Rare Earths, Trace Element Characteristics of High-Mg Volcanic Rocks of Yixian Formation in Sihetun West Liaoning Province and Its Apocalypse

The high-Mg volcanic rocks of the Yixian Formation in the Sihetun area have the obvious characteristics of mantie-derived lava in rare earth, trace element characteristics with high Mg # （62 - 70） and high content of compatible elements. In the meantime, the volcanic rocks also have the obvious characteristics of Crust-source material in rare earth, trace element characteristics with high ∑ REE （ 158.78 × 10^-6 - 359.66 × 10^-6 ）, high （La/Yb） N （ 14.61 - 29.60）, high La/Nb（2.37 - 7.52） and high Ba/Nb （67.58- 205.96）, obvious positive anomaly of Pb and negative anomaly of Nb, Ta in trace element spider-gram. In Sr-Nd-Pb isotope the （^87Sr/^86Sr）i ratio is higher than 0.706 and the εNd（ t ） ratio is from - 3.4 to - 13, both reflect enriched Mantle characteristics. The characteristics above of the volcanic rocks combined with the content of Sr, Ba, Y, Yb and the ratio of Sr/Y show that the volcanic rocks have the property of the Sanukite rocks in Setouchi Japan beside subduction zone, and illuminate that the Sanukite rocks can be formed not only in island-arc near subduction zone but also in intro-plate. The analysis indicates that the high-Mg volcanic rocks in the Sihetun area result from the collective function of mantle-derived lava and crust-source materials. The result illuminates that the West Liaoning region is very special in tectonic geochemical background in Cretaceous in East China, and is an ideal region for us to further study the characteristics of magmatic activity as well as the process of Crust-Mantle interaction in Eastern China.

Analysis of Weather Element Characteristics and Air Pollution Status during Continuous Fog Days in Liaoning

[Objective] The aim was to discuss the formation, duration and disappearance of fog. [Method] Based on the weather data and physics of Liaoning Province, and considering the continuous 4 foggy days in 11 places in Liaoning from November 29 to December 2, 2009, detailed analysis of this consecutive foggy days was given proceeding from the weather situation, element characteristics, especially the occurrence, duration and disappearance of dense fog. [Result] This dense fog was because that Liaoning was in the saddle pressure field. The weak cold air divergence set the ground in many weak mild scale convergence areas. The high temperature in the early time resulted in melting snow and long duration of dense fog days, along with radiation low temperature and southwest convergence transmission. In the meantime, because of the existence of small wind speed and existence of upper inversion temperature layer, it was inconvenient for the divergence of wet air; in addition, there was dense fog in north China. The upper southwest airstream transmitted wet air in the north China to the air of Liaoning, increasing the intensity of dense fog in Liaoning. [Conclusion] The study offered reference for the further forecast of air pollution.

Studies on the Element Characteristics of Nephrite Minerals from Different Deposits by GD-MS

Element characteristics of nephrite minerals were determined by glow discharge mass spectrometry （GD-MS） through surface adherence method. To solve the conductivity problem of non-conductive nephrite samples, high purity indium pin （〉99.9999%） was used as discharge host. During the preparation procedure, a small piece of nephrite sample was ground into powder （about 200 meshes）, and then the sample powder was coated on the surface of indium pin to form a rod sample. Typical elements of nephrite minerals were analyzed by GD-MS, and the relative standard deviations showed that the stability and reproducibility of this method were good. Meanwhile, four nephrite samples from two different deposits were further studied by this method. The GD-MS results of major elements and trace elements revealed that typical elements of the nephrite minerals from same deposit were similar, and those from different deposits exhibited significant difference. In addition, results of external-beam proton induced X-ray emission （PIXE） were consistent with the result of GD-MS determination. The present approach had been proven to be simple, efficient to perform the rapid screening and multi-element semi-quantitative analysis of nephrite samples.

EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTO-TEMPERING AND DECOMPOSITION OF MARTENSITE FOR A LOW CARBON Si-Mn-V STEELS

The effect of rare earth metals(REM)on the characteristics of auto-tempering and decomposition of martensite for low-carbon and low-alloy steels(20SiMn2V and 20SiMn2VRE)was investigated using TEM,dilatometer and microhardness test.Results show that both ε.and θ carbides,during auto-tempering, may precipitate from the low-carbon martensite matrix at the same time in the 20SiMn2V steel,however,the precipitation of the ε-carbides can be inhibited by the REM contained in the 20SiMn2 VRE steel,resulting in change of the type of precipitated carbides and decrease of the extent of auto-tempering.The“in-situ”ob- servations show that the decomposition of martensite is also inhibited by the REM contained in the 20SiMn2 VRE steel during low temperature tempering.

Characteristics of Geochemical Evolution of Trace Elements and REE in Gejiu Granites, Yunnan Province

The evolution characteristics of Gejiu granites.Yunnan Province are described in terms of theirPetrology,especially their trace elements and REE geochemistry The three major types of Gejiu granites:porphyritic biotite monzonitic granite(stageⅠ),medium-coarse-grained biotite-K-feldspar granite(stage Ⅱ)and two-mica alkali-feldspar granite(stage Ⅲ)are thought to have been formed successively from the samegranite magma source through fractional crystallization(Rayliegh fractionation),because linear correlationsare found between log(Rb/Sr)-log Sn,log(Rb/Ba)-log Sn,log(Rb/Ba)-log(Rb/Sr),log La-log Sr,log Ce-log Sr,log Eu-log Sr,etc In addition.the characteristics of REE distribution patterns in these three major types ofgranites also reflect the magmatic differentiation features of Gejiu granites.Of the three major types,the twomica alkali-feldspar granite of stage Ⅲ nuderwent the strongest differentiation,and thus has the closestgenetic relationship with the Gejiu tin-polymetallic ore deposit Such tin-polymetal mineralized granites arecharacterized by high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios,low K/Rb and ∑Ce/∑Y ratios and remarkable Eu depletion.

Characteristics of major and trace elements in surface sediments of the Makran Accretionary Prism, Pakistan and their implications for natural gas hydrates

To accurately identify the natural gas hydrates(NGH)in the sea area of the Makran Accretionary Prism,Pakistan,this paper presents the testing and analysis of major and trace elements in sediment samples taken from two stations(S2 and S3)in the area by the China Geological Survey.As shown by testing results,all major elements are slightly different in content between the two stations except SiO2 and CaO.This also applies to the trace elements that include Sr and Ba primarily and Cr,Ni and Zn secondarily.It can be concluded in this study that the tectonic setting of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by oceanic island arc and that provenance of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by felsic igneous provenance,which is at the initial weathering stage and mainly consists of granodiorite.Besides terrigenous detritus,there are sediments possibly originating from Makran-Bela Ophiolite from the northwestern part and Murray Ridge igneous rocks from the southeastern part.The V/Cr,Ni/Co,and V/(V+Ni)ratios indicate that sediments of the two stations are in an oxidation-suboxidation environment.However,the authors infer that the sedimentary environment of the sediments 3.0 m below the seafloor tends to be gradually transformed into a reduction environment by comparison with the Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea where NGH has been discovered.The sediments in the Makran Accretionary Prism are rich in organic matter,with total organic carbon(TOC)content greater than 1%.According to comprehensive research,the organic matter in the sediments mainly originates from marine algae and has high TOC content,which is favorable for the formation of NGH.

PREDICTION OF ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE IN EXPANSION CHAMBER MUFFLERS WITH MEAN FLOW BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The equation of wave propagation in a circular chamber with mean flow is obtained. Computational solution based on finite element method is employed to determine the transmission loss of expansive chamber. The effect of the mean flow and geometry (length of expansion chamber and expansion ratio)on acoustic attenuation performance is discussed, the predicted values of transmission loss of expansion chamber without and with mean flow are compared with those reported in the literature and they agree well. The accuracy of the prediction of transmission loss implies that finite element approximations are applicable to a lot of practical applications.

Analysis of Frequency Characteristics and Sensitivity of Compliant Mechanisms

Based on a modified pseudo-rigid-body model,the frequency characteristics and sensitivity of the large-deformation compliant mechanism are studied.Firstly,the pseudo-rigid-body model under the static and kinetic conditions is modified to enable the modified pseudo-rigid-body model to be more suitable for the dynamic analysis of the compliant mechanism.Subsequently,based on the modified pseudo-rigid-body model,the dynamic equations of the ordinary compliant four-bar mechanism are established using the analytical mechanics.Finally,in combination with the finite element analysis software ANSYS,the frequency characteristics and sensitivity of the compliant mechanism are analyzed by taking the compliant parallel-guiding mechanism and the compliant bistable mechanism as examples.From the simulation results,the dynamic characteristics of compliant mechanism are relatively sensitive to the structure size,section parameter,and characteristic parameter of material on mechanisms.The results could provide great theoretical significance and application values for the structural optimization of compliant mechanisms,the improvement of their dynamic properties and the expansion of their application range.

An explicit finite volume element method for solving characteristic level set equation on triangular grids

Level set methods are widely used for predicting evolutions of complex free surface topologies,such as the crystal and crack growth,bubbles and droplets deformation,spilling and breaking waves,and two-phase flow phenomena.This paper presents a characteristic level set equation which is derived from the two-dimensional level set equation by using the characteristic-based scheme.An explicit finite volume element method is developed to discretize the equation on triangular grids.Several examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method for calculating interface evolutions in time.The proposed level set method is also coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase immiscible incompressible flow analysis with surface tension.The Rayleigh-Taylor instability problem is used to test and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

STUDY ON THE VIBRATION CHARACTERISTIC OF THE METAL PUSHING BELT CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION

The solid and finite element model of metal pushing type continuously variable transmission are established at speed ratio of i =0 5 and i=2 0. In order to solve the problem of the complicated of structure,the node node rod discrete finite element model is put forward and the whole system is simplified and established.The natural frequency and mode shape of system are solved by iterative Lanczos reduce method for sensitivity analysis in finite element model.The new method and the result can be used to improve the smoothness of the variable transmission system and to propose the theory for reducing noise at operation.

Research on Variable Structure Parametric Design System of Ceramic Tile Mould Based on Modular

To solve the existing problems during the ceramic mold enterprises product design and development process, the variable structure parametric design system based on modular of ceramic mold has been developed. The system uses the object-oriented technology and top-down design concept as a guide, establishes a ceramic mold parametric design process, divides the process of ceramic mold design into modules of different levels and creates a component model library based on the functional analysis. Expanding modular thinking to parts structure design level is an effective solution to the difficulty of changing the structure during the product design process. Examples show that the system can achieve a ceramic mold product design, improve design efficiency.

Method to Determine Depositional Range of Sediment Transported from Multiple Sources in Water Area

- The sediment from different sources have different content of the characteristic elements. According to the fuzzy mathematical theory, corresponding calculation and cluster analysis of each sediment sample are carried out, so the main courses of sediment transport in water area can be obtained. The characteristics of sediment from different sources are analysed. It is found that the sediment deposited of certain point in water area is due to the sources' contributions which can be calculated by the formula derived in this paper. Based on the distribution of the contribution values, the depositional range of sediment from each source can be determined. The depositional range in Huangmao Bay is determined as an example.

A SPLIT-CHARACTERISTIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR 1-D UNSTEADY FLOWS

An efficient and accurate solution algorithm was proposed for 1-D unsteady flow problems widely existing in hydraulic engineering. Based on the split-characteristic finite element method, the numerical model with the Saint-Venant equations of 1-D unsteady flows was established. The assembled f＇mite element equations were solved with the tri-diagonal matrix algorithm. In the semi-implicit and explicit scheme, the critical time step of the method was dependent on the space step and flow velocity, not on the wave celerity. The method was used to eliminate the restriction due to the wave celerity for the computational analysis of unsteady open-channel flows. The model was verified by the experimental data and theoretical solution and also applied to the simulation of the flow in practical river networks. It shows that the numerical method has high efficiency and accuracy and can be used to simulate 1-D steady flows, and unsteady flows with shock waves or flood waves. Compared with other numerical methods, the algorithm of this method is simpler with higher accuracy, less dissipation, higher computation efficiency and less computer storage.

Characteristics of motorized spindle supported by active magnetic bearings

A motorized spindle supported by active magnetic bearings（AMBs） is generally used for ultra-high-speed machining. Iron loss of radial AMB is very great owing to high rotation speed, and it will cause severe thermal deformation. The problem is particularly serious on the occasion of large power application, such as all electric aero-engine. In this study, a prototype motorized spindle supported by five degree-of-freedom AMBs is developed. Homopolar and heteropolar AMBs are independently adopted as radial bearings. The influences of the two types of radial AMBs on the dynamic characteristics of the motorized spindle are comparatively investigated by theoretical analysis, test modal analysis and actual operation of the system. The iron loss of the two types of radial AMBs is analyzed by finite element software and verified through run-down experiments of the system. The results show that the structures of AMB have less influence on the dynamic characteristics of the motorized spindle. However, the homopolar structure can effectively reduce the iron loss of the radial AMB and it is useful for improving the overall performance of the motorized spindle.

Laser beam characteristic for laser resonators with diffraction optical elements

The matrix eigenvalue method is used to analyze a laser resonator composed of diffraction optical elements. The results show that this type of resonator can separate fundamental mode and high order modes effectively. The output beams can be designed for different requests.

On the Integrality of Characteristic Elements in Nonabelian Iwasawa Theory

This paper is concerned with a conjecture formulated by Coates et al in [4] which describes the relation between the integrality of the characteristic elements and their evaluations in the noncommutative Iwasawa theory. We give an almost equivalent description of the conjecture and prove a certain Dart of it.

A CHARACTERISTIC MIXED FINITE ELEMENT TWO-GRID METHOD FOR COMPRESSIBLE MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT PROBLEM

A nonlinear parabolic system is derived to describe compressible miscible displacement in a porous medium.The concentration equation is treated by a mixed finite element method with characteristics(CMFEM)and the pressure equation is treated by a parabolic mixed finite element method(PMFEM).Two-grid algorithm is considered to linearize nonlinear coupled system of two parabolic partial differential equations.Moreover,the L q error estimates are conducted for the pressure,Darcy velocity and concentration variables in the two-grid solutions.Both theoretical analysis and numerical experiments are presented to show that the two-grid algorithm is very effective.

A CHARACTERISTIC FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR CONSTRAINED CONVECTION-DIFFUSION-REACTION OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEMS

In this paper, we develop a priori error estimates for the solution of constrained convection-diffusion-reaction optimal control problems using a characteristic finite element method. The cost functional of the optimal control problems consists of three parts： The first part is about integration of the state over the whole time interval, the second part refers to final-time state, and the third part is a regularization term about the control. We discretize the state and co-state by piecewise linear continuous functions, while the control is approximated by piecewise constant functions. Pointwise inequality function constraints on the control are considered, and optimal a L2-norm priori error estimates are obtained. Finally, we give two numerical examples to validate the theoretical analysis.

Theory and Application of Characteristic Finite Element Domain Decomposition Procedures for Coupled System of Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media

For a coupled system of multiplayer dynamics of fluids in porous media, the characteristic finite element domain decomposition procedures applicable to parallel arithmetic are put forward. Techniques such as calculus of variations, domain decomposition, characteristic method, negative norm estimate, energy method and the theory of prior estimates are adopted. Optimal order estimates in L^2 norm are derived for the error in the approximate solution.

The Alternating-Direction Schemes and Numerical Analysis for the Three-dimensional Seawater Intrusion Simulation

Both numerical simulation and theoretical analysis of seawater intrusion in coastal regions are of great theoretical importance in environmental sciences. The mathematical model can be described as a coupled system of three dimensional nonlinear partial differential equations with initial-boundary value problems. In this paper, according to the actual conditions of molecular and three-dimensional characteristic of the problem, we construct the characteristic finite element alternating-direction schemes which can be divided into three continuous one-dimensional problems. By making use of tensor product algorithm, and priori estimation theory and techniques, the optimal order estimates in H1 norm are derived for the error in the approximate solution.