中亚能源地缘政治与中国能源合作策略

To ensure adequate oil supply and mitigate geopolitical uncertainties,China has diversified its sources of crude oil imports in recent years.Central Asia is a neighbor region of China,rich in oil and natural gas reserves,which can play an important role in China's strategy to reduce its dependence on energy supplies from the Middle East.The geopolitical attributes of energy and the geopolitical situation in Central Asia determine that Central Asia's energy development and cooperation are disturbed by domestic and foreign factors,and also face the risks of complex energy structural evolution and geopolitical games,which create a unique energy geopolitical pattern in Central Asia.This study proposes an analysis framework for energy geopolitics in Central Asia,arguing that the complexity of energy geopolitics in Central Asia can be demonstrated from the perspectives of both the main countries of energy development(game actors)and the whole-industry-chain of energy development(game themes).The most obvious feature of Central Asian energy geopolitics is the fierce game that is played between key countries and regions,Russia,the United States,China,the European Union(EU),Japan,India,Iran,and Turkey.Strategic geopolitical considerations and resource requirements necessitate the active participation of these players in Central Asian energy development and mean that the foreign policy agendas of states in this region are likely to become ever more crowded.Therefore,the energy cooperation between China and Central Asia faces the geopolitical risks of the great power games.It is necessary to develop reasonable and effective policies to establish guarantee mechanisms to minimize the risks of energy cooperation.This study characterizes the energy geopolitical strategies of Russia,the United States,China,and other related powers in Central Asia.It also assesses the country risks faced by energy cooperation between China and Central Asian countries.To withstand possible geopolitical and country risks,this study develops a series of policy frameworks which can be used to fortify the stability of the energy cooperation between China and Central Asian countries,and can also be effective in responding to the array of risks that might be encountered in the coming years.

The Oil Politics & Geopolitical Risks with China “Going out” Strategy toward the Greater Middle East

China-the Greater Middle East oil relations are of strategic importance to China’s energy security.Beijing’s energy security is mainly that of geopolitics in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA).As the geopolitical conflicts in the MENA are defined as long-running and insolvable in the foreseeable future,oil supplies from these regions are inevitably unstable,which exerts direct impact not only on international energy market and oil prices,but also on China’s energy security itself.Despite the substantial progress made over the years in China-the Greater Middle East energy cooperation,restrictive factors such as resource nationalism are many,obstructing further development in this regard.Up to date,major cooperative breakthroughs are yet to be achieved in China’s involvement in the exploration and production of the upstream sector in oil-rich Gulf countries.Pipeline politics is another challenge.Overall,China's incapability and policy for oil politics and geopolitical risks,the energy geopolitical risk will pose long-term impact on China's energy security.Accordingly,the paper tries to come up with some reflection concerning policies or policy proposals that may help to push China-the Greater Middle Eastern energy cooperation.