Worsening Clinical Outcome with Increasing Number of So-Called Off-Label or Unapproved Indications for Use of Drug Eluting Stents

Objective: We explored the impact of increasing number of off-label patient and lesion character-istics on 5-year clinical outcome following implantation of first generation drug eluting stents. Furthermore we tried to assess if stent performance might be improved if the off-label character-istics present were taken into account to guide the stent brand selection. Design: A total of 2888 coronary lesions treated with first generation drug eluting stents were classified for eventual presence of 18 different off-label characteristics and correlated to the 5-year clinical outcome by multiple stepwise Cox regression analysis. Results: The composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization (major adverse cardiac event, MACE) was 16.7% in cases with zero off-label characteristics and showed a stepwise increased rate up to 32.7% in cases with 5 off-label characteristics. The MACE rate for the sirolimus eluting stent appears to be 10% lower than the paclitaxel stent group and it may be further reduced by 10% - 18% if the off-label characteristics present in each case were taken into account to guide the stent brand selection. Conclusion: With increasing number of concomitantly appearing off-label characteristics there is a stepwise increase in MACE rate. The MACE rate may be reduced if the off-label characteristics were used to guide the stent brand selection.

Superficial femoral artery pseudoaneurysm at implantation site of drug eluting stent discovered due to bacteremia:A case report

BACKGROUND Drug-eluting stents(DES)are used to treat lower extremity arterial disease.During DES treatment,aneurysmal degeneration occasionally occurs,especially with fluoropolymer-based DES.However,the incidence of pseudoaneurysms after DES placement is rarely reported in the lower extremity region,although there have been several reports on pseudoaneurysm formation after DES placement in the coronary artery region.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 64-year-old man who presented with fever and pain in his left hand after dialysis.Bacteremia was diagnosed by blood culture,and after admission,he developed pain on the medial side of the right thigh.A pseudoaneurysm was observed in the right superficial femoral artery(SFA)at the proximal end of a previously placed DES.The bacteremia was thought to have been caused by a pseudoaneurysm of the left superficial brachial artery,and the pseudoaneurysm of the left superficial brachial artery was removed after antibiotic treatment.The pseudoaneurysm of the right SFA rapidly expanded after admission,but the expansion rate was reduced after infection control.Seven months after the first admission,the pseudoaneurysm of the left SFA was re-moved and in situ revascularization performed using a rifampicin-soaked Dacron graft.CONCLUSION Although pseudoaneurysm after DES placement in the lower extremity region is rare,it must be considered in patients with bacteremia.

Value of a new post-procedural intravascular ultrasound score in predicting target vessel revascularization after coronary drug-eluting stents implantation

Objective:There is no simple or feasible post-procedural intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) score to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients undergoing drug-eluting stents (DES) implantation. The aim of this study is to validate a new IVUS score for predicting MACE. Methods:A total of 295 patients (with 322 lesions) were enrolled. IVUS score was calculated in each lesion based on five IVUS morphological characteristics:inflow/outflow disease, malapposition, underexpansion, tissue protrusion, and edge dissection (iMUTE score). We assigned two points to an underexpansion and one point for each presence of other factors. Patients were divided into low score (iMUTE score<2, n=137) and high score (iMUTE score≥2, n=158) groups. Results:At one year follow-up, a trend was seen in favor of the low iMUTE score group in MACE (3.65% vs. 10.10%; P=0.052), and there was more target vessel revascularization (TVR) in the high iMUTE score group compared with low score group (6.96% vs. 1.46%; P=0.044). Low iMUTE score was an independent predictor of freedom from TVR at one year (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1-0.8; P=0.02). Conclusions:Post-procedural IVUS iMUTE scoring was simple and feasible in clinical practice, and can provide independent prognostic value for TVR in patients undergoing DES implantation.

Comparison of drug eluting stents with bare metal stents in daily practice for bifurcation lesions in Chinese patients

Background Recently, numerous randomized and controlled trials have demonstrated great advantages of drug eluting stents （DES） with respect to significant reduction of restenosis and recurrence of symptoms and improvement of clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Little is known about the comparative effects between DES and bare metal stents （BMS） for bifurcation angioplasty in the Chinese population. We compared the inpatient and 7-month follow-up outcomes between DES and BMS for the treatment of bifurcation lesions. Methods From April 2004 to October 2005, 291 Chinese patients [85.9% male, mean age （57.8± 10.4） years] underwent DES （387 lesions） and/or BMS （297 lesions） implantation for bifurcation lesions. Clinical and angiographic follow-up was performed at 7 months. Results Compared with BMS group, patients in DES group had significantly lower rates of restenosis at main branch （9.5% vs 28.7%, P 〈 0.001） or side branch （14.5% vs 37.0%, P 〈 0.001） and major adverse cardiac events （MACE） （14.0% vs 26.3%, P = 0.000）. The occurrence rate of late in-stent thrombosis did not differ between the two groups in both main （0.8% vs 0, P = 0.224） and side branches （1.4% vs 0, P =0.198）. Target lesion revascularization （TLR） was less frequent in DES group for main branch （8.3% vs 21.3%, P 〈 0.001） and for side branch （7.6% vs 23.5%, P 〈 0.001）. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that total stent length （OR = 1.029, P = 0.01）, postprocedural in-stent minimum lumen diameter （OR = 0.476, P = 0.03） and stent type （OR = 3.988, P = 0.0001） were independent predictors of TLR for main branch. Prior history of coronary intervention （OR = 2.424, P =0.041）, angulated lesion （OR = 2.337, P = 0.033）, postdilation （OR = 0.267, P = 0.035） and stent type （DES vs BMS, OR = 5.459, P = 0.000） were independent predictors of TLR for side branch. Conclusion The implantation of DES may be associated with greater reduction of restenosis and TLR than BMS in bifurcations angioplasty.

Effect of valsartan-eluting stents on the expression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor

Percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） with drug-eluting stent implantation has been provedefficient to reduce complications and restenosis in type B2/C lesions compared with bare stent, since the major drawback of the latter technique is intimal hyperplasia from the vessel media, which significantly cause in-stent restonosis. Despite the beneficial effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone （RAAS） system, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme （ACE） inhibitors after PCI is still unclear. However, first results of angiotensin receptor antagonist （valsartan） after stent implantation in the VaI-PREST1 and VALVACE2 trials have indicated the systemic pharmacological effect in the prevention of in-stent-restenosis. Up to our knowledge, whether local treatment of valsartan by implanting drug-eluting stent can generally prevent restenosis by inhibiting intimal hyperplasia has not been explored.

Short and long-term outcomes of two drug eluting stents in bifurcation lesions

Background Because no large prospective studies are available, this study evaluated the clinical outcomes of two drug eluting stents in bifurcation lesions. Methods Lesions with diameter of side branch ≥2.5 mm were selected. From October 2003 to June 2005, 112 patients with 113 bifurcation lesions were treated by two drug eluting stents （DESs）, technique. The location of bifurcation lesions were left anterior descending coronary artery/diagonal in 62 patients, left main distal bifurcation in 32, left circumflex coronary artery/obtute marginal branch in 18 and right coronary artery distal bifurcation in 1. Procedures for bifurcation lesions were crush or modified crush technique in 64, ＂T＂ stenting technique in 27, modified ＂Y＂ stenting, kiss stenting, ＂V＂ stenting as well as culotte stenting technique in 11, 5, 3 and 3, respectively. Among 226 lesions, 91 Cypher or Cypher select stents, 74 TAXUS and 67 Firebird were used. Final kiss balloon dilation was performed in 60 （93.7%） with crush technique after stenting. Results Success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention for the bifurcation lesions was 100%. One patient, who developed inhospital acute myocardial infarction due to subacute thrombosis, was successfully treated by a second intervention. Major adverse cardiac events rate in-hospital was 0.89% （1/112） and during followup was 7.14% （8/112）, No death occurred during the followup of all patients. Angiographic followup was effected for 46 patients, restenosis for eight, coronary artery bypass grafting for 1 and a repeat intervention for 5. Restenosis involving TAXUS, Cypher and Firebird was 5 （5/18, 27.8%）, 2 （2/17, 11.8%） and 1 （1/11, 9.1%）, respectively （P〉0.05）. Total restenotic rate was 17.4% （8/46）. Conclusions When ostium of side branch has severe stenosis and 〉12.5 mm in diameter, two-stent strategy in this bifurcation lesion is safe and effective, and the outcomes are satisfactory. Restenotic rates were not different between TAXUS, Cypher and Firebird DESs.

Crush stenting in treating coronary bifurcate lesions： paclitaxel eluting stents versus sirolimus eluting stents

Background Because no data regarding the comparison of crush stenting with paclitaxel （PES） or sirolimus eluting stents （SES） for coronary bifurcate lesions have been reported, we compared the clinical outcomes of these two types of stents. Methods Two hundred and thirty patients with 242 bifurcate lesions were enrolled in a prospective, nonrandomized trial Primary endpoints included myocardial infarction, cardiac death and target vessel revascularization at 8 months. Results All patients were followed up clinically and 82% angiographically at 8 months. Final kissing balloon inflation was performed in 72% in the PES and 75% in the SES groups （P〉0.05）. Compared to the SES group, PES group had a higher late loss and incidence of restenosis （P=0.04） in the prebifurcation vessel segment. The postbifurcation vessel segment in the PES group had a greater late loss （（0.7±0.6） mm vs （0.3±0.4） mm, P〈0.001） and higher restenosis in the side branch （25.5% vs 15.6%, P=0.04） when compared to the SES group. There was significant difference of insegment restenosis in the entire main vessel between PES and SES groups （P=0.004）. Target lesion revascularization was more frequently seen in the PES group as compared to the SES group （P=0.01）. There was significant difference in the accumulative MACE between these two groups （P=-0.01）. The survival rate free from target lesion revascularization was significantly higher in the SES group when compared to the PES group （P〈0.001）. Conclusion SES is superior to PES in reducing restenosis and target lesion revascularization by 8-month follow-up after crush stenting for bifurcate lesions.

Polymer-free versus permanent polymer drug eluting stents in coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs with 6575 patients

Background:Permanent polymer drug eluting stents (PP-DES) may induce inflammation of the vessel wall due to the existence of the polymer,which may delay intimal healing.Polymer-free DES (PF-DES) that eliminate the polymeric carrier may potentially lead to safer DES.However,the safety and efficacy of PF-DES remains controversial.Methods:Randomized controlled trials comparing PF-DES with PP-DES were searched in online database including MEDLINE,Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) and Cochrane Library.Studies reporting late lumen loss (LLL),all-cause death,myocardial infarction (MI),target lesion revascularization (TLR) and late stent thrombosis (LST) were enrolled and quantitatively analyzed.Results:Ten studies enrolling 6575 patients were included in this meta-analysis.The PF-DES showed a benefit in reducing all-cause death (OR =0.77,95％ CI:0.61 to 0.98,P =0.03) and long-term LLL (weighted mean difference (WMD)-0.16 mm,95％ CI:-0.22 to -0.11 mm,P ＜ 0.001),while no superiority was found in reducing short-term LLL (WMD 0.03 mm,95％ CI:-0.07-0.13 mm,P =0.57),MI (OR =1.12,95％ CI:0.19 to 23.18,P=0.39),TLR (OR =1.19,95％ CI:0.42 to 3.38,P=0.83)and LST (OR =0.92,95％CI:0.05 to 5.71,P =0.74).Conclusion:PF-DES showed benefits in reducing long-term LLL and mortality compared with PP-DES,but no superiority was found in short-term LLL,MI,TLR and LST.These findings provide a sound basis for the wide application of PF-DES in the future.

Therapeutic effect of rotational atherectomy with implantation of drug eluting stent in heavily coronary calcified patients

Background Rotational atherectomy （RA） could facilitate the percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） in heavily coronary calcified patients. The effectiveness and safety of this technique needs to be further evaluated. Methods ＆ Results Eighty patients who underwent RA in our center from September 2011 to June 2014 were enrolled. The mean age was 72.4 ± 10.4 years. The left ventricular ejection frac- tion （LVEF） was average 52.3% ± 8.48% and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was 73.2 ± 3.20 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The coronary lesions were complex, with Syntax score 29.5 ± 9.86. The diameter of reference vessel was 3.4 ± 0.45 mm and the average diameter stenosis of target vessels was 80% ~ 10%. All the patients were deployed with drug eluting stents （DES） successfully aiter RA. The patients were followed up for 12-18 months. Kaplan-Meier plots estimated the survival rate was 93.4% and the cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebral events （MACCE） was 25.4%. Bleeding and procedural-related complications were quite low. COX proportional hazards model for multivariate analysis demonstrated that diabetes, LVEF and maximum pressure of postdilatation were the predictors of MACCE. Conclusions RA followed by implantation of DES was effective and safe for heavily coronary calcified patients. Diabetes, LVEF and maximum pressure ofpostdilatation were predictive for MACCE.

Intracoronary brachytherapy for the treatment of recurrent drugeluting stent in-stent restenosis:A systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND We performed a meta-analysis on observational studies since randomized control trials are not available.We studied intracoronary brachytherapy(ICBT)and recurrent drug eluting stent in-stent restenosis(DES-ISR)to evaluate the procedural success,target lesion revascularization(TLR),incidence of myocardial infarction(MI)and all-cause mortality at 2 years follow-up.AIM To perform meta-analysis for patients undergoing ICBT for recurrent DES-ISR.METHODS We performed a systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE,Cochrane and DARE databases to identify relevant articles.Studies were excluded if intracoronary brachytherapy was used as a treatment modality for initial ISR and studies with bare metal stents.We used a random-effect model with DerSimonian&Laird method to calculate summary estimates.Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics.RESULTS A total of 6 observational studies were included in the final analysis.Procedural angiographic success following intra-coronary brachytherapy was 99.8%.Incidence of MI at 1-year was 2%and 4.1%at 2-years,respectively.The incidence of TLR 14.1%at 1-year and 22.7%at 2-years,respectively.All-cause mortality at 1-and 2-year follow-up was 3%and 7.5%,respectively.CONCLUSION Given the observational nature of the studies included in the analysis,heterogeneity was significantly higher for outcomes.While there are no randomized controlled trials or definitive guidelines available for recurrent ISR associated with DES,this analysis suggests that brachytherapy might be the alternative approach for recurrent DES-ISR.Randomized controlled trials are required to confirm results from this study.

Identification of endothelial protein C receptor as a novel druggable agonistic target for reendothelialization promotion and thrombosis prevention of eluting stent

The commercially available drug-eluting stent with limus (rapamycin, everolimus, etc.) or paclitaxel inhibits smooth muscle cell (SMC), reducing the in-stent restenosis, whereas damages endothelial cell (EC) and delays stent reendothelialization, increasing the risk of stent thrombosis (ST) and sudden cardiac death. Here we present a new strategy for promoting stent reendothelialization and preventing ST by exploring the application of precise molecular targets with EC specificity. Proteomics was used to investigate the molecular mechanism of EC injury caused by rapamycin. Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) was screened out as a crucial EC-specific effector. Limus and paclitaxel repressed the EPCR expression, while overexpression of EPCR protected EC from coating (eluting) drug-induced injury. Furthermore, the ligand activated protein C (APC), polypeptide TR47, and compound parmodulin 2, which activated the target EPCR, promoted EC functions and inhibited platelet or neutrophil adhesion, and enhanced rapamycin stent reendothelialization in the simulated stent environment and in vitro. In vivo, the APC/rapamycin-coating promoted reendothelialization rapidly and prevented ST more effectively than rapamycin-coating alone, in both traditional metal stents and biodegradable stents. Additionally, overexpression or activation of the target EPCR did not affect the cellular behavior of SMC or the inhibitory effect of rapamycin on SMC. In conclusion, EPCR is a promising therapeutical agonistic target for pro-reendothelialization and anti-thrombosis of eluting stent. Activation of EPCR protects against coating drugs-induced EC injury, inflammatory cell, or platelet adhesion onto the stent. The novel application formula for APC/rapamycin-combined eluting promotes stent reendothelialization and prevents ST.

Long Coronary Lesions: Challenging Cases for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Long coronary lesions are associated with adverse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention since the era of plain balloon angioplasty. Long lesion and long stent length are considered as important predictors of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. With the advent of newer generation drug eluting stents, there has been dramatic reduction in the rates of restenosis and repeat revascularization, even in complex cohort of patients with long coronary lesions. We report one such case of long coronary lesion which was intervened successfully with newer generation, thin strut, biodegradable polymer coated sirolimus-eluting stents.

Cost-effectiveness modelling of percutaneous coronary interventions in stable coronary artery disease

The objective of this study is to develop a cost-effectiveness model comparing drug eluting stents(DES) vs bare metal stent(BMS) in patients suffering of stable coronary artery disease. Using a 2-years time horizon, two simulation models have been developed: BMS first line strategy and DES first line strategy. Direct medical costs were estimated considering ambulatory and hospital costs. The effectiveness endpoint was defined as treatment success, which is the absence of major adverse cardiac events. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were carried out using 10000 Monte-Carlo simulations. DES appeared slightly more efficacious over 2 years(60% of success) when compared to BMS(58% of success). Total costs over 2 years were estimated at 9303 € for the DES and at 8926 € for bare metal stent. Hence, corresponding mean cost-effectiveness ratios showed slightly lower costs(P < 0.05) per success for the BMS strategy(15520 €/success), as compared to the DES strategy(15588 €/success). Incremental costeffectiveness ratio is 18850 € for one additional percent of success. The sequential strategy including BMS as the first option appears to be slightly less efficacious but more cost-effective compared to the strategy including DES as first option. Future modelling approaches should confirm these results as further comparative data in stable coronary artery disease and long-term evidence become available.

Real world clinical performance of the zotarolimus eluting coronary stent system in Chinese patients： a prospective, multicenter registry study

Background Early clinical trials with the Endeavor zotarolimus eluting stent （ZES） in western populations demonstrated low rates of target lesion revascularization with a favorable safety profile including low late stent thrombosis with up to 5 years of follow-up. The aim of this clinical registry study was to evaluate real world clinical performance of the ZES coronary system in Chinese patients. Methods The China Endeavor Registry is a prospective, multicenter registry assessing the safety of the ZES system in a real world patient population. It was conducted at 46 centers in China in routine treatment of patients with coronary artery stenosis, including patients with clinical characteristics or lesion types that are often excluded from randomized controlled trials. The registry included 2210 adult patients who underwent single-vessel or multi-vessel percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary end point was the rate of major adverse cardiac events （MACE） at 12 months. Results The 12-month rate of MACE for all patients in the registry was 3.03%. Cardiac death or myocardial infarction rate was 1.28% and target lesion revascularization rate was 1.66%, non-target lesion target vessel revascularization （TVR） was 0.52%, TVR was 2.18%, and target vessel failure was 3.22%. There was only one case of emergent cardiac bypass surgery. The 12-month overall incidence of all Academic Research Consortium （ARC）-defined stent thrombosis was 0.43%. Conclusion Mid-term results from the real-world China Endeavor Registry suggest that Endeavor ZES was safe and effective in Chinese patients.

A novel polymer-free dual-drug eluting stent with nanotechonology

Durable polymers used for first-generation drug-eluting stents potentially contribute to persistent inflammation and late stent thrombosis. BICARE （Lepu Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China） is a novel polymer-free stent system with nanotechnology and elutes rapamycin （1.6 μg/mm2） and probucol （0.8 μg/mm2）. The millpores on the surface of the stents were produced by nanotechnology. Studies on in-vitro release profile and the preliminary feasibility and safety of the BICARE stent were conducted. The results of release profile study demonstrated the ability of dual-drug polymer-free loading stents to release rapamycin and probucol in a controlled and sustained manner. The preliminary feasibility and safety of BICARE dual-drug polymer-free stent are demonstrated firstly in human study. Optical coherence tomography （OCT） findings indicated excellent stent strut coverage at 4-month. Further pivotal randomized trial will confirm if this early results could translate into longer term safety and efficacy benefits.

Long-term outcomes of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stent implantation in patients with chronic total coronary artery occlusions

Background There are limited data on the efficacy of drug-eluting stents （DES） for treatment of chronic total occlusions （CTO）. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of DES implantation for CTO compared with bare-metal stent （BMS） implantation.Methods Between June 1995 and December 2006, a total of 1184 patients with successful recanalization of at least one de novo CTO lesion were consecutively registered, including 660 （55.7%） who underwent DES and 524 （44.3%） who underwent BMS implantation. All patients were followed up for up to 5 years for occurrence of major adverse cardiac events （MACE）. Long-term survival rates were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method.Results Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were comparable between the two groups except that patients in the DES group received longer dual antiplatelet therapy （（7.4±2.5） months vs （1.7±0.8） months, P 〈0.001）. Average follow-up periods were （4.7±0.89） and （3.2±1.3） years for the BMS and DES groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in 5-year survival rates between the two groups （90.3% for DES group vs 89.6% for BMS group, Log-rank P=0.38）, but the 5-year target vessel revascularization （TVR）-free survival rate in the DES group was significantly higher than that in the BMS group （81.6% vs 73.5%, Log-rank P 〈0.001）. The cumulative MACE-free survival in the DES group was also significantly higher than that in the BMS group （80.6% vs 71.5%, Log-rank P〈0.001）. The rates of readmission caused by cardiovascular disease （27.0% vs 37.8%, P 〈0.001） and the need for bypass surgery were significantly lower in the DES group （1.5% vs 3.4%, P 〈0.05）. By multivariable analysis, DES implantation could significantly lower the long-term MACE risk of PCI for CTO patients （HR： 0.492; 95% Cl 0.396-0.656, P 〈0.001）. Left ventricular ejection fraction 〈50% and elderly （〉65 years） were identified as independent predictors of long-term MACE during follow-up.Conclusion This study demonstrates the long-term （up to 5 years） efficacy of DES for treatment of CTO, which is superior to BMS implantation in reducing the rates of TVR and MACE, as well as the need of re-admission and bypass surgery.

Safety and efficacy of coronary drug eluting stent for atherosclerotic stenosis of the small renal artery

Small diameter renal artery refers to the renal artery with the cross-section diameter less than 5 mm, the incidence of which is approximately 8%＇ Small diameter renal artery is common in patients with congenital multi-branch renal arteries, diabetes and multi-coronary artery lesions. Renal artery bare-mental stent （BMS） implantation is the standard treatment for ostial renal

Meta-analysis of stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation： 4-year follow-up

Background Drug-eluting stents （DES） are the most common device used in percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease. Recently, there has been an increased concern regarding their safety profile, in particular the late and very late stent thrombosis rate compared to bare metal stents （BMS）. The aim of the study was to compare the reported incidence of late and very late stent thrombosis of DES and BMS in patients from published clinical studies with an extended follow-up period to four years.Methods A search strategy was developed to identify publications reporting on late or very late thrombosis of BMS and DES available through MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. Two independent reviewers appraised eligible studies and extracted data. Odds ratios （OR） were calculated for each outcome and presented with 95% confidence intervals （CI）.Results Fourteen randomized controlled trials, which were at least single blinded, were identified. There was no difference in the incidence of late and very late stent thrombosis in patients treated with DES compared with patients treated with BMS （late OR 0.55, 95%Cl 0.23-1.31 and late/very late OR=1.08, 95%CI 0.61-1.91）.Conclusions The safety profile of DES was similar to BMS in terms of stent thrombosis. We found no evidence of increased risk of late and very late thrombosis for DES.

Comparison of drug eluting stent implantation with coronary artery bypass surgery in the treatment of patients with chronic total occlusion and multiple vessel disease

Background In patients with chronic total occlusion （CTO） and multivessel coronary artery disease, the comparison of surgical and the percutaneous revascularization strategies has rarely been conducted. The aim of this study was to compare long term clinical outcomes of drug eluting stent （DES） implantation with coronary artery bypass surgery （CABG）in the patients with CTO and multivessel disease.Methods From a prospective registry of 6000 patients in our institution, we included patients with CTO and multivessel coronary artery disease who underwent either CABG （n=679） or DES （n=267） treatment. Their propensity risk score was used for adjusting baseline differences.Results At a median follow-up of three years, propensity score adjusted Cox regression analysis showed that the rate of major adverse cardiac cerebrovascular events （MACCE） was lower in CABG group （12.7% vs. 24.3%, hazard ratio （HR） 1.969, 95% Cl 1.219-3.179, P=0.006） mainly due to lower rate of target vessel revascularization in CABG group than in DES group （3.1% vs. 17.2%, HR 16.14, 95% CI 5.739-45.391, P ＜0.001）. The incidence of cardiac death or myocardial infarction （composite end point） was not significantly different between these two groups. On multivariate analysis, the significant predictors of MACCE were only the type of revascularization. Age, left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, and complete revascularization were identified as significant predictors of composite end points.Conclusions Our study shows that in patients with CTO and multivessel coronary disease, DES can offer comparable long term outcomes in cardiac death and myocardial infraction free survival in comparison with CABG. However, there is an increased rate of MACCE which results from more repeat revascularizations. Obtaining a complete revascularization is crucial for decreasing adverse cardiac events.

Back to the future： drug eluting balloon in bifurcation intervention

Atherosclerotic process has a predilection for .bifurcation due to the complex hemodynamics and resultant altered shear stress that contributes to the localization and progression of atheromatous plaques. Coronary intervention, especially the placement of stents further alters the hemodynamics and shear forces. These factors may account for the increased incidences of in-stent restenosis, stent thrombosis, side-branch （SB） restenosis, etc, that continue to plague bifurcation intervention.