A Smart Phone-oriented Embedded Real-time Operating System

This article presents an embedded Smart Phone Operating System (SPOS) independently designed by ZTE Corporation. The SPOS is based on single kernel architecture with its multi-task real-time kernel supporting hardware platforms and resources of mainstream mobile phones. It has remarkable advantages such as highly efficient and dynamic power management, priority - based preemptive scheduling, fast startup, a variety of drivers, and excellent system stability and operability. For the development of upper layer communication protocols and application software, the SPOS provides wireless communication interfaces and the application program framework.

Architecture of the Graphics System for Embedded Real-Time Operating Systems

This paper presents a new architecture of a graphics system for microkernel operating systems,including real-time operating systems.The following major parts of the architecture are presented:a user-level subsystem responsible for interaction with user applications;a bottom-level subsystem providing the functionality for graphics drivers,such as managing graphics output,video memory management,etc.;a kernel-level subsystem providing interaction with the kernel,and performing low-level operations,such as working with physical memory,processes,etc.The mechanisms of interaction of user applications with the user level of the graphics system,as well as interaction of the different levels of the graphics subsystem are presented.The paper pays much attention to various approaches to testing:the use of unit testing,testing using hardware and software emulators.Another important characteristic of a graphics system is its performance,in particular the performance of low-level operations such as memory allocation:the developed architecture suggests using a separate memory allocator which is faster than standard memory allocation functions.Comparison of the performances of graphics system implementation for microkernel real-time operating system and graphics server Xorg is presented,showing significant superiority of the proposed architecture in a number of work scenarios.

Real-Time Monitoring of Meteorological Data at In-Situ GCW Remediation Sites

To optimize the self-organization network, self-adaptation, real-time monitoring, remote management capability, and equipment reuse level of the meteorological station supporting the portable groundwater circulation wells, and to provide real-time and effective technical services and environmental data support for groundwater remediation, a real-time monitoring system design of the meteorological station supporting the portable groundwater circulation wells based on the existing equipment is proposed. A variety of environmental element information is collected and transmitted to the embedded web server by the intelligent weather transmitter, and then processed by the algorithm and stored internally, displayed locally, and published on the web. The system monitoring algorithm and user interface are designed in the CNWSCADA development environment to realize real-time processing and analysis of environmental data and monitoring, control, management, and maintenance of the system status. The PLC-controlled photovoltaic power generating panels and lithium battery packs are in line with the concept of energy saving and emission reduction, and at the same time, as an emergency power supply to guarantee the safety of equipment and data when the utility power fails to meet the requirements. The experiment proves that the system has the characteristics of remote control, real-time interaction, simple station deployment, reliable operation, convenient maintenance, and green environment protection, which is conducive to improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of various types of environmental information and providing reliable data support, theoretical basis and guidance suggestions for the research of groundwater remediation technology and its disciplines, and the research and development of the movable groundwater cycling well monitoring system.

On modeling approach for embedded real-time software simulation testing

Modeling technology has been introduced into software testing field. However, how to carry through the testing modeling effectively is still a difficulty. Based on combination of simulation modeling technology and embedded real-time software testing method, the process of simulation testing modeling is studied first. And then, the supporting environment of simulation testing modeling is put forward. Furthermore, an approach of embedded real-time software simulation testing modeling including modeling of cross-linked equipments of system under testing （SUT）, test case, testing scheduling, and testing system service is brought forward. Finally, the formalized description and execution system of testing models are given, with which we can realize real-time, closed loop, mad automated system testing for embedded real-time software.

Transformer real-time reliability model based on operating conditions

Operational reliability evaluation theory reflects real-time reliability level of power system. The component failure rate varies with operating conditions. The impact of real-time operating conditions such as ambient temperature and transformer MVA (megavolt-ampere) loading on transformer insulation life is studied in this paper. The formula of transformer failure rate based on the winding hottest-spot temperature (HST) is given. Thus the real-time reliability model of transformer based on oper- ating conditions is presented. The work is illustrated using the 1979 IEEE Reliability Test System. The changes of operating conditions are simulated by using hourly load curve and temperature curve, so the curves of real-time reliability indices are ob- tained by using operational reliability evaluation.

Real-time embedded software testing method based on extended finite state machine

The reliability of real-time embedded software directly determines the reliability of the whole real-time embedded sys- tem, and the effective software testing is an important way to ensure software quality and reliability. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of real-time embedded software, the formal method is introduced into the real-time embedded software testing field and the real-time extended finite state machine （RT-EFSM） model is studied firstly. Then, the time zone division method of real-time embedded system is presented and the definition and description methods of time-constrained transition equivalence class （timeCTEC） are presented. Furthermore, the approaches of the testing sequence and test case generation are put forward. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a typical avionics real- time embedded software testing practice and the examples of the timeCTEC, testing sequences and test cases are given. With the analysis of the testing result, the application verification shows that the proposed method can effectively describe the real-time embedded software state transition characteristics and real-time requirements and play the advantages of the formal methods in accuracy, effectiveness and the automation supporting. Combined with the testing platform, the real-time, closed loop and automated simulation testing for real-time embedded software can be realized effectively.

The Design of I/O Subsystem in Satellite Real-Time Microkernel Operating System

One of the most important features of modern minor satellites is to realize autonomous moving. The performance of the satellite autonomous computer operating system acting as the control center is utmost important. The recent trend in operating system development is adopting microkernel architecture which holds such advantages as microminiaturization, modularity, portability and extendibility. The performance of I/O subsystem is currently receiving considerable research attention. Object-orientation offers an approach to application development in which software system can be constructed by composing and refining the pre-designed plug-compatible software components.It also starts with some basic notions fairly well accepted in computer science, namely encapsulation and reuse. In this paper, a new object-oriented real-time I/O subsystem model has been designed.In this model, the traditional I/O subsystem framework is discarded and a stream mechanism based on the object-oriented concept is introduced. In addition, the I/O requests are classified according to their time emergency to obtain real-time performance. So, this model meets such satelliteperformance requirements as reliability, flexibility, portability and real-time performance.

Analysis and Comparison of Five Kinds of Typical Device-Level Embedded Operating Systems

Today, the number of embedded system was applied in the field of automation and control has far exceeded a variety of general-purpose computer. Embedded system is gradually penetrated into all fields of human society, and ubiquitous embedded applications constitute the 'ubiquitous' computing era. Embedded operating system is the core of the em-bedded system, and it directly affects the performance of the whole system. Our Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology has successfully developed five kinds of device-level embedded operating systems by more than ten years’ efforts, and these systems are Webit 5.0, Worix, μKernel, iDCX 128 and μc/os-II 128. This paper mainly analyses and compares the implementation mechanism and performance of these five kinds of device-level embedded operating systems in detail.

A State-of-the-Art Survey on Real-Time Issues in Embedded Systems Virtualization

Virtualization has gained great acceptance in the server and cloud computing arena. In recent years, it has also been widely applied to real-time embedded systems with stringent timing constraints. We present a comprehensive survey on real-time issues in virtualization for embedded systems, covering popular virtualization systems including KVM, Xen, L4 and others.

LXI instrument development platform based on an open embedded operating system

This paper introduces the architecture and components of LXI instrument development platform based on an open embedded operating system,which is a modular and configurable platform.The platform is a total solution to develop LXI instrument modules and systems.On the other hand,it also supports other types of instrument development.This is a generic and efficient platform.At the end,this paper addresses the technical tends, challenges,and recormnends solutions.

A Requirements Engineering Environment for Embedded Real-Time Software—SREE

The paper presents the embedded real-time software-oriented requirements engineering environment—SREZ. It involves the whole process of software requirements engineering, including the definition, analysis and checking of requirements ,specifications. We first explain the principles of the executable specification language RTRSM. Subsequently, we introduce the main functions of SREE, illustrate the methods and techniques of checking requirements specifications, especially how to perform simulation execution, combining prototyping method with RTRSM and animated representations. At last, we compare the SREE with other requirements specifications methods and make a summary for SREE＇s advantages.

Digital arc welding power supply based on real-time operating system

A digital arc welding power supply was designed with the advanced reduced instruction set computer machine （ARM） and embedded real-time multi-task operating system micro C/OS- Ⅱ. The ARM, with its powerful calculating speed and complete peripheral equipments, is very suitable to work as the controller of the digital power supply. The micro C/OS- Ⅱ transplanted in ARM, helps to improve the respondent speed against various welding signals, as well as the reliability of the controlling software. The welding process consists of nine tasks. The tasks of great significance on reliability of the welder, for example, the A/D conversion of current and voltage, enjoy top priority. To avoid simultaneous-sharing on A/D converter and LCD module, two semaphores are introduced in to ensure the smooth performance of the welding power supply. Proven by experiments ,the ARM and the micro C/OS- Ⅱ can greatly improve both the respondent speed and the reliability of the digital welder.

Energy-Efficient Deterministic Fault-Tolerant Scheduling for Embedded Real-Time Systems

By combining fault-tolerance with power management, this paper developed a new method for aperiodic task set for the problem of task scheduling and voltage allocation in embedded real-time systems. The scbedulability of the system was analyzed through checkpointing and the energy saving was considered via dynamic voltage and frequency scaling. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm had better performance compared with the existing voltage allocation techniques. The proposed technique saves 51.5% energy over FT-Only and 19.9% over FT ＋ EC on average. Therefore, the proposed method was more appropriate for aperiodic tasks in embedded real-time systems.

Research and analysis about embedded operating computer system

Embedded operating system EOS （Embedded Operating System） is widely used system software which in the past is mainly used in fields of industrial control and defense system. EOS is responsible for the entire software and hardware resource allocation, scheduling work and coordinating concurrent control activities; some more successful applied EOS products have been presently launched. With the development of lnternet technology, information appliances and the universal application of miniaturization and specialization of EOS, EOS started from a single weak situation to a higher professional direction with strong functions.

ARM-Based Embedded System Platform and Its Portability Research

Taking ARM as the hardware platform, the embedded system is built from both hardware and software aspects with the application as the center. In the hardware design, build the hardware platform scheme, design the schematic diagram as well as PCB, complete the hardware debugging, and ensure the system hardware platform function;in the software design, optimize the three-stage pipeline structure of ARM instruction system, design the instruction set, install the embedded system on the virtual machine, build the cross-toolchain, and set up the correct NFS network file system. Finish the design of the ARM-based embedded system platform, combined with the hardware requirements of the experimental platform, transplant the powerful Uboot as the Bootloader of the system, and further transplant the Linux-2.6. 32 kernel to the system start the operation normally, and finally, build the root file to finish the study of its portability.

Architecture of Graphics System with 3D Acceleration Support for Embedded Operating Systems

An increasing number of tasks now require the use of hardware accelerators to reduce the time required for computation and display the computational results.This paper presents a new graphics system architecture for operating systems(OSs)with microkernel architecture,including real-time OSs.The proposed system architecture provides capabilities for displaying graphical images on various information display devices and for accelerating graphical operations on GPU.The architecture of the graphics system uses a concept of allocators to manage system and video memory,provides an abstraction of memory operations with a single interface for video memory management,and simplifies memory handling where incorrect operation is the cause of many failures.A comparison between the performance of a real-time OS and Linux OS implementing the graphics system using the example of a glmark2 benchmark is presented,thereby the superiority of the proposed architecture in several scenarios is demonstrated.

Analysis of Airplane Precipitation Operation on Embedded Convective Clouds in Hunan Province

Based on NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data, ground encryption houdy precipitation, FY-2E stationary satellite and Doppler radar data, the structural characteristics of precipitation clouds in Hunan Province and the effects of airplane precipitation operation were analyzed. The results show that under the effects of low-pressure system and southwest monsoon, Hunan was rich in water vapor, which was beneficial to the maintaining of precipitation clouds. During the process of the artificial precipitation operation over Hunan Province, convection developed vigorously, and precipita- tion was strong in the south of the province; embedded convective clouds were dominant and precipitation was weak in the east of the province. Cloud optical thickness correlated with ground precipitation positively. After catalyzing, echo at high altitudes responded firstly, and the echo intensi- ty increased gradually; the response of low-altitude echo lagged behind that of high-altitude echo. It shows that catalysis could lead to increase of upper precipitation particles in size and quantity. As time goes on, upper precipitation particles descended to low altitudes, so that echo intensity in- creased at low altitudes. It is clearly seen that catalysis could lead to increase of echo intensity and prolong the lifetime of target clouds to improve the area of strong echo zone, showing obvious positive catalytic effect. At the same time, houdy average precipitation in the affected region tended to increase stably and was obviously more than that of the contrast region where hourly average precipitation reduced gradually with time. The changing trend of hourly average precipitation in the affected region correlated positively with the response of radar echo.

Low-Power Operational Amplifier for Real-Time Signal Processing System of Micro Air Vehicle

A low-power complementary metal oxide semiconductor（CMOS） operational amplifier （op-amp） for real-time signal processing of micro air vehicle （MAV） is designed in this paper.Traditional folded cascode architecture with positive channel metal oxide semiconductor（PMOS） differential input transistors and sub-threshold technology are applied under the low supply voltage.Simulation results show that this amplifier has significantly low power,while maintaining almost the same gain,bandwidth and other key performances.The power required is only 0.12 mW,which is applicable to low-power and low-voltage real-time signal acquisition and processing system.