INITIAL COMPARISON OF INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM EMBOLIZATION WITH MECHANICAL DETACHABLE SPIRALS AND WITH GUGLIELMI DETACHABLE COILS

Objective. To compare the embolization effects of intracranial aneurysms with mechanical detachable spirals (MDS) and with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC).Methods. One hundred and twenty cases with 125 intracranial aneurysms were embolized in Beijing Hospital from March 1995 to July 1999. Sixty - six aneurysms in 64 cases were embolized with MDS, 51 in 48 with GDC, and 8 in 8 with both MDS and GDC. Clinical data including sex, age, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), Hunt & Hess grading, diameter and neck width of aneurysms, number and length of coils used per aneurysm, occlusive ratio, and complications were compared between MDS and GDC groups.Results. MDS and GDC groups were comparable (t-test or x2 -test, all P value > 0. 10) in terms of age, sex, diameter of aneurysms [ (8. 46 ± 3. 42) mm vs. (7. 38 ± 3. 45) mm], neck width [ (3. 49 ± 1. 50) mm vs. (3. 26 ± 1. 52) mm], coils number[ (4. 65 ± 3. 01) vs. (4. 24 ± 2. 65) ] and their length[ (460. 2 ± 398. 5) mm vs. (422. 9 ±387. 1) mm] used per aneurysm, occlusive ratio in aneurysms embolized ≥80% [ (95. 00% ± 6. 32% ) vs. (94. 19% ± 7. 63% ) ], mortality and permanent complications (7. 8% vs. 4. 2% ).Conclusions. MDS and GDC are all materials for embolization of intracranial aneurysms. MDS is less expensive, but more difficult to control and of propensity to complications while GDC is more compliant, easier to be used, safer, and have many alternative types for use as well as more extensive indications.

Usefulness of the Guglielmi detachable coil for embolization of a systemic venous collateral after Fontan operation:A case report

Embolization of collateral veins is often treated with rigid coils(Gianturco and interlocking detachable coils type).However,when dealing with tortuous and dilated collateral veins,there is a high risk for technical failure and coil migration due to inflexibility of the coils.To safely and successfully solve this problem,Guglielmi detachable coils(GDC) can be used for embolization.Their flexibility allows for easy navigation in tortuous veins,low risk of unintended coil release or coil migration,and safe deployment.A 12-year-old girl with a single ventricle had severe cyanosis and a low exercise tolerance 5 years after Fontan procedure.The symp-toms were caused by a tortuous and dilated collateral from the left phrenic vein into the left pulmonary vein,forming a right-to-left shunt.The collateral,which had a large diameter and high flow,and therefore a high risk of coil migration,was successfully embolized with 8 GDC.There were no complications such as coil migration or cerebral infarction.Transcatheter embolization increased her systemic oxygen saturation from 81%-84% to 94%-95%,and increased her ability to exercise.The embolization procedure using flexible GDC was low risk compared with other rigid coil embolization techniques when performing embolization of tortuous and dilated collateral veins.

Transvenous embolization with a combination of detachable coils and Onyx for a complicated cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula

Background Treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas （DAVF） is usually made by a transarterial approach. However, in many complicated patients, treatments via transarterial approaches can not be achieved, and only an operation via a transvenous approach is feasible. We aimed to study the feasibility of transarterial embolization of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas with a combination detachable coils and Onyx to embolize a complicated cavernous DAVF via a transvenous approach. Methods From August 2006 to August 2007, six cases of complicated cavernous DAVF were embolized with a combination of detachable coils and Onyx via a transvenous approach. Three cases were male and the other three were female. Their ages ranged from 36 to 69 years old. The fistula was in the right lateral cavernous sinus in one case, in the left lateral cavernous sinus in another, and in the bilateral cavernous sinus in 4 cases. One fistula was fed by the right internal carotid artery and its meningohypophyseal trunk; one was fed by the branches of the left internal carotid artery and left external carotid artery; four were fed by the branches of the bilateral internal carotid artery and/or the bilateral external carotid artery. One case was drained via one lateral inferior petrosal sinus; three were drained via bilateral inferior petrosal sinuses; one was drained via one lateral ophthalmic and facial veins; one was drained via the inferior petrosal sinus and the ophthalmic and facial veins. Four were embolized via the inferior petrosal sinus, and two were embolized via the ophthalmic and facial veins. Results Among six cases of complicated cavernous DAVF, four were fully embolized with Onyx by a single operation, and two cases were fully embolized with Onyx following two operations. Transient headache was found after operation in all patients, but was cured after several days by the symptomatic treatments. In one case, the first operation via the inferior petrosal sinus was a failure; the feeding branches of the external carotid artery were embolized, and transient facial palsy was appeared after operation. The fistula was fully embolized with Onyx via the inferior petrosal sinus after two months with no complications. One bilateral cavernous sinus DAVF was embolized with Onyx via the inferior petrosal sinus by two operations, and transient abducens nerve palsy occurred after embolization. Conclusions Because Onyx may be injected via a transvenous approach and the microcatheter is easily withdrawn, cavernous sinus via transvenous catheterization and embolization is a safe and efficient way to treat complicated cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas, especially those for which operations via transarterial approaches have failed, or spontaneous cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas.

Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistula using Guglielmi detachable coil

Background Coronary artery fistula （CAF） is a rare anomaly.Transcatheter CAF closure has been introduced using various materials,but only few data are available on the Guglielmi detachable coil （GDC）.The advantage of using GDC for transcatheter CAF closure is more controllable,therefore much safer when compared to other coils.This report is about our experience in transcatheter closure of CAF using fibered GDC in our hospital.Methods ＆ Results From 2002 to 2007,there were 10 patients with CAFs （age range：28 to 56 year-old,7 males） who underwent transcatheter CAF closure.There were a total of 19 CAFs which originated from right coronary （n =5）,left circumflex （n =3）,left anterior descending artery （n =10） and left main trunk （n =1）.Median number of coil deployment for each fistula was 3 （range：1 to 6）.The pulmonary artery was the most common site of the distal communication of CAFs （n =14）,followed by right atrium （n =3）,left atrium （n =1） and left ventricle （n =1）.Immediate coronary angiography after GDC deployment revealed no residual shunt in 12 （63.2％） CAFs,significant reduction of the flow in 5 （26.3％）,while 2 （10.5％） could not be closed due to small size.Nine （90％） patients underwent a repeated angiography within 3 to 8 months.Among 12 CAFs that were occluded immediately post-deployment,there were 2 CAFs with insignificant residual flow.Among 6 CAFs with significantly decreased flow immediately post-deployment,2 were occluded totally in the follow-up angiography.In total,12 （70.5％） CAFs were occluded completely and 5 （29.5％） CAFs still had insignificant residual flow,which did not need any additional coil deployment.During a mean follow up of 4.3 ± 0.7 year,all patients remained symptom and complication free.Conclusions The fibered GDC is a safe and effective method for percutaneous closure of the CAFs.

COMPARISON OF CELLULOSE ACETATE POLYMER AND ELECTROLYTIC DETACHABLE COILS FOR TREATMENT OF CANINE ANEURYSMAL MODELS

Electrolytic detachable coils (EDC) have been the main embolic materi als for intracranial aneurysms. Liquid aneurysmal embolic materials represented by cellulose acetate polymer (CAP) are still in controversy. In this research, t he embolization results and pathological reactions after embolization of canine aneurysmal models with EDC or CAP were observed and compared. Methods. The canine aneurysmal models constructed by anastomosis of venous pouch es were randomly grouped. The aneurysms were respectively occluded with CAP and electrolytic detachable coils that was named by Wu electrolytic detachable coil (WEDC) and made by us. Angiogram follow ups were performed at 24 hour, 2 week , and 2 month after embolization. The occluded aneurysms were dissected in each stage for light microscopic, electron microscopic, and histochemical research. Results. The effect of embolization was significantly better with WEDC than that with CAP . Post embolized complications such as aneurysm rupture and stenosis of parent arteries could only be found in CAP group. Pathol ogical research showed that CAP mass could packed the aneurysms more densely tha n coils. Acute chemical damage of aneurysmal wall and inflammatory cell infiltra tion was prominently found in early stage after CAP embolization. Organization of thrombus inside aneurysms and formation of endothelial tissue over the orific es of aneurysmal necks could be found in both groups 2 months after embolization . But parts of coils might be exposed outside endothelial layer. Conclusions. EDC are still the most safe, efficient, and reliable instruments to embolize aneurysm. CAP should be improved further to solve the problem of stron g chemical corrosion and difficulty in control before it is widely used.

Regenerative material for aneurysm embolizationA 3-dimensional culture system of fibroblasts and calcium alginate gel

Calcium alginate gel（CAG） has been shown to successfully model aneurysm embolization within a short period of time.However,gradually degrading CAG potentially results in aneurysm recanaliza-tion.In the present study,a regenerative embolic material was designed by seeding rat fibroblasts in a CAG.The study investigated the feasibility of constructing a 3-dimensional culture system.The fibroblasts grew well and firmly attached to the CAG.CAG was conducive for fibroblast growth,and resulted in a 3-dimensional culture system.Results show that CAG can be used theoretically as a vascular,regenerative,embolic material.

血管内支架结合弹簧圈治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨血管内支架结合电解可脱卸弹簧圈 (GDC)治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的适应证、技术要点、并发症防治及疗效 ,评估该技术的安全性及疗效。方法 10 5例颅内宽颈动脉瘤 (前循环 78例 ,后循环 2 7例 ) ,首先将冠脉支架跨动脉瘤颈放置 ,通过支架上的网孔将微导管送入动脉瘤腔 ,填塞GDC ,术后 3、6、12个月随访临床症状 ,6～ 12个月脑血管造影随访。结果 10 4例手术成功 ,1例失败 ;80例动脉瘤达到致密填塞 ,2 4例大部填塞 ,载瘤动脉通畅 ;1例术中发生脑梗死 ,1例发生颈动脉夹层动脉瘤 ,1例术中动脉瘤破裂 ,1例在GDC填塞过程中支架完全塌陷。 98例临床随访 3～ 3 2个月 ,均无再出血或血栓栓塞的症状。血管造影随访 62例 (随访期 6～ 12个月 ) ,60例动脉瘤不再显影 ,2例明显缩小 ,1例出现支架近端轻度狭窄。结论 联合使用支架和微弹簧圈是治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤安全有效的方法 ,支架使宽颈动脉瘤的介入治疗成为可能 ,支架不但可防止弹簧圈突入载瘤动脉 ,还可防止弹簧圈压缩 ,促进瘤内血栓形成 ,防止动脉瘤复发 。

电解铂金微弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤中并发症原因及防治

目的 探讨电解铂金弹簧圈 (GDC)栓塞治疗颅内囊状动脉瘤术中并发症及防治。方法 对 16 2例患者 171枚颅内动脉瘤栓塞中出现 9例并发症 ,其中 5例动脉瘤破裂出血 ,立即中和肝素继续栓塞 ,2例GDC脱出动脉瘤立即手术取出 ,动脉瘤夹闭 ,2例血栓形成 ,术中溶栓 ,术后均采用腰穿置管持续引流 ,解痉及对症处理。结果 5例恢复良好 ,2例永久性轻度功能障碍 ,2例死亡。结论 GDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤术中发生并发症与手术操作 。

血管内支架及电解可脱卸弹簧圈治疗颅内椎动脉梭形动脉瘤

目的 :报告联合使用支架及电解可脱卸弹簧圈 (GDC)治疗颅内梭形动脉瘤的临床体会。方法 :1例蛛网膜下腔出血的 5 0岁男性患者 ,数字减影血管造影 (DSA)、计算机断层扫描血管造影 (CTA)、磁共振血管造影 (MRA)检查显示右椎动脉颅内段梭形动脉瘤 ,大小 8.9mm× 6 .8mm,瘤颈宽 8.9m m,瘤颈 /体比 >1。于动脉瘤破裂出血后 35 d行血管内介入治疗 ,首先将冠状动脉支架跨动脉瘤颈放置 ,通过支架的网孔将微导管输送入动脉瘤腔 ,填入 GDC。 结果 :支架定位准确 ,GDC致密填塞 ,载瘤动脉及小脑后下、前下动脉均通畅 ,患者术后 7d痊愈出院。 结论 :联合使用支架及微弹簧圈可能成为治疗梭形及宽颈动脉瘤的有效方法。

电解可脱卸弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤93例

目的 :总结电解可脱卸弹簧圈 (GDC)栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床经验。 方法 :93例颅内动脉瘤 (共 118个 )患者中84例为破裂动脉瘤 ,按 Hunt- Hess分级 : 级 18例 , 级 2 9例 , 级 2 5例 , 级 10例 , 级 2例。80例行急诊栓塞 ,术后腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流 ,并予以 3H治疗。 结果 :动脉瘤完全闭塞 10 4个 (88.14% ) ,闭塞达 90 %以上 11个 (9.32 % ) ,闭塞在90 %以下 3个 (2 .5 4% )。全组手术死亡 3例 (3.2 3% )。随访 2～ 2 2个月 ,1例术后 2周死于中枢衰竭及肺部感染 ;1例术后 1.5个月复发出血 ,经手术夹闭痊愈 ;2例术后复查发现瘤颈扩大 ,经再次填塞后痊愈 ;1例 (1.0 7% )重残 ,7例 (7.5 3% )有轻度神经功能缺失症状 ,其余恢复良好。 结论 :GDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤安全、可靠 ,以致密填塞动脉瘤疗效为佳 ;破裂动脉瘤应急诊栓塞治疗 ;术后腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流可明显提高疗效。

前交通动脉瘤的栓塞治疗

目的 总结 2 62例前交通动脉瘤栓塞治疗的经验。方法 均采用电解可脱卸弹簧圈(guglielmidetachablecoil,GDC)作动脉瘤内栓塞治疗。对双侧A1正常者应用双侧颈动脉置管技术监测栓塞术中载瘤动脉通畅情况 ,对瘤颈累及双侧A2者采用微导管微导丝辅助技术保持载瘤动脉通畅。发生术中出血者予弹簧圈继续栓塞 ,发生术中血栓形成者予尿激酶溶栓。 3 4例颅内多发动脉瘤均同次手术治愈。结果 动脉瘤完全闭塞 160例 ,>90 %闭塞 5 6例 ,<90 %闭塞 4 6例。术中因过度栓塞造成载瘤动脉闭塞 10例 ,术后脑梗死 16例。术中发生血栓形成 3例 ,经溶栓后恢复通畅。术后死于肺部并发症 1例 ,植物生存 1例。随访 190例 ,3～ 6个月行DSA/MRA复查 ,动脉瘤复发行 2次栓塞 8例 ,复发经手术治愈 1例 ,其余治疗结果稳定。结论 GDC栓塞治疗前交通动脉瘤效果好。采用微导管

球囊辅助瘤颈成形术治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤

目的 总结球囊辅助瘤颈成形术在颅内宽颈动脉瘤治疗中应用的临床体会。方法 采用球囊辅助瘤颈成形术对 18例患者 2 0个颅内宽颈动脉瘤进行栓塞治疗 ,先将微导管超选入动脉瘤内 ,再将不可脱卸球囊于动脉瘤颈处充盈覆盖瘤颈 ,电解可脱卸弹簧圈 (GDC)填塞动脉瘤。结果 17个动脉瘤治疗成功 ,完全填塞的动脉瘤 12个 ,次全填塞 (>90 % ) 4个 ,不完全填塞 (<90 % ) 1个 ,载瘤动脉均保持通畅 ,平均随访 9.4个月 ,临床效果优良。结论 采用球囊辅助瘤颈成形术治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤是安全。

血管内栓塞治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤

目的 :总结血管内栓塞治疗 55例 62枚颅内宽颈动脉瘤的体会 ,探讨颅内宽颈动脉瘤介入治疗方法、技术操作要点及存在问题。方法 :55例颅内动脉瘤患者中 4 9例为破裂动脉瘤 ,按 Hunt-Hess分级 : 级 9例 , 级 1 5例 , 级 1 8例 , 级 7例。采用双弯塑形、横向成篮、分部填塞及篮外填塞等方法治疗 51例 ,瘤颈重塑形技术 2例 ,血管内支架结合电解可脱卸弹簧圈 ( GDC)栓塞治疗 3例。结果 :栓塞程度 :致密栓塞 50个 ( 80 .6% ) ,90 %以上 8枚 ( 1 2 .9% ) ,90 %以下 4枚 ( 6.5% )。术中出血 2例 ( 3 .6% ) ,死亡 2例 ( 3 .6% )。结论 :GDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤具有微创、安全、效果可靠的优点。采用双弯塑形、横向成篮、分部填塞、篮外填塞及重塑形 ( remodelling)技术等方法 ,可以明显提高宽颈动脉瘤的致密栓塞率。血管内支架结合 GDC可能成为治疗颅内梭形及宽颈动脉瘤的有效方法。

血管内支架治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的 探索使用血管内支架及血管内支架结合电解可脱卸弹簧圈 (Guglielmidetachablecoil,GDC)治疗颅内梭形及宽颈动脉瘤的可能性。方法 3例椎动脉颅内段梭形动脉瘤及 6例宽颈动脉瘤 ,首先将冠脉支架跨动脉瘤颈放置 ,通过支架的网孔将微导管送入动脉瘤腔 ,填入GDC。结果 7例动脉瘤致密填塞 ,2例大部填塞 ,载瘤动脉通畅 ,临床效果优良。结论 联合使用支架及微弹簧圈是治疗颅内梭形及宽颈动脉瘤可选择的有效方法之一。

电解可脱卸弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤术中出血的原因和防治

目的 分析颅内动脉瘤电解可脱卸弹簧圈 (GDC)栓塞治疗术中动脉瘤破裂的原因和防治对策。方法 178例颅内动脉瘤患者采用GDC栓塞治疗。 6例GDC栓塞过程中出血 ,立即中和肝素 ,并继续栓塞止血。 1例为术后CT证实的出血。术后对症治疗。结果 7例术中破裂者中 5例致密栓塞 ,<90 %栓塞 2例。 4例恢复好 ,1例轻残 ,2例术后 1周死于颅内高压。结论 GDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤发生术中出血与术中操作、动脉瘤以及患者血管条件有关 。

颅内破裂动脉瘤电解可脱卸弹簧圈栓塞治疗时机的选择与疗效分析

目的 分析颅内破裂动脉瘤患者应用GDC栓塞治疗的时机选择与疗效的关系。方法 对 130例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者应用GDC栓塞 ,根据破裂出血后至栓塞时间分组 ,分析栓塞程度、并发症及临床预后与手术时机之间的关系。结果 130例 16 1枚动脉瘤均得到栓塞 ,超早期治疗致密栓塞率为 89 11% ,早期治疗与延迟治疗 (72h以上 )分别为 80 5 6 %、75 % ,7 6 9%患者发生手术并发症 ,89 2 3%患者恢复满意。结论 尽早采用GDC栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤 ,栓塞满意 ,并发症少 ,为后续治疗创造条件 。

电解可脱卸弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效及影响因素

目的 :探讨电解可脱卸弹簧圈 ( Guglielmi detachable coil,GDC)栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的近期疗效及相关影响因素。方法 :应用 GDC栓塞治疗 1 2 3例 1 57枚动脉瘤 ,分析动脉瘤几何形态学、病情严重程度对栓塞效果及临床治疗的影响。结果 :Hunt-Hess分级 ～ 级患者中 ,预后良好者 ( GOS>3分 )为 1 0 0 % , 、 ～ 级患者中分别为 95.0 %、76.0 % ;窄颈动脉瘤完全栓塞率、大部栓塞率及部分栓塞率分别为 92 .4 %、5.7%、1 .9% ,宽颈动脉瘤中分别为 80 .8%、1 3 .5%、5.8% ,大动脉瘤的疗效明显低于小动脉瘤。结论 :动脉瘤的栓塞程度不仅与瘤颈大小有关 ,还受瘤体大小的影响。而临床预后与 Hunt-Hess分级呈负相关。

电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗大脑后交通动脉瘤

目的 讨论以电解可脱性弹簧圈血管内栓塞治疗后交通动脉瘤的疗效及技术要点。方法 对 42例后交通动脉瘤患者用电解可脱性弹簧圈进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞 ,术后早期处理出血。结果 42个动脉瘤中 3 8个瘤腔完全闭塞 ,3个95 %闭塞 ,1个被 90 %闭塞。术后 41例临床痊愈 ,1例死亡 ,死亡率 2 .4%。术中并发脑血管痉挛 1例 ;术后弹簧圈末端逸出 1例。 1例复发者经二次补充GDC栓塞而治愈。全组出现与栓塞技术相关的并发症 2例。术后随访 3～ 5 0个月均无再出血。结论 对后交通动脉瘤采用电解可脱性弹簧圈进行血管内囊内栓塞疗效可靠 ;

血管内支架在颅内宽颈及梭形动脉瘤栓塞治疗中的应用

目的 探讨使用血管内支架结合电解可脱卸弹簧圈 (GDC)治疗颅内梭形及宽颈动脉瘤的疗效及并发症。方法 将冠脉支架横跨于 6例颅内梭形动脉瘤 2 4例宽颈动脉瘤瘤颈后释放 ,通过支架的网孔在动脉瘤腔填塞GDC。结果 2 6例动脉瘤致密填塞 ,4例大部分填塞 ,载瘤动脉通畅。除 5例发生支架移位 ,2例颈内动脉一过性痉挛外 ,无其他手术并发症 ,患者均恢复良好。结论 血管内支架作为腔内隔绝物 。

电解可脱性弹簧圈血管内栓塞颅内动脉瘤的技术及并发症防治

目的 总结以电解可脱性弹簧圈（GDC）血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的技术要点、并发症及其防治经验。方法 采用GDC对168例颅内动脉瘤患者进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞。结果成功栓塞168个动脉瘤，其中l00％闭塞的144个，95％闭塞的14个，90％闭塞的10个，全组6例死亡，死亡率3．6％。术中并发动脉瘤破裂3例，脑血管痉挛9例，脑梗死2例，术后弹簧圈末端逸出2例，3例复发者经二次补充GDC栓塞而治愈。随访5～54个月，全组术后均无再出血。结论 动脉瘤的血管内治疗应根据病情进行个体化设计，并采用与之相应的栓塞技术才能最大限度的提高动脉瘤栓塞的治愈率、降低并发症。