Ultrastructural features of nucleus degradation during programmed cell death (PCD) of starchy endosperm cells in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Several distinct morpho...Ultrastructural features of nucleus degradation during programmed cell death (PCD) of starchy endosperm cells in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Several distinct morphological features of PCD have been found in the developing starchy endosperm cells, e.g. nucleus deformation, chromatin condensation, nuclear envelope disruption, and nuclear matrix leakage. DNA ladder displayed a smear of large DNA fragments from nucleus and evident bands of small DNA fragments (140-180 bp) from both nucleus and cytoplasm. In contrast with the rapid nucleus degradation, cell organelles in cytoplasm, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, amyloplast, and mitochondrion, maintained their metabolic functions for a longer time. Seed reserves were continually synthesized and accumulated in the starchy endosperm cells despite the nucleus degradation during the PCD process. These results suggest that starchy endosperm cells remain active during reserve material synthesis and accumulation in the PCD process. The specific relationships between nucleus and cytoplasm in the developing endosperm cells and the morphological changes of nucleus in the endosperm PCD process were also discussed.展开更多
Morphological variations of the nucleus in starchy endosperm cell were observed by theelectron-transmisson microscope during endosperm development in rice. Along with thedevelopment of the starchy endosperm, the nucle...Morphological variations of the nucleus in starchy endosperm cell were observed by theelectron-transmisson microscope during endosperm development in rice. Along with thedevelopment of the starchy endosperm, the nuclei of the cells showed chromatin condensation,the typical feature of programmed cell death (PCD). The nuclei also showed nucleusdeformation, disruption of nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm leaking into the cytoplasm andnucleus disintegration resulting in nuclear residue formation. From the nucleus deformationto the nucleus disintegration, the morphological changes of the nucleus were orderlyprogressive. This indicated that the cell death of starchy endosperm in rice wasprogrammed cell death. Evans Blue staining observation showed that the cell death wasinitially detected in the central part of starchy endosperm in rice, then expandedoutward. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in rice starchyendosperm both descended continuously as development progressed. The analysis of DNA ofrice starchy endosperm did not show the presence of DNA laddering. The above resultsshowed that the cell death of starchy endosperm in rice was a special form of PCD.展开更多
文摘Ultrastructural features of nucleus degradation during programmed cell death (PCD) of starchy endosperm cells in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Several distinct morphological features of PCD have been found in the developing starchy endosperm cells, e.g. nucleus deformation, chromatin condensation, nuclear envelope disruption, and nuclear matrix leakage. DNA ladder displayed a smear of large DNA fragments from nucleus and evident bands of small DNA fragments (140-180 bp) from both nucleus and cytoplasm. In contrast with the rapid nucleus degradation, cell organelles in cytoplasm, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, amyloplast, and mitochondrion, maintained their metabolic functions for a longer time. Seed reserves were continually synthesized and accumulated in the starchy endosperm cells despite the nucleus degradation during the PCD process. These results suggest that starchy endosperm cells remain active during reserve material synthesis and accumulation in the PCD process. The specific relationships between nucleus and cytoplasm in the developing endosperm cells and the morphological changes of nucleus in the endosperm PCD process were also discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30070363)the Foundation for Doctorate Research of Ministry of Education,China(200005041).
文摘Morphological variations of the nucleus in starchy endosperm cell were observed by theelectron-transmisson microscope during endosperm development in rice. Along with thedevelopment of the starchy endosperm, the nuclei of the cells showed chromatin condensation,the typical feature of programmed cell death (PCD). The nuclei also showed nucleusdeformation, disruption of nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm leaking into the cytoplasm andnucleus disintegration resulting in nuclear residue formation. From the nucleus deformationto the nucleus disintegration, the morphological changes of the nucleus were orderlyprogressive. This indicated that the cell death of starchy endosperm in rice wasprogrammed cell death. Evans Blue staining observation showed that the cell death wasinitially detected in the central part of starchy endosperm in rice, then expandedoutward. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in rice starchyendosperm both descended continuously as development progressed. The analysis of DNA ofrice starchy endosperm did not show the presence of DNA laddering. The above resultsshowed that the cell death of starchy endosperm in rice was a special form of PCD.
文摘【目的】探讨花后高温和外源脱落酸(ABA)对不同持绿型小麦籽粒胚乳细胞增殖、籽粒灌浆和内源激素的影响,为高温逆境下采用激素调控措施提高粒重提供理论依据。【方法】选用持绿型汶农6号和非持绿型济麦20,花后1—5 d,用透明聚乙烯塑料膜搭设增温棚进行高温处理,同时花后1—3 d喷施10 mg·L-1的ABA于穗部,用量100 mL·m-2,3次重复。定期取籽粒样,用高效液相色谱法测定4种内源激素,用简易胚乳细胞计数法测定胚乳细胞数目,Richard方程对籽粒增重及胚乳细胞增殖动态模拟并计算相关参数。【结果】高温处理显著降低了两品种强弱势籽粒的胚乳细胞数目,降低胚乳细胞增殖速率,但延长了籽粒胚乳细胞活跃分裂期和实际分裂终期;显著降低两品种弱势籽粒的灌浆速率,缩短了两品种弱势粒的生长活跃期及实际灌浆终期。高温处理显著降低两品种千粒重和穗粒数,其中汶农6号强、弱势粒分别减少3.7和8.2粒/穗,济麦20强、弱势粒分别减少1.3和4.3粒/穗;显著降低两品种产量,汶农6号和济麦20产量分别降低19.65%和26.22%。常温及高温下喷施ABA均显著提高了两品种灌浆速率,提高了籽粒胚乳细胞增殖速率,扩大胚乳细胞数目。高温处理降低了强弱势籽粒ZR含量,显著提高了济麦20强、弱势粒花后3—27 d的GA3含量,显著提高汶农6号花后12—27 d的GA3含量;但降低了弱势粒花后15—27 d的IAA含量。高温处理下喷施ABA,降低了济麦20强势粒花后3—9 d ZR含量,但显著提高济麦20强势粒花后3—28 d内源ABA含量,显著提高汶农6号强势粒花后3—18 d ABA含量。常温下喷施ABA显著降低了济麦20和汶农6号强、弱势粒的GA3含量;高温下喷施ABA,显著降低了汶农6号强弱势粒的GA3含量,降低济麦20强势粒花后3—12 d的GA3含量,显著降低弱势粒花后6—15 d的GA3含量。常温下喷施ABA显著提高济麦20强势粒花后12—18 d的IAA含量;提高了汶农6号强势粒花后6—18 d IAA含量,显著提高两品种弱势粒花后6—27 d IAA含量。持绿型汶农6号的千粒重和产量均显著大于非持绿型济麦20。【结论】高温胁迫对非持绿型品种的产量和两品种弱势粒粒数影响较大,高温降低了两品种籽粒胚乳细胞数目,降低籽粒灌浆速率,最终导致粒重及产量降低。喷施外源ABA通过调节内源激素水平,促进胚乳细胞分裂,扩大了常温及高温下籽粒库容量,提高了籽粒灌浆速率,从而提高了籽粒产量。
