An Environment‑Tolerant Ion‑Conducting Double‑Network Composite Hydrogel for High‑Performance Flexible Electronic Devices

High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.

Fortifying Smart Grids: A Holistic Assessment Strategy against Cyber Attacks and Physical Threats for Intelligent Electronic Devices

Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightened security challenges within smart grids,IEDs pose significant risks due to inherent hardware and software vulner-abilities,as well as the openness and vulnerability of communication protocols.Smart grid security,distinct from traditional internet security,mainly relies on monitoring network security events at the platform layer,lacking an effective assessment mechanism for IEDs.Hence,we incorporate considerations for both cyber-attacks and physical faults,presenting security assessment indicators and methods specifically tailored for IEDs.Initially,we outline the security monitoring technology for IEDs,considering the necessary data sources for their security assessment.Subsequently,we classify IEDs and establish a comprehensive security monitoring index system,incorporating factors such as running states,network traffic,and abnormal behaviors.This index system contains 18 indicators in 3 categories.Additionally,we elucidate quantitative methods for various indicators and propose a hybrid security assessment method known as GRCW-hybrid,combining grey relational analysis(GRA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and entropy weight method(EWM).According to the proposed assessment method,the security risk level of IEDs can be graded into 6 levels,namely 0,1,2,3,4,and 5.The higher the level,the greater the security risk.Finally,we assess and simulate 15 scenarios in 3 categories,which are based on monitoring indicators and real-world situations encountered by IEDs.The results show that calculated security risk level based on the proposed assessment method are consistent with actual simulation.Thus,the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed index system and assessment method are validated.

The Advent of Wide Bandgap Green-Synthesized Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanoparticles for Applications in Optical and Electronic Devices

Power-electronic devices are widely used in various applications, such as voltage and frequency control for transmitting and converting electric power. As these devices are becoming increasingly important, there is a need to reduce their losses and improve their performance to reduce electric power consumption. Current power semiconductor devices, such as inverters, are made of silicon (Si), but the performance of these Si power devices is reaching its limit due to physical properties and energy bandgap. To address this issue, recent developments in wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), offer the potential for a new generation of power semiconductor devices that can perform significantly better than silicon-based devices. In this research, a green synthesized copper-zinc-tin-sulfide (CZTS) nanoparticle is proposed as a new WBG semiconductor material that could be used for optical and electronic devices. Its synthesis, consisting of the production methods and materials used, is discussed. The characterization is also discussed, and further research is recommended in the later sections to enable the continual advancement of this technology.

Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrole-Coated Microelectrode Array and the Fabrication of Polypyrrole-Based Microelectronic Devices

Conducting polymers have been studied extensively. An interesting property of the conducting polymer is that the conductivity of some polymers, such as polypyrrolc, polyaniline, poly(3-methylthiophene) etc. , is affected by the voltage applied to them. For polypyrrole, the oxidized state is an electronic conductor and the reduced state is essentially insulating. Using this property, one can fabricate the polymer-based electronic devices. Experimental results of Pickun

Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Their Association with the Use of Electronic Devices among Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background:Adolescence is a critical,multifactorial developmental phase.With the current pandemic of COVID-19,excessive using of electronic devices is a public health concern.The aim of this study is to investigate the relation-ship between depression and the use of electronic devices among secondary school children in Jazan,Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and Methods:The study is an observational,cross-sectional study.Data was collected using an anonymous online survey instrument.including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.Results:A total of 427 participants were included in the study.The prevalence of depression,anxiety,and stress in our study was 14.55%,12.01%,and 15.55%,respectively.For the hours spent on electronic devices,13.6%of participants spent 1–4 h,43.6%spent 5–9 h,and 42.9%spent 10 h or more.86.7%reported an increase in their use of electronic devices during COVID-19.The regression analysis revealed that the increase of Videogame Addiction Scale for Chil-dren is significantly associated with an increase in Depression,Anxiety,and Stress scores(p-value<0.05 for all).Conclusion:Electronic device use is a challenging issue among Saudi adolescents,and it has been associated with a negative impact on participants’mental well-being.The study found a positive correlation between electronic device use and increased prevalence of mental health issues.We also found significantly increased use of electronic device during the COVID-19 lockdown;hence,more mental issues were reported.It is obvious that electronic device use needs to be more controlled among adolescents.This can be achieved by involving those who are in this age group in other activities,like sports,which can reduce the time they spend on electronic device.

Effects of medically generated electromagnetic interference from medical devices on cardiac implantable electronic devices: A review

As cardiac implantable electronic devices(CIED)become more prevalent,it is important to acknowledge potential electromagnetic interference(EMI)from other sources,such as internal and external electronic devices and procedures and its effect on these devices.EMI from other sources can potentially inhibit pacing and trigger shocks in permanent pacemakers(PPM)and implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICD),respectively.This review analyzes potential EMI amongst CIED and left ventricular assist device,deep brain stimulators,spinal cord stimulators,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators,and throughout an array of procedures,such as endoscopy,bronchoscopy,and procedures involving electrocautery.Although there is evidence to support EMI from internal and external devices and during procedures,there is a lack of large multicenter studies,and,as a result,current management guidelines are based primarily on expert opinion and anecdotal experience.We aim to provide a general overview of PPM/ICD function,review documented EMI effect on these devices,and acknowledge current management of CIED interference.

A Hierarchical Modeling and Fault Diagnosis Method for Complex Electronic Devices

Due to the shortcomings of the diagnosis systems for complex electronic devices such as failure models hard to build and low fault isolation resolution, a new hierarchical modeling and diagnosis method is proposed based on multisignal model and support vector machine （SVM）. Multisignal model is used to describe the failure propagation relationship in electronic device system, and the most probable failure printed circuit boards （PCBs） can be found by Bayes inference. The exact failure modes in the PCBs can be identified by SVM. The results show the proposed modeling and diagnosis method is effective and suitable for diagnosis for complex electronic devices.

Corrosion in Control Systems Decrease the Lifetime of the Electronic Devices of the Industrial Plants of Mexicali,BC,Mexico

The principal factor to determine the economical value of the products manufactured in the electronics industry is due to the productive yielding. This is important for the cost of the articles fabricated in this type of industrial plants installed in Mexicali city, where around 80% of companies are, and which fabricate electronic devices and systems, or have industrial electronic systems and machines to their manufacturing process. Mexicalicity is located in theBaja CaliforniaStateof the northwest ofMexico, which is a border city with Calexico in theCaliforniaStateof the United States of America (USA). The region located in Mexicali, is a desert area. Geothermal plant is located in this area, which is an important industry and supplies electricity to this city and its valleys and some cities on southwest of United States for daily activities. This company emits hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a main air pollutant that reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere, generating sulfur oxides (SOX). This chemical is dispersed to the city of Mexicali in which industrial plants are located with electronic control systems, and penetrates to indoor rooms. Those cause the corrosion process. The presence of corrosion leads to the deterioration of electrical connectors, the connections of electronic systems and the decreasing of the lifetime of these control systems. Other air pollutants that are considered as chemical agents which cause damage to materials used in the electronics industry, are the sulfurs and nitrogen oxides (NOX), emitted from the traffic vehicle and some industries. This causes the low productive yielding of electrical and electronic devices and systems used in the companies of this city, and is a major concern to specialized people, managers and owners. To analyze the productive yielding of electronic devices and systems installed in indoor of the electronics industry. For this reason, to know the principal causes of it, a study in three industrial plants, to determine the grade level of deterioration of the electronic control systems (ECS) used in the electronics industry of this city was made. The results showed that at major air pollution concentration detected by specialized methods, the lifetime of the ECS was decreased by the generation of corrosion in their electrical connectors and connections. This was caused for the levels of air pollutants mentioned above, than exceed the air quality standards in some periods of the year, added with the levels upper of relative humidity levels (RH) and temperatures of 85% and 25°C in winter and 80% 35°C in summer, being a main factor of this electrochemical phenomenon.

Graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits

Recent progress of research for graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices is reviewed, and recent developments in circuits based on graphene devices are summarized. The bandgap-mobility tradeoff inevitably constrains the application of graphene for the conventional field-effect transistor （FET） devices in digital applications. However, this shortcoming has not dampened the enthusiasm of the research community toward graphene electronics. Aside from high mobility, graphene offers numerous other amazing electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that continually motivate innovations.

Experimental Research of Electronic Devices Thermal Control Using Metallic Phase Change Materials

A Phase-change thermal control unit( PTCU) filled with metallic phase change material( PCM) Bismuth alloy for electric devices thermal protection was developed and investigated experimentally. The PTCU filled with PCM was designed and manufactured. Resistance heating components( RCHs) produced 1 W,3 W, 5 W,7W,and 10 W for simulating heat generation of electronic devices. At various heating power levels,the performance of PTCU were tested during heating period and one duty cycle period. The experimental results show that the PTCU delays RCH reaching the maximum operating temperature. Also,a numerical model was developed to enable interpretation of experimental results and to perform parametric studies. The results confirmed that the PTCU is suitable for electric devices thermal control.

Liquid metal compartmented by polyphenol-mediated nanointerfaces enables high-performance thermal management on electronic devices

The exponentially increasing heat generation in electronic devices,induced by high power density and miniaturization,has become a dominant issue that affects carbon footprint,cost,performance,reliability,and lifespan.Liquid metals(LMs)with high thermal conductivity are promising candidates for effective thermal management yet are facing pump-out and surface-spreading issues.Confinement in the form of metallic particles can address these problems,but apparent alloying processes elevate the LM melting point,leading to severely deteriorated stability.Here,we propose a facile and sustainable approach to address these challenges by using a biogenic supramolecular network as an effective diffusion barrier at copper particle-LM(EGaIn/Cu@TA)interfaces to achieve superior thermal conduction.The supramolecular network promotes LM stability by reducing unfavorable alloying and fluidity transition.The EGaIn/Cu@TA exhibits a record-high metallic-mediated thermal conductivity(66.1 W m^(-1) K^(-1))and fluidic stability.Moreover,mechanistic studies suggest the enhanced heat flow path after the incorporation of copper particles,generating heat dissipation suitable for computer central processing units,exceeding that of commercial silicone.Our results highlight the prospects of renewable macromolecules isolated from biomass for the rational design of nanointerfaces based on metallic particles and LM,paving a new and sustainable avenue for high-performance thermal management.

Recent advances in self-healing hydrogel composites for flexible wearable electronic devices

Flexible electronic devices with mechanical properties like the soft tissues of human organs have great potential for the next generation of wearable and implantable electronic devices.Self-healing hydrogel composites typically have high tensile strength,high electrical conductivity and damage repair properties and have wide applications in flexible electronics,such as human-computer interaction,health detection and soft robots.Various self-healing hydrogel composites have been developed to produce new stretchable conductive materials with satisfactory mechanical and selfhealing properties.This paper presents the fabrication of self-healing hydrogel composites and their application in flexible electronic devices.Firstly,the repair mechanism of physically cross-linked and chemically cross-linked self-healing hydrogel composites is presented.Secondly,self-healing double network hydrogels,self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels and double crosslinked self-healing hydrogel composites and their applications in flexible sensors,energy harvesting devices,energy storage devices and optical devices are presented and discussed.Finally,the challenges and prospects of self-healing hydrogel composites in flexible electronic devices in the future are presented.

Freestanding oxide membranes:synthesis,tunable physical properties,and functional devices

The study of oxide heteroepitaxy has been hindered by the issues of misfit strain and substrate clamping,which impede both the optimization of performance and the acquisition of a fundamental understanding of oxide systems.Recently,however,the development of freestanding oxide membranes has provided a plausible solution to these substrate limitations.Single-crystalline functional oxide films can be released from their substrates without incurring significant damage and can subsequently be transferred to any substrate of choice.This paper discusses recent advancements in the fabrication,adjustable physical properties,and various applications of freestanding oxide perovskite films.First,we present the primary strategies employed for the synthesis and transfer of these freestanding perovskite thin films.Second,we explore the main functionalities observed in freestanding perovskite oxide thin films,with special attention to the tunable functionalities and physical properties of these freestanding perovskite membranes under varying strain states.Next,we encapsulate three representative devices based on freestanding oxide films.Overall,this review highlights the potential of freestanding oxide films for the study of novel functionalities and flexible electronics.

Surface charge transfer doping for two-dimensional semiconductor-based electronic and optoelectronic devices

Doping of semiconductors,i.e.,accurately modulating the charge carrier type and concentration in a controllable manner,is a key technology foundation for modern electronics and optoelectronics.However,the conventional doping technologies widely utilized in silicon industry,such as ion implantation and thermal diffusion,always fail when applied to two-dimensional(2D)materials with atomically-thin nature.Surface charge transfer doping(SCTD)is emerging as an effective and non-destructive doping technique to provide reliable doping capability for 2D materials,in particular 2D semiconductors.Herein,we summarize the recent advances and developments on the SCTD of 2D semiconductors and its application in electronic and optoelectronic devices.The underlying mechanism of STCD processes on 2D semiconductors is briefly introduced.Its impact on tuning the fundamental properties of various 2D systems is highlighted.We particularly emphasize on the SCTD-enabled high-performance 2D functional devices.Finally,the challenges and opportunities for the future development of SCTD are discussed.

p-/n-Type modulation of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides for electronic and optoelectronic devices

Two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDCs)have demonstrated a huge potential in the broad fields of optoelectronic devices,logic electronics,electronic integration,as well as neural networks.To take full advantage of TMDC characteristics and efficiently design the device structures,one of the most key processes is to control their p-/n-type modulation.In this review,we summarize the p-/n-type modulation of TMDCs based on diverse strategies consisting of intrinsic defect tailoring,substitutional doping,surface charge transfer,chemical intercalation,electrostatic modulation,and dielectric interface engineering.The modulation mechanisms and comparisons of these strategies are analyzed together with a discussion of their corresponding device applications in electronics and optoelectronics.Finally,challenges and outlooks for p-/n-type modulation of TMDCs are presented to provide references for future studies.

Integrated energy storage system based on triboelectric nanogenerator in electronic devices

The emergence of electronic devices has brought earth-shaking changes to people's life.However,an extemal power source may become indispensable to the electronie devices due to the limited capacity of batteries.As one of the possible solutions for the extermal power sources,the triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)provides a novel idea to the increasing mumber of personal electronic devices.TENG is a new type of energy ollector,which has become a hot spot in the field of nanotechnology.It is widely used at the acquisition and conversion of mechan-ical enegy to electrice energy through the principle of electrostatic induction.On this basis,the TENG could be integrated with the energy stonage system into a self-powered system,W hich can supply power to the electronic devices and make them work continuously.In this review,TENG's basic structure as well as its working process and working mode are firstly discussed.The integration method of TENGs with enegy storage systems and the related research status are then introduced in detail.At the end of this paper,we put forward some problems and discuss the prospect in the future.

Constructing hydrophobic protection for ionic interactions toward water,acid,and base-resistant self-healing elastomers and electronic devices

Dynamically crosslinked materials generally lose their self-healing ability and mechanical robustness in aqueous,acidic,and basic environments due to disruption of their dynamic interactions and bonds.Herein,a micelle-like structure with a hydrophobic outer layer is used to protect ionic interactions.This structure ensures the self-healing and long-term stability of the ionically crosslinked elastomers in aqueous,acidic,and basic environments.The elastomer possesses a tensile strength of 6.7 MPa and a strain at break of 1400%,which is superior to the existing waterproof selfhealing elastomers.The strain sensors and dielectric actuators based on the elastomer are highly stable and self-healable,even in extremely harsh environments.This design strategy of hydrophobic protection for dynamic interactions is quite general,allowing it to be extended to other self-healing materials.

High-resolution flexible electronic devices by electrohydrodynamic jet printing:From materials toward applications

High-resolution flexible electronic devices are widely used in the fields of soft robotics,smart human-machine interaction,and intelligent e-healthcare monitoring due to their mechanical flexibility,ductility,and compactness.The electrohydrodynamic jet printing(e-jet printing)technique is used for constructing high-resolution and cross-scale flexible electronic devices such as field-effect transistors(FETs),flexible sensors,and flexible displays.As a result,researchers are paying close attention to e-jet printing flexible electronic devices.In this review,we focused on the latest advancements in high-resolution flexible electronics made by e-jet printing technology,including various materials used in e-jet printing inks,the process control of e-jet printing,and their applications.First,we summarized various functional ink materials available for e-jet printing,including organic,inorganic,and hybrid materials.Then,the interface controlling the progress of e-jet printing was discussed in detail,including the physical and chemical properties of the functional ink,the interfacial wettability between the ink and substrate,and the microdroplet injection behavior in a high-voltage field.Additionally,various applications of e-jet printing in the fields of flexible electrodes,FETs,flexible sensors,and flexible displays were demonstrated.Finally,the future problems and potential associated with the development of next generation e-jet printing technology for flexible electronic devices were also presented.

Emerging reconfigurable electronic devices based on two-dimensional materials:A review

As the dimensions of the transistor,the key element of silicon technology,are approaching their physical limits,developing semiconductor technology with novel concepts and materials has been the main focus of scientific research and industry.In recent years,emerging reconfigurable technologies that offer device-level run-time reconfigurability have been explored and shown the potential to enhance device and circuit functions.Two-dimensional(2D)materials possess exquisite electronic properties and provide a suitable platform for reconfigurable technology owing to their atomic-thin thickness and high sensitivity to external electrical fields.In this review,we present an intensive survey of 2D-material-based devices with diverse reconfigurability,including carrier polarity,threshold voltage control,as well as multifunctional configurations enabled by 2D heterostructures.We discuss the working principles for these devices in detail and highlight the important figures of merit for performance improvement.We further provide a forward-looking perspective on the opportunities and challenges of these reconfigurable devices based on 2D materials in the field of computing technologies.

Fabrication techniques and applications of flexible graphene-based electronic devices

In recent years, flexible electronic devices have become a hot topic of scientific research. These flexible devices are the basis of flexible circuits, flexible batteries, flexible displays and electronic skins. Graphene-based materials are very promising for flexible electronic devices, due to their high mobility, high elasticity, a tunable band gap, quantum electronic transport and high mechanical strength. In this article, we review the recent progress of the fabrication process and the applications of graphene-based electronic devices, including thermal acoustic devices, thermal rectifiers, graphene-based nanogenerators, pressure sensors and graphene-based light-emitting diodes. In summary, although there are still a lot of challenges needing to be solved, graphene-based materials are very promising for various flexible device applications in the future.