these freestanding perovskite thin films.Second,we explore the main functionalities observed in freestanding perovskite oxide thin films,with special attention to the tunable functionalities and physical properties of these freestanding perovskite membranes under varying strain states.Next,we encapsulate three representative devices based on freestanding oxide films.Overall,this review highlights the potential of freestanding oxide films for the study of novel functionalities and flexible electronics.

Surface charge transfer doping for two-dimensional semiconductor-based electronic and optoelectronic devices

Doping of semiconductors,i.e.,accurately modulating the charge carrier type and concentration in a controllable manner,is a key technology foundation for modern electronics and optoelectronics.However,the conventional doping technologies widely utilized in silicon industry,such as ion implantation and thermal diffusion,always fail when applied to two-dimensional(2D)materials with atomically-thin nature.Surface charge transfer doping(SCTD)is emerging as an effective and non-destructive doping technique to provide reliable doping capability for 2D materials,in particular 2D semiconductors.Herein,we summarize the recent advances and developments on the SCTD of 2D semiconductors and its application in electronic and optoelectronic devices.The underlying mechanism of STCD processes on 2D semiconductors is briefly introduced.Its impact on tuning the fundamental properties of various 2D systems is highlighted.We particularly emphasize on the SCTD-enabled high-performance 2D functional devices.Finally,the challenges and opportunities for the future development of SCTD are discussed.