Catalytic/initiated cracking of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels is an eff ective technology for cooling a hypersonic aircraft with a high Mach number(over 5).Catalysts and initiators can promote fuel cracking at low tem...Catalytic/initiated cracking of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels is an eff ective technology for cooling a hypersonic aircraft with a high Mach number(over 5).Catalysts and initiators can promote fuel cracking at low temperatures,increase fuel conversion and the heat sink capacity,and suppress coke deposition,thereby reducing waste heat.Catalysts mainly include metal oxide catalysts,noble metal catalysts and metal nanoparticles,zeolite catalysts,nanozeolite catalysts,and coating catalysts.Moreover,initiators roughly include nitrogenous compounds,oxygenated compounds,and hyperbranched polymer initiators.In this review,we aim to summarize the catalysts and initiators for cracking endothermic hydrocarbon fuels and their mechanisms for promoting cracking.This review will facilitate the development of the synthesis and exploration of catalysts and initiators.展开更多
Endothermic hydrocarbon fuels are advanced coolants for high-temperature structures of spacecraft. No data of tested-cooling-ability of endothermic fuels have been broadly discussed in literature. In this work a high-...Endothermic hydrocarbon fuels are advanced coolants for high-temperature structures of spacecraft. No data of tested-cooling-ability of endothermic fuels have been broadly discussed in literature. In this work a high-temperature flow calorimeter was designed, and the cooling capacity of six different hydrocarbon fuels were measured. Experimental results showed that these hydrocarbon fuels have capacity for cooling high-temperature structures, and that the cooling capacity of fuel N-1 can reach 3.15 M J/kg, which can nearly satisfy the requirement of thermal management for a Mach 3 cruise aircraft, whose heat sink requirement is about 3.5 M J/kg. The endothermic velocity of hydrocarbon fuels was also measured by the calorimeter.展开更多
In this paper, we combine polynomial functions, Generalized Estimating Equations, and bootstrap-based model selection to test for signatures of linear or nonlinear relationships between body surface temperature and am...In this paper, we combine polynomial functions, Generalized Estimating Equations, and bootstrap-based model selection to test for signatures of linear or nonlinear relationships between body surface temperature and ambient temperature in endotherms. Linearity or nonlinearity is associated with the absence or presence of cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction, respectively. We obtained experimental data on body surface temperature variation from a mammalian model organism as a function of ambient temperature using infrared thermal imaging. The statistical framework of model estimation and selection successfully detected linear and nonlinear relationships between body surface temperature and ambient temperature for different body regions of the model organism. These results demonstrate that our statistical approach is instrumental to assess the complexity of thermoregulation in endotherms.展开更多
The behaviors of Cu, Pb, and Zn during the endothermic burning of heterogeneous wastes were investigated using a variety of operational parameters, i.e., the mixed waste ratio, burning temperature, and burning time, t...The behaviors of Cu, Pb, and Zn during the endothermic burning of heterogeneous wastes were investigated using a variety of operational parameters, i.e., the mixed waste ratio, burning temperature, and burning time, to obtain fundamental knowledge to generate an optimal burning operation and recycling strategy for bottom ash. Changing these parameters had no impact on the Cu content of the ash, whereas the Pb content depended on the burning temperature and the mixed ratio, and the Zn content was affected by all three parameters. It was found in this study that the optimal burning conditions were a temperature of 1100?C, a time of 15 minutes, and either the current waste conditions or waste conditions with double the waste plastic and wood content.展开更多
It is known that salt ions are abundant in the natural environment where natural gas hydrates are located;thus,it is essential to investigate the self-preservation effect of salt ions on methane hydrates.The dissociat...It is known that salt ions are abundant in the natural environment where natural gas hydrates are located;thus,it is essential to investigate the self-preservation effect of salt ions on methane hydrates.The dissociation behaviors of gas hydrates formed from various NaCl concentration solutions in a quartz sand system at 268.15 K were investigated to reveal the microscopic mechanism of the self-preservation effect under different salt concentrations.Results showed that as the salt concentration rises,the initial rate of hydrate decomposition quickens.Methane hydrate hardly shows self-preservation ability in the 3.35%(mass)NaCl and seawater systems at 268.15 K.Combined the morphology of hydrate observed by the confocal microscope with results obtained from in situ Raman spectroscopy,it was found that during the initial decomposition stage of gas hydrate below the ice point,gas hydrate firstly converts into liquid water and gas molecules,then turns from water to solid ice rather than directly transforming into solid ice and gas molecules.The presence of salt ions interferes with the ability of liquid water to condense into solid ice.The results of this study provide an important guide for the mechanism and application of the self-preservation effect on the storage and transport of gas and the exploitation of natural gas hydrates.展开更多
The multiple endothermic peaks of poly（3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate） （P（HB-co-HV）） in differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） results, as one representative phenomenon of polymer with unique cocrysta...The multiple endothermic peaks of poly（3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate） （P（HB-co-HV）） in differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） results, as one representative phenomenon of polymer with unique cocrystallization behavior, were generally considered as the results of melting/recrystallization. In this study, wide angle X-ray diffraction （WAXD） and small angle X-ray scattering （SAXS） experiments were conducted to analyze the phenomena of multiple endothermic peaks in DSC results. The results of these analyses indicated that the multiple endotherms were mainly caused by different lamellae structures. For P（HB-co-HV） with lower HV content, it was comprised of two structures of HV total exclusion and HV partial inclusion in the crystal lamellae. For P（HB-co-HV） with higher HV content, it was also comprised of two structures of HV total inclusion and HV partial inclusion in the crystal lamellae. However, only structure with HV partial inclusion in the crystal lamellae remained existing after first melting peak for all samples.展开更多
Suspensoid of HZSM-5 or HY zeolites mixed with a self-made ceramic-like binder was coated on the inner wall of a tubular reactor by gas-aided fluid displacement technology.The coated zeolites were characterized by mea...Suspensoid of HZSM-5 or HY zeolites mixed with a self-made ceramic-like binder was coated on the inner wall of a tubular reactor by gas-aided fluid displacement technology.The coated zeolites were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The coating thickness is 10–20 mm and the particle size of the zeolites is in the range of 1–5 mm.In the coated reactor,cracking of endothermic fuels including n-dodecane and aviation fuel RP-3 was carried out separately under supercritical conditions at 600uC and 625uC to investigate their heat sinks and conversion of catalytic reactions.For the reaction catalyzed by HY(25%mass fraction)coating,the heat sink capacity of ndodecane are 815.7 and 901.9 kJ/kg higher than that of the bare tube at 600uC and at 625uC,respectively.Conversion of n-dodecane also increases from 42%to 60%at 600uC and from 66%to 80%at 625uC.The coated zeolite can significantly inhibit the carbon deposition during supercritical cracking reactions.展开更多
With the great impetus of energy conservation and emission reduction policies in various countries,the proposal of concepts such as“Sponge City”and“Eco-City”,and the emphasis on restoration and governance of ecolo...With the great impetus of energy conservation and emission reduction policies in various countries,the proposal of concepts such as“Sponge City”and“Eco-City”,and the emphasis on restoration and governance of ecological environment day by day,portland cement porous concrete(PCPC),as a novel building material,has attracted more and more attention from scientific researchers and engineers.PCPC possesses the peculiar pore structure,which owns numerous functions like river embankment protection,vegetation greening as well as air-cleaning,and has been of wide application in different engineering fields.This paper reviews the salient properties of PCPC,detailedly expounds the research progress of domestic and foreign literature about this subject in the past ten years(2010–2020),conducts the statistical analysis of the distribution rule of its major properties around the world,combines with the engineering application to summarize the excellent properties of PCPC,and makes a forecast of future research direction.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21978200).
文摘Catalytic/initiated cracking of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels is an eff ective technology for cooling a hypersonic aircraft with a high Mach number(over 5).Catalysts and initiators can promote fuel cracking at low temperatures,increase fuel conversion and the heat sink capacity,and suppress coke deposition,thereby reducing waste heat.Catalysts mainly include metal oxide catalysts,noble metal catalysts and metal nanoparticles,zeolite catalysts,nanozeolite catalysts,and coating catalysts.Moreover,initiators roughly include nitrogenous compounds,oxygenated compounds,and hyperbranched polymer initiators.In this review,we aim to summarize the catalysts and initiators for cracking endothermic hydrocarbon fuels and their mechanisms for promoting cracking.This review will facilitate the development of the synthesis and exploration of catalysts and initiators.
基金Project (No. 863-2-1-1-7) supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China
文摘Endothermic hydrocarbon fuels are advanced coolants for high-temperature structures of spacecraft. No data of tested-cooling-ability of endothermic fuels have been broadly discussed in literature. In this work a high-temperature flow calorimeter was designed, and the cooling capacity of six different hydrocarbon fuels were measured. Experimental results showed that these hydrocarbon fuels have capacity for cooling high-temperature structures, and that the cooling capacity of fuel N-1 can reach 3.15 M J/kg, which can nearly satisfy the requirement of thermal management for a Mach 3 cruise aircraft, whose heat sink requirement is about 3.5 M J/kg. The endothermic velocity of hydrocarbon fuels was also measured by the calorimeter.
文摘In this paper, we combine polynomial functions, Generalized Estimating Equations, and bootstrap-based model selection to test for signatures of linear or nonlinear relationships between body surface temperature and ambient temperature in endotherms. Linearity or nonlinearity is associated with the absence or presence of cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction, respectively. We obtained experimental data on body surface temperature variation from a mammalian model organism as a function of ambient temperature using infrared thermal imaging. The statistical framework of model estimation and selection successfully detected linear and nonlinear relationships between body surface temperature and ambient temperature for different body regions of the model organism. These results demonstrate that our statistical approach is instrumental to assess the complexity of thermoregulation in endotherms.
文摘The behaviors of Cu, Pb, and Zn during the endothermic burning of heterogeneous wastes were investigated using a variety of operational parameters, i.e., the mixed waste ratio, burning temperature, and burning time, to obtain fundamental knowledge to generate an optimal burning operation and recycling strategy for bottom ash. Changing these parameters had no impact on the Cu content of the ash, whereas the Pb content depended on the burning temperature and the mixed ratio, and the Zn content was affected by all three parameters. It was found in this study that the optimal burning conditions were a temperature of 1100?C, a time of 15 minutes, and either the current waste conditions or waste conditions with double the waste plastic and wood content.
基金financial support received from the Basic Research Program of Qinghai Province(2023-ZJ-703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178379,42206223)the National Key Research and Development Programof China(2021YFC2800902)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘It is known that salt ions are abundant in the natural environment where natural gas hydrates are located;thus,it is essential to investigate the self-preservation effect of salt ions on methane hydrates.The dissociation behaviors of gas hydrates formed from various NaCl concentration solutions in a quartz sand system at 268.15 K were investigated to reveal the microscopic mechanism of the self-preservation effect under different salt concentrations.Results showed that as the salt concentration rises,the initial rate of hydrate decomposition quickens.Methane hydrate hardly shows self-preservation ability in the 3.35%(mass)NaCl and seawater systems at 268.15 K.Combined the morphology of hydrate observed by the confocal microscope with results obtained from in situ Raman spectroscopy,it was found that during the initial decomposition stage of gas hydrate below the ice point,gas hydrate firstly converts into liquid water and gas molecules,then turns from water to solid ice rather than directly transforming into solid ice and gas molecules.The presence of salt ions interferes with the ability of liquid water to condense into solid ice.The results of this study provide an important guide for the mechanism and application of the self-preservation effect on the storage and transport of gas and the exploitation of natural gas hydrates.
基金financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LY15B040003)K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University
文摘The multiple endothermic peaks of poly（3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate） （P（HB-co-HV）） in differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） results, as one representative phenomenon of polymer with unique cocrystallization behavior, were generally considered as the results of melting/recrystallization. In this study, wide angle X-ray diffraction （WAXD） and small angle X-ray scattering （SAXS） experiments were conducted to analyze the phenomena of multiple endothermic peaks in DSC results. The results of these analyses indicated that the multiple endotherms were mainly caused by different lamellae structures. For P（HB-co-HV） with lower HV content, it was comprised of two structures of HV total exclusion and HV partial inclusion in the crystal lamellae. For P（HB-co-HV） with higher HV content, it was also comprised of two structures of HV total inclusion and HV partial inclusion in the crystal lamellae. However, only structure with HV partial inclusion in the crystal lamellae remained existing after first melting peak for all samples.
文摘Suspensoid of HZSM-5 or HY zeolites mixed with a self-made ceramic-like binder was coated on the inner wall of a tubular reactor by gas-aided fluid displacement technology.The coated zeolites were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The coating thickness is 10–20 mm and the particle size of the zeolites is in the range of 1–5 mm.In the coated reactor,cracking of endothermic fuels including n-dodecane and aviation fuel RP-3 was carried out separately under supercritical conditions at 600uC and 625uC to investigate their heat sinks and conversion of catalytic reactions.For the reaction catalyzed by HY(25%mass fraction)coating,the heat sink capacity of ndodecane are 815.7 and 901.9 kJ/kg higher than that of the bare tube at 600uC and at 625uC,respectively.Conversion of n-dodecane also increases from 42%to 60%at 600uC and from 66%to 80%at 625uC.The coated zeolite can significantly inhibit the carbon deposition during supercritical cracking reactions.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project of China(2016036).
文摘With the great impetus of energy conservation and emission reduction policies in various countries,the proposal of concepts such as“Sponge City”and“Eco-City”,and the emphasis on restoration and governance of ecological environment day by day,portland cement porous concrete(PCPC),as a novel building material,has attracted more and more attention from scientific researchers and engineers.PCPC possesses the peculiar pore structure,which owns numerous functions like river embankment protection,vegetation greening as well as air-cleaning,and has been of wide application in different engineering fields.This paper reviews the salient properties of PCPC,detailedly expounds the research progress of domestic and foreign literature about this subject in the past ten years(2010–2020),conducts the statistical analysis of the distribution rule of its major properties around the world,combines with the engineering application to summarize the excellent properties of PCPC,and makes a forecast of future research direction.
