Emulsifier is an important component of emulsified skin care BASE(matrix),and the common influencing factors affecting the skin feel of BASE are:emollient,thickeners,and emulsifier.The choice of emulsifier is crucial ...Emulsifier is an important component of emulsified skin care BASE(matrix),and the common influencing factors affecting the skin feel of BASE are:emollient,thickeners,and emulsifier.The choice of emulsifier is crucial to the skin feel of cosmetics.In this paper,12 classical emulsifiers were selected and 13 combinations of them were made.Thirteen creams were designed using the same formulation structure,their physicochemical indexes were determined,and their skin feel was tested and evaluated using five expert panel scores,with the test site being the hand.Physicochemical parameters included pH and viscosity.Skin feel indicators include:stickiness,silkiness,whiteheads,greasiness at the end of application,absorption,softness after use,etc.The BASE formulations of the creams were tested and evaluated by five experts.Recommendations were also made for the selection of emulsifier combinations in the design of cream BASE formulations.展开更多
The desensitization degree of emulsion explosives (EE) was calculated with the peak pressure of explosion shock waves tested in water. To an explosive, the less the desensitization degree, the better the compression...The desensitization degree of emulsion explosives (EE) was calculated with the peak pressure of explosion shock waves tested in water. To an explosive, the less the desensitization degree, the better the compression resistance, so the compression resistance of an explosive can be compared and analyzed quantificationally with the desensitization degree. The influence of an emulsifier on the pressure desensitization of EE was studied, including the content and category of emulsifiers. Three kinds of emulsifiers (Span-80, compound emulsifier, and T-152) were used in the tests. The experimental results show that both the content and category of emulsifiers make a great effect on the pressure desensitization of EE. The desensitization degree of EE reduces with the emulsifier content being increased, but there is an optimal content of an emulsifier for the compression resistance of EE. While the content of Span-80 reaches 4wt%, the desensitization degree of EE becomes a minimal value, and augments somewhat if the emulsifier content is increased more. That is to say, the compression resistance of EE becomes the highest while the content of Span-80 is 4wt%, and the compression resistance will decline if the content of Span-80 is increased more. The compression resistance of the explosive emulsified by compound emulsifier is the highest among all the explosives, when the content of the whole components and manufacturing engineering are kept invariable.展开更多
The slurry scaling with cationic emulsified asphalt, which is a new technique in highway construction, is rapidly extended at home and abroad. The technique should apply an excellent slow set cationic cmulsincr. Now, ...The slurry scaling with cationic emulsified asphalt, which is a new technique in highway construction, is rapidly extended at home and abroad. The technique should apply an excellent slow set cationic cmulsincr. Now, slow set emulsificrs are ligninamines which are synthesized by trimethylamine-epichlorohydrin route. Owing to high price and unstable quality, the extending of slurry sealing technique is affected seriously. We prepare the ligninaminc by a novel synthetic method. By the novel method, the cost of production is reduced by more than 30%, and the products have stable quality, high emulsifying function and broad adaptability for various asphalts. The novel synthetic method uses soda lignin, secondary amines and inexpensive aminating assistants as raw materials. The technological process of the method may use either one or two-step process, and the technological condition arc uncomplicated and easy to master.展开更多
Structure of emulsifiers or functionality and molecular weight determines its rheology, emulsification and stability of emulsion explosives. Rheology of typical emulsifiers was studied by automatic rheometer. Relation...Structure of emulsifiers or functionality and molecular weight determines its rheology, emulsification and stability of emulsion explosives. Rheology of typical emulsifiers was studied by automatic rheometer. Relations between rheology and structural properties of typical emulsifiers were analyzed. Experimental results show that viscosity of emulsifiers didn' t change with shear rate at room temperature and appeared properties of Newtonian fluid. Viscosity of different component emulsifiers declines with temperature in different modes. The change of strain doesn' t affect modu- lus of emulsifiers. Loss modulus increases linearly with the increase of frequency in oscillation and storage modulus does non-linearly. The higher the temperature is, the lower change amplitude of loss modulus with frequency will be. The emulsifiers with imide and amide functionality for emulsion explosives have better shear properties at high temperature and better shapingness and stability at room temperature than other emulsifiers with ester and Sorbin Monoleate (SMO) functionality.展开更多
Whole wheat bread is widely available worldwide,but it is always associated with less desirable dough processibility,small loaf volume,firm and gritty texture,and other distinctive attributes compared to white bread.E...Whole wheat bread is widely available worldwide,but it is always associated with less desirable dough processibility,small loaf volume,firm and gritty texture,and other distinctive attributes compared to white bread.Emulsifiers are commonly used to improve dough handling and baking quality during bread production.In present study,five emulsifiers(diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono-and diglycerides(DATEM),polysorbate 80,sodium stearoyl lactylate(SSL),soy lecithin,and sucrose esters)were added during dough preparation of the whole wheat flour at 0.2%,0.5%,and 1.0%(flour weight basis).Dough rheological behavior and bread quality attributes,such as specific loaf volume and hardness,were measured.The results showed that DATEM,sucrose esters,and SSL increased the resistance to extension of the dough,whereas soy lecithin and polysorbate 80 increased the extensibility.Soy lecithin and polysorbate 80 were the only emulsifiers that significantly increased loaf volume compared to the control.Adding higher levels(1.0%)of sucrose esters,polysorbate 80,and SSL increased the formation of amylose-lipid complex and mitigate the crumb staling during storage.The results suggested that the emulsifiers could be applied to contribute to optimum functional quality of whole wheat bread.展开更多
The oil-in-water emulsion drilling fluids, prepared by adding 5~12% (by volume) of mineral oil (or diesel) to water-based muds, have been widely used for stuck-pipe prevention in the Shengli Oilfield. In some cases, ...The oil-in-water emulsion drilling fluids, prepared by adding 5~12% (by volume) of mineral oil (or diesel) to water-based muds, have been widely used for stuck-pipe prevention in the Shengli Oilfield. In some cases, the emulsion stability of this kind of mud system is not strong enough to meet the requirements of drilling operations. To overcome this drawback, a solid emulsifier, which is characterized by its very small particle size and special wetting behavior (slightly water-wet), has been developed and successfully applied to improve the emulsion stability and other performances of these drilling fluids. Prior to the development of this technology, an extensive study was conducted to deal with the influence of various kinds of finely divided insoluble solid particles on oil/water emulsification. The substances used include bentonite, organophilic clay, kaolinite, barite, two kinds of calcium carbonate with different particle sizes, two kinds of silica with different wetting behaviors, and a newly developed solid emulsifier. Both the emulsion stability experiments and the drop coalescence experiments are performed to evaluate the contribution of these particles to emulsification. The measured final emulsion volume disappears after 12 hours and the half-life for water and oil drops are used as the measures of emulsion stability. The experimental data show that the type, size, concentration and wettability of the particles, and the presence of some surfactants control the type and stability of emulsions for a given oil/water system, and the fine particles of the solids emulsifier provide the most effective stabilization for water-continuous emulsions compared with other kinds of particles. Meanwhile, it can be observed that these particles also stabilize oil-continuous emulsions effectively in some cases since their wetting behavior is close to neutral. The O/W emulsion mud stabilized by the newly developed solid emulsifier has become one of the major mud systems used in directional and horizontal well drilling in the Shengli Oilfield. In addition to the improvement of emulsion stability, this solid emulsifier has the advantages of improving the lubricity of mud cake and is beneficial to the control of rheological properties and filtration.展开更多
Stable high-solids-content acrylate emulsion were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable emulsifier allyloxy nonylphenoxy poly (ethyleneoxy) (10) ether (ANPEO10), and a conventional emulsifier OP-10 as a referen...Stable high-solids-content acrylate emulsion were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable emulsifier allyloxy nonylphenoxy poly (ethyleneoxy) (10) ether (ANPEO10), and a conventional emulsifier OP-10 as a reference sample. 1H NMR proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 has been incorporated into the resulted acrylate polymers. TEM demonstrates that there are some differences in the particle morphologies. AFM proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 migrating to the surface of the emulsion film was much less than the conventional emulsifier OP-10. The polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 can enhance the adhesion with glass plate compared to the conventional emulsifier. Furthermore, with increasing amount of emulsifier, the surface free energy of the films first decreased and then increased, and the adhesion with glass plate is initially enhanced and then attenuated. The water-resistance and solvent-resistance of the films prepared by the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 are superior to those prepared by the conventional emulsifier OP-10.展开更多
Surfactant food emulsifiers are among the most extensively used food additives.Like all authorized food additives,emulsifiers have been evaluated by risk assessors,who consider them as safe.However,there are growing c...Surfactant food emulsifiers are among the most extensively used food additives.Like all authorized food additives,emulsifiers have been evaluated by risk assessors,who consider them as safe.However,there are growing concerns among scientists about their possible harmful effects on intestinal barriers and microbiota.It is also suggested that emulsifier consumption might be one of the main causes of the rising incidence of a number of diseases,such as allergic diseases,celiac disease,type I diabetes and Crohn’s disease.Moreover,it has recently been suggested that emulsifier consumption might contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and can promote colitis-associated colorectal cancer also.This paper provides an overview of the current scientific knowledge on possible effects of surfactant emulsifiers on intestinal barriers and also of regulatory risk assessment approaches.Our main objective is to reveal the reasons for the discrepancies between the opinions of risk assessors and the scientific world.We would like to draw the attention of the academic world to the need of specific in vivo and/or clinical studies for each emulsifier in order to help risk assessors make adequate evaluations and rule out with certainty that authorized food emulsifiers pose a safety concern to consumers’health.展开更多
1 INTRODUCTIONVinyl chloride(VC)is a slightly water-soluble monomer.But its solubility in water(~10g·L<sup>-1</sup>)is much higher than that of olefins(0.1~1g·L<sup>-1</sup>).The ...1 INTRODUCTIONVinyl chloride(VC)is a slightly water-soluble monomer.But its solubility in water(~10g·L<sup>-1</sup>)is much higher than that of olefins(0.1~1g·L<sup>-1</sup>).The solubilityof VC is an important parameter in suspension,emulsion and miniemulsionpolymerizations.The presence of emulsifier in aqueous medium will enhance the solubil-ity of VC.The solubility of VC depends not only on the types and concentration of theemulsifier,but also on the temperature and pressure.Unfortunately,the solubilities ofVC in emulsifier solutions are rarely reported in literatures.展开更多
Functionalized PS/SiO_2 composite nanoparticles bearing sulfonic groups on the surface were successfully synthesized via emulsion copolymerization using a polymerizable emulsifierαolefin solfonate(AOS).As demonstrate...Functionalized PS/SiO_2 composite nanoparticles bearing sulfonic groups on the surface were successfully synthesized via emulsion copolymerization using a polymerizable emulsifierαolefin solfonate(AOS).As demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy,well-defined core-shell PS/SiO_2 composite nanoparticles with a diameter of 50 nm were obtained.Sulfonic groups introduced onto the surface of the composite nanoparticles were quantified by FTIR,and can be controlled to some exten...展开更多
The phenolic emulsifiers used in emulsified asphalt of micro-surfacing, which was the most important tools in the road maintenance, were investigated by control technology. Many factors influencing this reaction were ...The phenolic emulsifiers used in emulsified asphalt of micro-surfacing, which was the most important tools in the road maintenance, were investigated by control technology. Many factors influencing this reaction were studied and three kinds of phenolic emulsifiers were prepared without catalyst in ethanol. The performance was researched that 2-({2-[2-(2-Amino-ethylamino)-ethylamino]-ethyl-amino}-methyl)-4- nonyl-phenol (abbreviated as TETA) could be used in micro-surface. With addition of 0.5 % demulsifier, the mixing time was extended to 120 seconds obviously, and the cohesion torque (60 min) was 2.8 N*m, which satisfied the opening traffic time shorter than 1 h. The wet track abrasion (6 d) was lower than 807 g/m2, with interracial modifier added, but the load wheel was increased with interfacial modifier increasing. When the TETA: demulsifier: interracial modifier =3:1:3, excellent performance was obtained and the experimental results met the International Slurry Surfacing Association (ISSA) standard. The synthesis process of this emulsifier is simple and the performance used in micro-surface was excellent, so this kind of emulsifier could have a better application future.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore the influence of emulsifier on the fermentation performance of wine active dry yeast.[Methods]Angel active dry yeast RV002 was selected as the test strain,and the simulated grape juice was used ...[Objectives]To explore the influence of emulsifier on the fermentation performance of wine active dry yeast.[Methods]Angel active dry yeast RV002 was selected as the test strain,and the simulated grape juice was used as the fermentation medium to investigate the fermentation rate,the yeast cell number and morphology,and the physicochemical indexes of the produced wine.[Results]It was found that the viable cell rate of the active dry yeast without the emulsifier was significantly reduced,and the fermentation rate was significantly slowed down.However,the emulsifier had no significant effect on the morphology of yeast cells,the fermentation cycle,the final number of viable cells,and the quality of the produced wine.[Conclusions]The active dry wine yeast without emulsifier can reduce the formation of grape juice foam and reduce the risk of grape juice spillover.展开更多
A new kind of nonionic surfactant ionophore is introduced to facilitate metal ion transfer across a liquid/liquid interface. The transfer of Na+ facilitated by emulsifier OP across the water/nitrobenzene interface has...A new kind of nonionic surfactant ionophore is introduced to facilitate metal ion transfer across a liquid/liquid interface. The transfer of Na+ facilitated by emulsifier OP across the water/nitrobenzene interface has been studied by semi-differential cyclic voltammetry, and a new method for the determination of emulsifier OP was established. The proposed method is simple, easy and effective.展开更多
Insulin entrapped nanocapsules to use polylactide (PLA) as the encapsulating material were prepared through a modified water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsification and solvent evaporation method, The average parti...Insulin entrapped nanocapsules to use polylactide (PLA) as the encapsulating material were prepared through a modified water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsification and solvent evaporation method, The average particle size of PLA nanocapsules obtained was decreased to (181.5 ± 8.4) nm, and capably adjusted from 180 to 370 nm by using different types and content of nonionic emulsifiers. The influence of emulsifiers on property of nanocapsules was discussed in detail. The effects of spans and tweens to modify the size of the nanocapsules were different, which can be due to the distribution of the surfactants on the inner interface between the inner water and oil of the double emulsion. The encapsulation efficiency and drug release of nanocapsules were affected obviously by the content and type of emulsifiers.展开更多
The transfer of lanthanum ion facilitated by diantipyrylmethane (DAM) across the water/nitrobenzene (w/nb) interface and the adsorption of emulsifier OP at the w/nb interface has been studied by the cyclic voltammetry...The transfer of lanthanum ion facilitated by diantipyrylmethane (DAM) across the water/nitrobenzene (w/nb) interface and the adsorption of emulsifier OP at the w/nb interface has been studied by the cyclic voltammetry. The mechanism of the charge transfer reactions is discussed. It has been concluded that the transfer of rare earth metal ion (La3+) facilitated by neutral ionophore (DAM) at the w/nb interface is E mechanism and the nonionic surfactant (emulsifier OP) can participate in the charge transfer process M an ionophore, charge transfer catalyst and inhibitor.展开更多
In recent years,with the improvement of the requirements of road performance,modified emulsified asphalts with better performance has gradually replaced the emulsified asphalt and become the primary material for road ...In recent years,with the improvement of the requirements of road performance,modified emulsified asphalts with better performance has gradually replaced the emulsified asphalt and become the primary material for road maintenance.This paper introduces the modified emulsified asphalt materials commonly used in pavement maintenance projects,definitions and modified mechanisms of polymerized styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)modified emulsified asphalt,styrene butadiene styrene block polymer(SBS)modified emulsified asphalt and waterborne epoxy resin(WER)modified emulsified asphalt are summarized.The analysis focused on comparing the effects of modifiers,preparation process,auxiliary additives,and other factors on the performance of modified emulsified asphalt.In this paper,it is considered that the greatest impact on the performance of emulsified asphalt is the modifier,emulsifier mainly affects the speed of breaking the emulsion,stabilizers on the basic performance of emulsified asphalt evaporative residue is small;and when the modifier is distributed in the asphalt in a network,the dosage at this time is the recommended optimum dosage.Finally,this study recommends that in the future,the polymer-asphalt compatibility can be improved through composite modification,chemical grafting and other methods to continue to develop broader applicability and better performance of modified emulsified asphalt.展开更多
This study characterized and compared the physical and emulsifying properties of pea protein(PP)and its modified proteins(ultrasound treated-PP(PPU),flaxseed gum(FG)treated PP(PPFG)and ultrasound treated-PPFG(PPFGU))....This study characterized and compared the physical and emulsifying properties of pea protein(PP)and its modified proteins(ultrasound treated-PP(PPU),flaxseed gum(FG)treated PP(PPFG)and ultrasound treated-PPFG(PPFGU)).The results showed FG triggered the formation of loosely attached complex with PP via physical modification under gentle magnetic stirring at pH 7.0,while ultrasound played an important role in reducing protein size,increasing surface hydrophobicity and molecular fluidity onto oil-water interface.So ultrasound further enhanced the interaction of PP with FG,and produced the PPFGU complex with smaller droplet size,higherζ-potential and lower turbidity.Further,combination of FG and ultrasound improved the physical properties of PP with higher viscosity,stiffer gels(defined as higher elastic modulus),stronger hydrophobic properties,better thermal stability,and fast protein absorption rate.Therefore,the PPFGU coarse emulsion performed highest emulsifying activity index(EAI)and emulsion stability index(ESI)that the stabilized nanoemulsion obtained smallest droplet size,higherζ-potential,and longest storage stability.The combination of FG and ultrasonic treatment will be an effective approach to improving the emulsifying property and thermal stability of PP,which can be considered as a potential plant-based emulsifier applied in the food industry.展开更多
[Objective] The properties of butachlor microemulsion were studied for developing a new formulation of new pesticides.[Method]AT method was used to determine the pseudo-ternary phase diagram to confirm the formulation...[Objective] The properties of butachlor microemulsion were studied for developing a new formulation of new pesticides.[Method]AT method was used to determine the pseudo-ternary phase diagram to confirm the formulation of butachlor microemulsion.Through the measurement of electrical conductivity,the W/O and O/W types in microemulsion region of butachlor/emulsifier/water system were confirmed and the change of phase behavior during preparation process was discussed.[Result]The dilution stability,low temperature stability,heat stability,ageing stability,density and viscosity etc.of butachlor microemulsion met the requirement of the experiments,which demonstrated the qualified quality of butachlor.The density decreased linearly with the increase of temperature and the change of viscosity with temperature conformed to Andrade equation.[Conclusion]The research was helpful to the application of butachlor microemulsion in pesticide formulation.展开更多
The effects of ionic emulsifier, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate (SDBS), on the formation of the multihollow structures in sub-micron sized polymer particles produced by alkali/acid posttreatment were investigated. The ...The effects of ionic emulsifier, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate (SDBS), on the formation of the multihollow structures in sub-micron sized polymer particles produced by alkali/acid posttreatment were investigated. The original latex particles with narrow size distribution were synthesized by a new sequence emulsifier-free/emulsifier emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and methacrylic acid (MAA). Results indicated that the pore size decreased and the pore number increased with the increase of SDBS amount, and the morphology of the posttreated latex particles was also significantly influenced by the introducing time of SDBS in the preparation of the original latex particles, and a suitable introducing time was 3 h of polymerization. (c) 2007 Cheng You Kan. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.展开更多
文摘Emulsifier is an important component of emulsified skin care BASE(matrix),and the common influencing factors affecting the skin feel of BASE are:emollient,thickeners,and emulsifier.The choice of emulsifier is crucial to the skin feel of cosmetics.In this paper,12 classical emulsifiers were selected and 13 combinations of them were made.Thirteen creams were designed using the same formulation structure,their physicochemical indexes were determined,and their skin feel was tested and evaluated using five expert panel scores,with the test site being the hand.Physicochemical parameters included pH and viscosity.Skin feel indicators include:stickiness,silkiness,whiteheads,greasiness at the end of application,absorption,softness after use,etc.The BASE formulations of the creams were tested and evaluated by five experts.Recommendations were also made for the selection of emulsifier combinations in the design of cream BASE formulations.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50574004).
文摘The desensitization degree of emulsion explosives (EE) was calculated with the peak pressure of explosion shock waves tested in water. To an explosive, the less the desensitization degree, the better the compression resistance, so the compression resistance of an explosive can be compared and analyzed quantificationally with the desensitization degree. The influence of an emulsifier on the pressure desensitization of EE was studied, including the content and category of emulsifiers. Three kinds of emulsifiers (Span-80, compound emulsifier, and T-152) were used in the tests. The experimental results show that both the content and category of emulsifiers make a great effect on the pressure desensitization of EE. The desensitization degree of EE reduces with the emulsifier content being increased, but there is an optimal content of an emulsifier for the compression resistance of EE. While the content of Span-80 reaches 4wt%, the desensitization degree of EE becomes a minimal value, and augments somewhat if the emulsifier content is increased more. That is to say, the compression resistance of EE becomes the highest while the content of Span-80 is 4wt%, and the compression resistance will decline if the content of Span-80 is increased more. The compression resistance of the explosive emulsified by compound emulsifier is the highest among all the explosives, when the content of the whole components and manufacturing engineering are kept invariable.
文摘The slurry scaling with cationic emulsified asphalt, which is a new technique in highway construction, is rapidly extended at home and abroad. The technique should apply an excellent slow set cationic cmulsincr. Now, slow set emulsificrs are ligninamines which are synthesized by trimethylamine-epichlorohydrin route. Owing to high price and unstable quality, the extending of slurry sealing technique is affected seriously. We prepare the ligninaminc by a novel synthetic method. By the novel method, the cost of production is reduced by more than 30%, and the products have stable quality, high emulsifying function and broad adaptability for various asphalts. The novel synthetic method uses soda lignin, secondary amines and inexpensive aminating assistants as raw materials. The technological process of the method may use either one or two-step process, and the technological condition arc uncomplicated and easy to master.
基金Supported by Independent Research Projects of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(ZDKT08-05)
文摘Structure of emulsifiers or functionality and molecular weight determines its rheology, emulsification and stability of emulsion explosives. Rheology of typical emulsifiers was studied by automatic rheometer. Relations between rheology and structural properties of typical emulsifiers were analyzed. Experimental results show that viscosity of emulsifiers didn' t change with shear rate at room temperature and appeared properties of Newtonian fluid. Viscosity of different component emulsifiers declines with temperature in different modes. The change of strain doesn' t affect modu- lus of emulsifiers. Loss modulus increases linearly with the increase of frequency in oscillation and storage modulus does non-linearly. The higher the temperature is, the lower change amplitude of loss modulus with frequency will be. The emulsifiers with imide and amide functionality for emulsion explosives have better shear properties at high temperature and better shapingness and stability at room temperature than other emulsifiers with ester and Sorbin Monoleate (SMO) functionality.
基金the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch project KS17HA1008USDA Agricultural Research Service Cooperative Agreement 58-3020-9-017.
文摘Whole wheat bread is widely available worldwide,but it is always associated with less desirable dough processibility,small loaf volume,firm and gritty texture,and other distinctive attributes compared to white bread.Emulsifiers are commonly used to improve dough handling and baking quality during bread production.In present study,five emulsifiers(diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono-and diglycerides(DATEM),polysorbate 80,sodium stearoyl lactylate(SSL),soy lecithin,and sucrose esters)were added during dough preparation of the whole wheat flour at 0.2%,0.5%,and 1.0%(flour weight basis).Dough rheological behavior and bread quality attributes,such as specific loaf volume and hardness,were measured.The results showed that DATEM,sucrose esters,and SSL increased the resistance to extension of the dough,whereas soy lecithin and polysorbate 80 increased the extensibility.Soy lecithin and polysorbate 80 were the only emulsifiers that significantly increased loaf volume compared to the control.Adding higher levels(1.0%)of sucrose esters,polysorbate 80,and SSL increased the formation of amylose-lipid complex and mitigate the crumb staling during storage.The results suggested that the emulsifiers could be applied to contribute to optimum functional quality of whole wheat bread.
文摘The oil-in-water emulsion drilling fluids, prepared by adding 5~12% (by volume) of mineral oil (or diesel) to water-based muds, have been widely used for stuck-pipe prevention in the Shengli Oilfield. In some cases, the emulsion stability of this kind of mud system is not strong enough to meet the requirements of drilling operations. To overcome this drawback, a solid emulsifier, which is characterized by its very small particle size and special wetting behavior (slightly water-wet), has been developed and successfully applied to improve the emulsion stability and other performances of these drilling fluids. Prior to the development of this technology, an extensive study was conducted to deal with the influence of various kinds of finely divided insoluble solid particles on oil/water emulsification. The substances used include bentonite, organophilic clay, kaolinite, barite, two kinds of calcium carbonate with different particle sizes, two kinds of silica with different wetting behaviors, and a newly developed solid emulsifier. Both the emulsion stability experiments and the drop coalescence experiments are performed to evaluate the contribution of these particles to emulsification. The measured final emulsion volume disappears after 12 hours and the half-life for water and oil drops are used as the measures of emulsion stability. The experimental data show that the type, size, concentration and wettability of the particles, and the presence of some surfactants control the type and stability of emulsions for a given oil/water system, and the fine particles of the solids emulsifier provide the most effective stabilization for water-continuous emulsions compared with other kinds of particles. Meanwhile, it can be observed that these particles also stabilize oil-continuous emulsions effectively in some cases since their wetting behavior is close to neutral. The O/W emulsion mud stabilized by the newly developed solid emulsifier has become one of the major mud systems used in directional and horizontal well drilling in the Shengli Oilfield. In addition to the improvement of emulsion stability, this solid emulsifier has the advantages of improving the lubricity of mud cake and is beneficial to the control of rheological properties and filtration.
基金Funded by Ministry of Education (No.2006-KL-008),and Qingxin Hanerchem Chemical Technology Co,Ltd.
文摘Stable high-solids-content acrylate emulsion were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable emulsifier allyloxy nonylphenoxy poly (ethyleneoxy) (10) ether (ANPEO10), and a conventional emulsifier OP-10 as a reference sample. 1H NMR proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 has been incorporated into the resulted acrylate polymers. TEM demonstrates that there are some differences in the particle morphologies. AFM proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 migrating to the surface of the emulsion film was much less than the conventional emulsifier OP-10. The polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 can enhance the adhesion with glass plate compared to the conventional emulsifier. Furthermore, with increasing amount of emulsifier, the surface free energy of the films first decreased and then increased, and the adhesion with glass plate is initially enhanced and then attenuated. The water-resistance and solvent-resistance of the films prepared by the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 are superior to those prepared by the conventional emulsifier OP-10.
文摘Surfactant food emulsifiers are among the most extensively used food additives.Like all authorized food additives,emulsifiers have been evaluated by risk assessors,who consider them as safe.However,there are growing concerns among scientists about their possible harmful effects on intestinal barriers and microbiota.It is also suggested that emulsifier consumption might be one of the main causes of the rising incidence of a number of diseases,such as allergic diseases,celiac disease,type I diabetes and Crohn’s disease.Moreover,it has recently been suggested that emulsifier consumption might contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and can promote colitis-associated colorectal cancer also.This paper provides an overview of the current scientific knowledge on possible effects of surfactant emulsifiers on intestinal barriers and also of regulatory risk assessment approaches.Our main objective is to reveal the reasons for the discrepancies between the opinions of risk assessors and the scientific world.We would like to draw the attention of the academic world to the need of specific in vivo and/or clinical studies for each emulsifier in order to help risk assessors make adequate evaluations and rule out with certainty that authorized food emulsifiers pose a safety concern to consumers’health.
文摘1 INTRODUCTIONVinyl chloride(VC)is a slightly water-soluble monomer.But its solubility in water(~10g·L<sup>-1</sup>)is much higher than that of olefins(0.1~1g·L<sup>-1</sup>).The solubilityof VC is an important parameter in suspension,emulsion and miniemulsionpolymerizations.The presence of emulsifier in aqueous medium will enhance the solubil-ity of VC.The solubility of VC depends not only on the types and concentration of theemulsifier,but also on the temperature and pressure.Unfortunately,the solubilities ofVC in emulsifier solutions are rarely reported in literatures.
基金supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China(863,No2006AA03Z562)
文摘Functionalized PS/SiO_2 composite nanoparticles bearing sulfonic groups on the surface were successfully synthesized via emulsion copolymerization using a polymerizable emulsifierαolefin solfonate(AOS).As demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy,well-defined core-shell PS/SiO_2 composite nanoparticles with a diameter of 50 nm were obtained.Sulfonic groups introduced onto the surface of the composite nanoparticles were quantified by FTIR,and can be controlled to some exten...
基金Funded by the National Key Basic Research and Development Plan(No.2012CB724601)the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.BK 2008503)
文摘The phenolic emulsifiers used in emulsified asphalt of micro-surfacing, which was the most important tools in the road maintenance, were investigated by control technology. Many factors influencing this reaction were studied and three kinds of phenolic emulsifiers were prepared without catalyst in ethanol. The performance was researched that 2-({2-[2-(2-Amino-ethylamino)-ethylamino]-ethyl-amino}-methyl)-4- nonyl-phenol (abbreviated as TETA) could be used in micro-surface. With addition of 0.5 % demulsifier, the mixing time was extended to 120 seconds obviously, and the cohesion torque (60 min) was 2.8 N*m, which satisfied the opening traffic time shorter than 1 h. The wet track abrasion (6 d) was lower than 807 g/m2, with interracial modifier added, but the load wheel was increased with interfacial modifier increasing. When the TETA: demulsifier: interracial modifier =3:1:3, excellent performance was obtained and the experimental results met the International Slurry Surfacing Association (ISSA) standard. The synthesis process of this emulsifier is simple and the performance used in micro-surface was excellent, so this kind of emulsifier could have a better application future.
文摘[Objectives]To explore the influence of emulsifier on the fermentation performance of wine active dry yeast.[Methods]Angel active dry yeast RV002 was selected as the test strain,and the simulated grape juice was used as the fermentation medium to investigate the fermentation rate,the yeast cell number and morphology,and the physicochemical indexes of the produced wine.[Results]It was found that the viable cell rate of the active dry yeast without the emulsifier was significantly reduced,and the fermentation rate was significantly slowed down.However,the emulsifier had no significant effect on the morphology of yeast cells,the fermentation cycle,the final number of viable cells,and the quality of the produced wine.[Conclusions]The active dry wine yeast without emulsifier can reduce the formation of grape juice foam and reduce the risk of grape juice spillover.
文摘A new kind of nonionic surfactant ionophore is introduced to facilitate metal ion transfer across a liquid/liquid interface. The transfer of Na+ facilitated by emulsifier OP across the water/nitrobenzene interface has been studied by semi-differential cyclic voltammetry, and a new method for the determination of emulsifier OP was established. The proposed method is simple, easy and effective.
文摘Insulin entrapped nanocapsules to use polylactide (PLA) as the encapsulating material were prepared through a modified water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsification and solvent evaporation method, The average particle size of PLA nanocapsules obtained was decreased to (181.5 ± 8.4) nm, and capably adjusted from 180 to 370 nm by using different types and content of nonionic emulsifiers. The influence of emulsifiers on property of nanocapsules was discussed in detail. The effects of spans and tweens to modify the size of the nanocapsules were different, which can be due to the distribution of the surfactants on the inner interface between the inner water and oil of the double emulsion. The encapsulation efficiency and drug release of nanocapsules were affected obviously by the content and type of emulsifiers.
文摘The transfer of lanthanum ion facilitated by diantipyrylmethane (DAM) across the water/nitrobenzene (w/nb) interface and the adsorption of emulsifier OP at the w/nb interface has been studied by the cyclic voltammetry. The mechanism of the charge transfer reactions is discussed. It has been concluded that the transfer of rare earth metal ion (La3+) facilitated by neutral ionophore (DAM) at the w/nb interface is E mechanism and the nonionic surfactant (emulsifier OP) can participate in the charge transfer process M an ionophore, charge transfer catalyst and inhibitor.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51968006).
文摘In recent years,with the improvement of the requirements of road performance,modified emulsified asphalts with better performance has gradually replaced the emulsified asphalt and become the primary material for road maintenance.This paper introduces the modified emulsified asphalt materials commonly used in pavement maintenance projects,definitions and modified mechanisms of polymerized styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)modified emulsified asphalt,styrene butadiene styrene block polymer(SBS)modified emulsified asphalt and waterborne epoxy resin(WER)modified emulsified asphalt are summarized.The analysis focused on comparing the effects of modifiers,preparation process,auxiliary additives,and other factors on the performance of modified emulsified asphalt.In this paper,it is considered that the greatest impact on the performance of emulsified asphalt is the modifier,emulsifier mainly affects the speed of breaking the emulsion,stabilizers on the basic performance of emulsified asphalt evaporative residue is small;and when the modifier is distributed in the asphalt in a network,the dosage at this time is the recommended optimum dosage.Finally,this study recommends that in the future,the polymer-asphalt compatibility can be improved through composite modification,chemical grafting and other methods to continue to develop broader applicability and better performance of modified emulsified asphalt.
基金financially supported by grants from the Key Scientific Research Projects of Hubei Province(2020BCA086)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0400200)+3 种基金Wuhan Application Fundamental Frontier Project of China(2020020601012270)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771938)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARAthe Wuhan Achievement Transformation Project(2019030703011505)。
文摘This study characterized and compared the physical and emulsifying properties of pea protein(PP)and its modified proteins(ultrasound treated-PP(PPU),flaxseed gum(FG)treated PP(PPFG)and ultrasound treated-PPFG(PPFGU)).The results showed FG triggered the formation of loosely attached complex with PP via physical modification under gentle magnetic stirring at pH 7.0,while ultrasound played an important role in reducing protein size,increasing surface hydrophobicity and molecular fluidity onto oil-water interface.So ultrasound further enhanced the interaction of PP with FG,and produced the PPFGU complex with smaller droplet size,higherζ-potential and lower turbidity.Further,combination of FG and ultrasound improved the physical properties of PP with higher viscosity,stiffer gels(defined as higher elastic modulus),stronger hydrophobic properties,better thermal stability,and fast protein absorption rate.Therefore,the PPFGU coarse emulsion performed highest emulsifying activity index(EAI)and emulsion stability index(ESI)that the stabilized nanoemulsion obtained smallest droplet size,higherζ-potential,and longest storage stability.The combination of FG and ultrasonic treatment will be an effective approach to improving the emulsifying property and thermal stability of PP,which can be considered as a potential plant-based emulsifier applied in the food industry.
基金Supported by Henan Innovation Project for University Prominent Research Talents(2004KYCX010)~~
文摘[Objective] The properties of butachlor microemulsion were studied for developing a new formulation of new pesticides.[Method]AT method was used to determine the pseudo-ternary phase diagram to confirm the formulation of butachlor microemulsion.Through the measurement of electrical conductivity,the W/O and O/W types in microemulsion region of butachlor/emulsifier/water system were confirmed and the change of phase behavior during preparation process was discussed.[Result]The dilution stability,low temperature stability,heat stability,ageing stability,density and viscosity etc.of butachlor microemulsion met the requirement of the experiments,which demonstrated the qualified quality of butachlor.The density decreased linearly with the increase of temperature and the change of viscosity with temperature conformed to Andrade equation.[Conclusion]The research was helpful to the application of butachlor microemulsion in pesticide formulation.
文摘The effects of ionic emulsifier, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate (SDBS), on the formation of the multihollow structures in sub-micron sized polymer particles produced by alkali/acid posttreatment were investigated. The original latex particles with narrow size distribution were synthesized by a new sequence emulsifier-free/emulsifier emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and methacrylic acid (MAA). Results indicated that the pore size decreased and the pore number increased with the increase of SDBS amount, and the morphology of the posttreated latex particles was also significantly influenced by the introducing time of SDBS in the preparation of the original latex particles, and a suitable introducing time was 3 h of polymerization. (c) 2007 Cheng You Kan. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.