Police Emergency Commitment Powers in Cases of Persons Experiencing Mental Health Crisis in “Public Spaces”: Review of the Commitment Process in England and Wales, in Comparison to the Practice in the United States of America (USA)

Police emergency commitment powers for detention of persons in the community perceived to be seriously mentally ill for further specialist examination in a designated facility have always raised interest in medical and legal circles on both sides of the Atlantic. The objective of this article is to detail the police commitment procedure in England and Wales, as dictated by the mental health act of 1983 (MHA 1983) amended in 2007 (MHA 2007);and compare this with similar legal provisions as prevails under current state mental health statutes in the United States of America (USA). The comparative review of the commitment processes in England and Wales to that of the USA reveals that the process in England and Wales seeks to primarily ensure that persons with mental disorder (PWMD) in crisis are directed to a specialist hospital for evaluation and appropriate specialist care. In the USA such persons in a good number of cases may end up in the criminal justice system due to application of the “dangerousness” standard. Additionally whereas in England and Wales the commitment law is uniform in law and application, the federal system in the USA is such that the commitment law may have minor variations depending on the individual states. The minor variation in state commitment laws may engender a situation where the commitment law in England and Wales may seem relatively equitable and just towards PWMD in crisis, compared to the state commitment laws in the USA.

The Role of Countermeasures in Mitigating the Radiological Consequences of Nuclear Power Plant Accidents

The countermeasures are the actions that should be taken, after the occurrence of a nuclear accident to protect the public against the associated risks. These actions may be represented by sheltering, evacuation, distribution of stable iodine tablets and/or relocation. This study represents a comprehensive probabilistic study to investigate the role of the adoption of the countermeasures in case of a hypothetical accident of type LOCA for nuclear power plant of PWR （1000 Mw）. The effective doses in different organs, short and long health effects, and the associated risks are calculated with and without countermeasures. In addition, the overall costs of the accident and the costs of countermeasures are estimated which represent our first trials to know how much the proposed accident cost. The results showed that, the area around the site requires early and late countermeasures action after the accident especially in the downwind sectors. For late countermeasures, the duration time of relocation ranged from about two to 10 years. The adoption of the countermeasures increases the costs of emergency plan by 40% but reduces the risk associated the accident.

The CBD,Emerging Power

Central Business District (CBD), a concept that was first proposed by U.S.scholars in the 1920s, refers to a business center that functions as a commercial trading,finan- cial information,cultural center,exhibition and office area all rolled into one:a place that is the center of business,the driving power of urban economic development and the soul of a city.

Emerging Powers and Africa:A Comparison of Modes of Engagement Pursued by China,India and Brazil

The world has seen a relative power shift from the North to the South.The leading emerging states like China have taken up an increasingly commanding role in global economic affairs in response to the trauma experienced by Western industrialized states.Over the last decade and a half emerging powers have made significant inroads into previously the"bastion"of Western political and economic dominance,resulting in a diversifying external actors involved in African economy with much of this interaction bein...

Global Power Structure Shifted and Transitional Multi-polarity Emerged

The world is facing the third important global power shift.The United States,EU, Japan,Russia,China,and the newly emerging power group are becoming the six big forces in the international center stage,while the former three forces and the latter three belong to two groups,waning and waxing respectively.The major shift in the global balance of power is bound to give rise to the transitional multi-polar configuration,which implies a shifting of leadership over the configuration,China and U.S.outweighing other forces,global issues looming large,homogeneity blending with heterogeneity,and a shifting center of world powers.The transitional multi-polar configuration is all about change,upon which China is one of the decisive forces.

Coordinated Modulation Strategy Considering Multi-HVDC Emergency for Enhancing Transient Stability of Hybrid AC/DC Power Systems

This paper presents a multi-HVDC emergency coordinated modulating strategy to enhance the transient stability of hybrid AC/DC power systems.First,the main factors that affect the unbalanced energy distribution during a fault are analyzed,and the dominant generators are determined online.Next,considering the influence on both generators in the sending and receiving ends,the assessment index that evaluates the effects of DC power support is established.On the basis of this,a dynamic DC power support strategy is put forward,and the DC support sequence table is promptly updated by the changing dominant generators.The AC/DC hybrid power system with multi-DC lines is built and used as a test system.The simulation results of different scenarios demonstrate that the proposed method could follow the dominant generator dynamically and adjust the DC participating in modulation to enhance the transient stability effectively and quickly.

Load Shedding Control Strategy in Power Grid Emergency State Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

In viewing the power grid for large-scale new energy integration and power electrification of power grid equipment,the impact of power system faults is increased,and the ability of anti-disturbance is decreased,which makes the power system fault clearance more dificult.In this paper,a load shedding control strategy based on artificial intelligence is proposed,this action strategy of load shedding,which is selected by deep reinforcement learning,can support autonomous voltage control.First,the power system operation data is used as the basic data to construct the network training dataset,and then a novel reward function for voltage is established.This value function,which conforms to the power grid operation characteristics,will act as the reward value for deep reinforcement learning,and the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient algorithm(DDPG)algorithm,with the continuous action strategy,will be adopted.Finally,the deep reinforcement learning network is continuously trained,and the load shedding strategy concerning the grid voltage control problem will be obtained in the power system emergency control situation,and this strategy action is input into the Pypower module for simulation verification,thereby realizing the joint drive of data and model.According to the numerical simulation analysis,it shows that this method can effectively determine the accurate action selection of load shedding,and improve the stable operational ability of the power system.

South-South Coalitions, Bilateral Agreements, and Regional Coordination： Public Opinion and Brazilian Foreign Policy

Emerging powers suffer the effects from the resource deficits in attempting to project their power globally. The developing nations are faced with difficult choices in determining their resource allocation strategies when compared to the already established powers. This article uses Brazil as a case study to analyze how emerging powers articulate strategies to conduct operations across the distinct areas of the international stage, paying special attention to regional and global arenas. Our interest is to analyze how power projection strategies are articulated and formed. More specifically, our research works to understand how a country compares and relates its regional operations to its global ones.

Conceptualizing the Nexus of ＂Interdependent Hegemony＂ between the Existing and the Emerging World Orders

The paper intends to contribute a framework of conceptualizing the emerging world order through interpreting the transformation of international political economy in an era of the rise of the BRICS and the ＂second world.＂ It theorizes the dialectical nexus between the rise of the BRICs and the existing world order as an interdependent dynamic process of mutual challenge, mutual constraint, and mutual accommodation. One of the conceptual tools the paper applies is the notion of interdependent hegemony. The notion is seen as an important tool for conceptualizing and analyzing international relations and international political economy in the current era. The application of ＂interdependent hegemony＂ helps to explain that to what extent the BRICS can be identified as a unified alliance, a historical bloc, and to what extent they are generating functional or structural challenges to the existing international order. Likewise, it also helps to determine to what extent the hegemony of the existing order is still able to keep its resilient capacities and its structural powers and able to neutralize challenges from the emerging powers. The conclusion of the paper posits that the world is experiencing ＂interdependent hegemony＂ in the transition from the existing order to the emerging order.

Missing the China factor:evidence from Brazil and Mexico

China’s rapid economic growth created new challenges and opportunities for Latin America over the 2000s.Much ink has been spilt analysing how countries in the region surfed the Chinese wave of commodity-based prosperity.However,there is fertile and quite unexplored territory to analyse how these regional powers in the Global South,from a comparative perspective,have interacted with China as they tried to improve their international position over the 2000s.We analyse in this article how Brazil and Mexico dealt with China’s presence and strategic goals in Latin America and assess the outcomes they extracted from this relationship.We draw evidence from and offer comparisons across different presidencies in each country(Lula and Rousseff in Brazil,and Fox,Calder
on,and Pe~na Nieto in Mexico)over the 2000s,which allows us to grasp the variation in ideology,governance style,and electoral legitimacy.We ground our theoretical framework in the concept of international insertion,a Southern-based framework that opens space to understand and explain how countries in the South behave in international politics from a different point of view.We claim that the efforts made by the national governments in both countries to improve their positions achieved limited or transitory results,if considering China as a strategic factor.