Investigation of Student Nurses’Attitudes towards End-of-Life Care and Their Influencing Factors

Background: This cross-sectional investigative study aimed to determine student nurses’ attitudes towards end-of-life care. Methods: This study used a descriptive research design with stratified sampling to survey student nurses enrolled in one of four nursing colleges in China from January 2023 to December 2023. Student nurses’ general demographic and prior related information, attitudes towards death and attitudes towards end-of-life care were determined using a general information questionnaire, the Death Attitude Profile—Revised scale and the Professional End-of-Life Attitude Scale (PEAS), respectively. Results: The total PEAS score was 122.91 ± 16.123. Significant differences were noted in the attitude towards end-of-life care scores according to sources of end-of-life care knowledge (P Conclusions: Student nurses lacked an optimistic attitude towards end-of-life care, which was influenced by differences in the sources of end-of-life care knowledge.

Palliative care for end-stage liver disease and acute on chronic liver failure:A systematic review

BACKGROUND End stage liver disease(ESLD)represents a growing health concern characterized by elevated morbidity and mortality,particularly among individual ineligible for liver transplantation.The demand for palliative care(PC)is pronounced in patients grappling with ESLD and acute on chronic liver failure(ACLF).Unfortunately,the historical underutilization of PC in ESLD patients,despite their substantial needs and those of their family caregivers,underscores the imperative of seamlessly integrating PC principles into routine healthcare practices across the entire disease spectrum.AIM To comprehensively investigate the evidence surrounding the benefits of incorporating PC into the comprehensive care plan for individuals confronting ESLD and/or ACLF.METHODS A systematic search in the Medline(PubMed)database was performed using a predetermined search command,encompassing studies published in English without any restrictions on the publication date.Subsequently,the retrieved studies were manually examined.Simple descriptive analyses were employed to summarize the results.RESULTS The search strategies yielded 721 references.Following the final analysis,32 fulllength references met the inclusion criteria and were consequently incorporated into the study.Meticulous data extraction from these 32 studies was undertaken,leading to the execution of a comprehensive narrative systematic review.The review found that PC provides significant benefits,reducing symptom burden,depressive symptoms,readmission rates,and hospital stays.Yet,barriers like the appeal of transplants and misconceptions about PC hinder optimal utilization.Integrating PC early,upon the diagnosis of ESLD and ACLF,regardless of transplant eligibility and availability,improves the quality of life for these patients.CONCLUSION Despite the substantial suffering and poor prognosis associated with ESLD and ACLF,where liver transplantation stands as the only curative treatment,albeit largely inaccessible,PC services have been overtly provided too late in the course of the illness.A comprehensive understanding of PC's pivotal role in treating ESLD and ACLF is crucial for overcoming these barriers,involving healthcare providers,patients,and caregivers.

Evaluation of Ovarian Cancer Care at the End of Life in a Single Tertiary Hospital

Aim: Fundamentally, aggressive care is considered to be avoided for the patients at the end of life. However, this is not always adhered in real-world practice. We attempted to determine whether, and if so how, the aggressive care is made for patients with ovarian cancer during the last month prior death. Methods: Enrolled were a total of 104 patients with ovarian cancer (including fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer), who were treated in Kuopio University Hospital in Finland during 2009-2014. The aggressive care was defined according to the standards outlined by the National Quality Forum;shortly, chemotherapy, emergency-room/intensive-care visit/admission, hospital admission, and death in hospital. Results: Two thirds of patients (67%) had received at least one form of aggressive care during the last month of their lives. Especially, admission in hospital in the last 30 days of life was the most common form of aggressive cancer care. Younger patients (<72 years) received significantly more often aggressive care than the older patients (80% vs 43%, p = 0.004). Those women that underwent end-of-life discussions earlier than one month prior to death had significantly less aggressive care than those women that had discussions during the last month (48% vs. 90%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Ovarian cancer patients received commonly at least one form of aggressive care at the end of their lives. More efforts should be taken to improve the quality of palliative and end-of-life care.

Individualized Aromatherapy in End-of-Life Cancer Patients Care:A Case Report

As one of the methods of palliative care,aromatherapy has been applied gradually in clinical nursing work in China in recent years.Through aromatherapy,terminal cancer patients can get not only relieves of physical symptoms,but also spiritual relaxation and peace,thus have improved quality of life at the end stage.In this paper,we report in detail about how aromatherapy was applied for symptom control in a cancer patient with unknown primary malignancy and multiple metastasis and its effects on the terminal life of this patient.

End-of-life care in a cardiology department： have we improved？

BackgroundEnd-of-life 照顾不通常是在心病学部门的优先级。我们寻求了在 do-not-resuscitate (DNR ) 的介绍以后在 end-of-life 照顾评估变化顺序 protocol.Methods &#x00026；在在二经期的一个心病学部门的所有死亡的 ResultsRetrospective 分析，在协议的介绍前后。人口统计的特征， DNR 订单的使用，和 end-of-life 照顾的比较在两个时期之间发出，根据在表(组 A ) ，一份常规 DNR 订单(组 B ) 或任何 DNR 的缺席订的新 DNR 的第二经期(组 C ) 的存在。死亡的数字在两个时期是类似的(n = 198 对 n = 197 ) 。与一份 DNR 订单死的病人的率显著地增加了(57.1% 对 68.5% ；P = 0.02 ) 。仅仅在两个时期的 4% 病人知道关于心肺的复活作的决定。在组 A 的病人更早收到了 DNR 顺序一天，并且 24.5% 在录取的开始的 24 h 以内收到了它(对 2.6% 在第一个时期；P &#x0003c；0.001 ) 。在有一个可植入的 cardioverter 使用高压脉冲来消减心脏(ICD ) 的组 A 的所有病人把电震疗法撤销(对 25.0% 在第一个时期；P = 0.02 ) 一个 DNR 顺序协议的 .ConclusionsThe 介绍可以由增加使用并且弄短在心脏病患者改进 end-of-life 照顾 DNR 订单的登记的时间。它可以也在地方与这些订单在病人贡献增加 ICD 释放。然而，在疾病的迟了的阶段的表的介绍没能改进耐心的参予。

Learning from the Film “Mitorishi (Transition Doula)”—Application to Understanding the End-of-Life in a Gerontological Nursing Practice Course in Japan

Purpose: This study aims to detail what nursing students learned from watching the film “Mitorishi”, which was used among the teaching materials in a gerontological nursing practice course in nursing education in Japan, and demonstrate the applicability of using the film as an element relevant to the teaching of end-of-life care in Japan. Methods: The participants were fourth-year nursing students at University A who had watched the film “Mitorishi” during the course, had submitted a report on what they learned, and provided informed consent to the study participation. The reports submitted by the participants were used as data and analyzed qualitatively using the content analysis approach. Results: The analysis identified the following five categories (number of codes): Characteristics of life during the final days (9), Importance of views on life and death (3), Importance of end-of-life care (3), Assistance in preparation for the final days of life (13), and Understanding the profession of transition doula (9). Discussion: The five categories show that the students have learned about the “role of nurses at the time of end-of-life care” while “visualizing end-of-life care” and learning “preparedness for end-of-life care”. These findings suggest that using the film “Mitorishi” in the teaching curriculum is effective for learning about end-of-life care for older people.

Factors Relating to Nurses’ End-of-Life Care

This integrative review aimed to investigate factors relating to end-of-life care of nurses. The review was conducted according to PICo (Participant, area of Interest, and Context). Keywords identified were: “nurse” AND “end-of-life care” (“dyingcare” OR “‘deathcare”, OR “near end stage of life care” OR “palliative care” OR “hospice care” OR “comfortable care in near death” OR “quality of dying patients care”), AND “nurses”. The database searched through PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Web of Science and SCOPUS. The searching inclusion criteria were limited to English and Chinese language studies about nurses’ end-of-life care from 2010 to 2019, yielding 258 English language articles and 2Chinese language articles. Results: A total of fifteen articles were selected based on inclusion criteria. Two subjects were obtained from the results that related to nurses’ care during the process of end of life: 1) Nurses’ demographic factors;and 2) Modifiable factors. Nurses’ demographic factors were age, years of work experience, level of education and experience of the death of a family member/friend. Modifiable factors included knowledge, attitude, confidence, relationship, environment and resources, communication, nursing activities, philosophy and culture of care, skills and training. These factors were explored in various areas and majority of the studies had been conducted in public government hospitals. Conclusion: The major power ability of care was observed in nurses who acted the significant part in caring for the terminally ill during the dying process. Caring for dying patients was related to many factors which could affect the fabric of nursing care at the end stage of life. The elements found in this review could lead to recommendations with implications for nursing practice so as to improve and enhance end-of-life care. Some factors could be considered like predictors affecting nursing practice for chronical ill patients in further research. In addition, nurses’ tranquility care in community hospitals should be more focused.

End of Life Care Medical Education: 48 Hour Hospice Home Immersion Alters Students’ Lives

Introduction: Education and skill enhancement in palliative and end of life care is rarely part of the foundational medical education curriculum. The progress of student physicians tends to be measured by their ability to synthesize and demonstrate basic medical knowledge and clinical skills but offers little assessment of the maturation of attitudes or their values. The University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine (UNECOM), immerses second year medical students in a hospice home for 48 hours to enhance students’ perspectives in interprofessional palliative and end of life care. Methods: This project utilized qualitative ethnographic and autobiographic research designs. Two female second year medical students (27 y/o & 26 y/o) were immersed for 48 hours into a local hospice home, sleeping in a bed where others had died, to answer the question: “What is it like for ME to live in the Hospice Home for 48 hours and how does this contribute to my future as a practitioner?” Data were collected in the form of journal notes for pre-fieldwork, fieldwork, and post-fieldwork and included subjective and objective reporting of observations, experiences, and patient/family encounters. Analyses included journal review and thematic categorization and coding through content analysis. Results: Themes common to both students that factored in the research question and their prior stated interest areas of medical humanities and person-centered care at end of life were identified. Three themes were selected for this article: 1) Person-Centered Experiences, 2) Spectrum of Communication, and 3) Introspection: Attitudes and Values. The process of living in the hospice home for 48 hours revealed students’ attitudes about various disease processes, their personal experiences with death and dying, and their assumptions about how patients approach death. Conclusion: This Hospice Home Immersion project provided both an educational approach and learning environment that was effective in advancing medical students’ attitudes, skills, and knowledge as evidenced by their self-reported life altering learning about end of life and palliative care.

Palliative Care, Suffering, Death Trajectory: A View of End-of-Life Care (EOL) Related Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

Palliative care in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region despite some progress made since the first hospice was opened in Zimbabwe in 1979, still lags far behind that of countries with developed economies, and relatively suffers from not being wholly included into mainstream public health service delivery in SSA. The situation is made worse due to relatively poor and pervasive socio-politico-economic factors and the challenge of the changing and increasing non-communicable disease epidemiology in SSA countries. This situation results in a tension between scarce resources and service needs/provision which prevails in a good number of SSA countries. In large part the situation where palliative care, end of life and the death trajectory converge in SSA countries currently portrays one of scarcity of resources and suffering for those ill SSA patients who need the services. This article is an overview of the current situation as pertains to palliative care services in the SSA region and some of the factors that contribute to or perpetuate the current state of palliative care delivery in SSA countries.

Nurses’ Experiences of Using the Liverpool Care Pathway Plan in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure in the End-of-Life Stage: A Qualitative Content Analysis

Background: The introduction of care pathway plans for end-of-life cares such as the Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) reveals a unique possibility for inter professional collaboration. Knowledge of symptom relief and how to meet the patients’ needs at the last stage of the palliative phase are essential for the nurses’ approach and care actions, but the documentation of such implementations is still rare and sometimes criticized. Aim: To explore and describe nurses’ experiences of using the LCP plan with patients hospitalized with heart failure at the end-of-life stage. An explorative design was applied, using qualitative content analysis of 20 interviews with nurses practicing the LCP plan in two district hospitals in Norway. Results: The nurses found the LCP plan as quality assurance for treatment and care in patients with heart failure in the last hours and days of life. The use of the LCP plan implied: 1) individualized adjustment, 2) symptom relief and 3) a holistic approach. Conclusion: Nurses experienced that using the LCP plan as a comprehensive action plan contributed in the decision making process and improved inter professional communication. Using the LCP plan should be seen as a tool to practice individualized and holistic nursing to patients at the end-of-life and their families, as well as a purposeful relief of symptoms associated with heart failure.

End of Life Experience of Symptom Cluster and Their Management in Hong Kong Chinese Patients with Lung Cancer Who Receive Palliative Radiotherapy

Breathlessness, fatigue, and anxiety are distressing symptoms for patients with advanced lung cancer, however, they are not relieved by palliative RT and are often viewed as neglected areas of clinical practice. This paper aims to review def initions of, and explore patients' experiences of, breathlessness, fatigue, and anxiety. Further, it will outline existing approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, to treat them. Current treatments and perceptions of these symptoms will be discussed in the context of Hong Kong health care service. The review of literature also shows that breathlessness, fatigue and anxiety appears to have similar emotional origins. A contemporary approach of using a common pyschoeducational intervention to treat these symptoms together as a cluster in end of life care will be discussed.

Patients’ Involvement in Decision Making at End of Life—A Systematic Review of Literature

Background: involving patient in end of life decision is important to understand their wishes and preferences to help health care providers in improving the quality of dying and minimizing suffering. Aim: the aim of this review was to provide a detailed examination of the available literature related to patients’ involvement in decision making at end of life. Design: a systematic review following the PRISMA protocol was used, the review protocol was registered on PROSPERO: CRD42019128556. Data sources: we conducted a literature search in two electronic databases “CINAHL and Medline” during March-April 2019. The retrieved articles were included if they were: research reports or literature review;examined patient involvement in end-of-life discussions;full text publications, written in English and published from 2000-2019. Results: a total of (22) articles were included in the review;there was diversity in the purposes and design approach of the retrieved studies. The available literature explored patient’s involvement at end-of-life decision making through;describing current practices;understanding perspectives of end of life discussions;investigating the impact and identifying the barriers and facilitators of patients’ involvement in end of life discussions. Conclusion: involvement in end-of-life discussions improved the recognition of patients’ wishes, improved death experience, and decreased posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety among family members. Despite the documented benefits, some barriers against patient’s involvement in end-of-life decisions were recognized;lack of awareness;lack of education, training and experience;concerns about ethical and legal issues;and personal preferences of doctors or nurses were among the most commonly identified barriers.

ePROMs in the End of Life and in Making Ethical Decisions. An Integrative Review with Narrative

Background: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) are essential tools in clinical practice and research to assess patients’ needs from their unique perspectives. They allow the healthcare team to monitor patient status and concerns outside the clinical setting. However, the real innovation in this field is its digitization: electronic patient-reported outcome measures (ePROMs). Aims: This review aimed to get an overview of whether these new technologies are being used to aid palliative care teams in their daily struggle to provide comfort to their patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of articles retrieved from PubMed and Web of Science, up to November 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The search strategy yielded 242 records, of which 13 met the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition, relevant information related to ePROMs was extracted from each study. Results: Outcomes were grouped into the quality of life assessment, symptom burden and simple assessments, and the decision to introduce Palliative Cures (PC). In 61.5% of cases, ePROMs positively impacted patients’ quality of life. Furthermore, in 46.15% of cases, ePROMs led Primary Care (PC) teams to make an ethical decision;the same relative value as in the circumstances did not define the direction in ethical terms. Conclusion: Remind professionals and patients that these tools exist and can be applied in many situations. If used correctly, they can provide patients with a better quality of life and more complete information for professionals.

Nurses towards End-of-Life Situations: Sympathy vs. Empathy

Background: Nurses providing end-of-life care play an important role in providing support to both the patient and his/her family during one of their most difficult time. Patients in this stage do not only require physical care but emotional support as well. Aside from being a care provider, nurses should be able to utilize their knowledge in therapeutic communication in order for the patients and his/her family members to verbalize their feelings and concerns. Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify whether nurses project sympathy or empathy while providing end-of-life care. It also aims to determine their lived experiences while proving care at this stage. Methodology: This study utilized the mixed convergent parallel design wherein both the quantitative research and qualitative research were employed. Result and Discussion: A factor analysis was conducted on 12 items with maximum likelihood extraction method and oblique (Promax) rotation method. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure verified the sampling adequacy for the analysis, KMO = 0.792 (“meritorious” according to Kaiser (1974)). Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (χ2 (66) = 1007.294, p α = 0.881, sympathy α = 0.804, and cognitive empathy α = 0.728). Correlations among the factors were r = 0.315 for affective empathy and sympathy, r = 0.295 for sympathy and cognitive empathy, and r = 0.356 for affective empathy and cognitive empathy. Emergent key themes and subthemes are based on participants’ responses. The key themes are heart-touching moments of nurses in providing end-of-life care, challenges encountered by nurses in providing end-of-life care and adaptive strategies used by nurses to the challenges they face in providing end-of-life care. Conclusion: Most nurses during end-of-life care express affective empathy, followed by sympathy and lastly cognitive empathy. Nurses are encouraged to show and practice affective and cognitive empathy rather than using sympathy in caring patient and dealing with family member in the end-of-life situations. Despite the challenges that nurses faced, they are able to provide quality care by utilizing several adaptive strategies such as listening and understanding, showing empathy, providing holistic care, being spiritual and being aware of the role as caregiver.

发展缓和医疗理念和实践后终末期患者死亡状况变化

目的 北京协和医院国际医疗部于2016年开始逐步推行缓和医疗理念和实践,本研究旨在对该理念推广前后终末期患者死亡状况进行分析,以评估缓和医疗对终末期患者死亡质量的影响。方法 回顾性收集北京协和医院国际医疗部2013年和2019年死亡的终末期患者的临床资料,对其临终前诊疗细节进行比较。结果 共入选符合纳入与排除标准的2013年终末期患者36例、2019年终末期患者37例。2013年患者中,男性19例、女性17例,平均年龄(72.1±14.0)岁,晚期肿瘤19例。2019年患者中,男性19例、女性18例,平均年龄(70.8±15.3)岁,晚期肿瘤27例。相较于2013年患者,2019年患者临终前转入ICU(0比22.2%,P=0.008)、接受心肺复苏(0比16.7%,P=0.011)、气管插管(5.4%比36.1%,P=0.001)、有创机械通气(2.7%比33.3%,P=0.001)、全肠外营养(32.4%比61.1%,P=0.014)的比例均降低,接受缓和医疗会诊(29.7%比0,P<0.001)、得到人文关怀(40.5%比16.7%,P=0.024)的比例均升高。2019年患者中,相较于未接受缓和医疗会诊患者,接受缓和医疗会诊者得到人文关怀的比例更高(90.9%比19.2%,P<0.001)。结论缓和医疗理念推广和实践后北京协和医院国际医疗部终末期患者死亡前接受有创治疗的比例明显降低,得到人文关怀的比例显著提高,死亡质量得到一定提升。

老年人对善终认知质性研究的Meta整合

目的系统评价和整合老年人对善终认知的质性研究,为医护人员实施符合老年人意愿的善终关怀服务提供参考。方法计算机检索中英文数据库从建库至2023年11月收录的关于老年人对善终或优逝认识与了解的质性研究。运用JBI循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准对纳入文献质量进行评价。采用汇集性整合方法进行结果整合。结果共纳入11篇文献,提炼出37个研究结果,归纳成8个新的类别,综合成3个整合结果:躯体层面(避免成为负担、保持独立自理,放弃无效救治、希望无痛离世,体面离世、缩短濒死过程);精神层面(朋友支持、家人陪伴,寻找精神慰藉、传承优良品质,克服负面情绪、自然平静死亡);社会层面(奉献社会、珍爱生命,完成人生使命、妥善处理后事)。结论老年人在晚年渴望能够实现善终,家庭成员和医护人员是该过程顺利实施的关键人员,建议医护人员全面了解老年人对善终的认知及理解,帮助其实现善终。

护士参与终末期患者临终决策体验的质性研究

目的了解护士在参与终末期患者临终决策工作的感受及看法,为促进临床护士参与临终决策工作的实施提供参考依据。方法采用目的及滚雪球抽样方法,纳入14名护士,进行半结构深度访谈,运用解释现象学分析法分析访谈资料,提炼主题。结果护士参与终末期患者临终决策体验,可归纳为4个主题15个子主题,包括满足患者需求(信息传递、情感支持),自身的多重情感体验(职业价值、职业责任、成长与收获、悲伤、矛盾、共情疲劳),受到复杂的临床环境限制(繁忙的护理工作、承认医生权威、紧张的医护患环境、法律、伦理),实践能力和素养有待提高(经验与方法薄弱、参加教育和培训的需求强烈)。结论护士在参与终末期患者临终决策实践中承担着信息传递和情感支持的角色和责任分工;其次,护士在参与过程中存在复杂的多重情感体验同时也受到复杂的临床环境限制,也表达出想要通过参加教育培训以及丰富实践经验来提高自己的能力和素养的需求和渴望,希望为完善我国高质量的临终关怀服务体系提供支持。

联合家庭随访的预立性医疗照护计划在终末期肺癌患者中的应用

目的观察联合家庭随访的预立性医疗照护计划(ACP)在终末期肺癌患者中的应用效果。方法选取2022年1月至12月江西省肿瘤医院收治的110例终末期肺癌患者为研究对象,通过抽签法分为对照组(55例)和试验组(55例),对照组患者实施肿瘤常规护理,试验组患者实施联合家庭随访的ACP干预。比较两组患者的尊严水平、生命质量、死亡质量。结果两组干预前心理状况分数、症状困扰分数、依赖性分数、精神安宁分数、社会支持分数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组干预后的心理状况分数、症状困扰分数、依赖性分数、精神安宁分数、社会支持分数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组干预前癌症患者生命质量测定量表(EORTC QLQ-C30)的角色功能分数、躯体功能分数、认知功能分数、社会功能分数、情绪功能分数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组干预后的EORTC QLQ-C30的各项评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组干预前的优逝量表(GDI)评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组干预后的GDI分数高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论终末期肺癌患者使用联合家庭随访的ACP干预模式,让患者充分表达护理意愿、临终治疗意愿,舒适地走完生命旅程。

虚拟现实技术在生命末期患者中应用的范围综述

目的对虚拟现实技术在生命末期患者中应用的相关研究进行范围综述,为我国医护人员在生命末期照护领域深入开发和运用虚拟现实技术提供参考。方法以澳大利亚JBI循证卫生保健中心提出的范围综述指南为方法学指导,计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane library、CINAHL、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据服务平台和维普数据库,检索时限为建库至2023年8月。由2名研究人员独立筛选并提取资料。结果共纳入13篇文献,均为英文文献,虚拟现实技术干预类型主要为基于沉浸式的观影或游戏体验等,干预总时长为1 d至4周不等,4~60 min/次;结局指标主要包括对生命末期患者疼痛水平、症状困扰、心理或精神健康水平、生活质量、生理参数的影响,以及可行性与可接受性等指标。结论虚拟现实技术在生命末期患者中应用具有较强的可行性与较高的可接受度,未来仍需要开展大样本、高质量的研究来验证虚拟现实技术在生命末期患者中的应用效果,为制订符合我国生命末期群体特点的最佳虚拟现实技术干预方案提供循证依据。

国内外安宁疗护发展模式的研究与评价

安宁缓和医疗是现代医学发展的一种新兴医疗护理模式,其产生不仅是社会需求与人类文明发展的标志,同时也是现代医学模式改变的重要体现。安宁疗护是安宁缓和医疗的终末期阶段,对于难治性疾病的生命末期处理具有重要的意义。安宁缓和医疗在许多国家已经成为了一个独立的学科,其发展势头迅猛。但在国内的开展情况并不理想,缺钱、少人成为限制其发展的主要原因。许多学者对此进行了大量有益的实践。笔者通过查阅大量的国内外文献,总结了国外安宁缓和医疗的发展模式和付费方式,针对我国安宁疗护发展的痛点和难点进行了综述和展望,以期探索出一条适合中国国情的安宁缓和医疗发展之路,让我国的安宁疗护能够可持续发展。