Intensity Calculation Using Input-Output Table and Case Study Regarding Embodied Energy/CO2 in Japan

The objective of this research is to quantify the EEC （embodied energy/CO2） of a building. The EEC represents the energy consumption and CO2 emissions at individual phases of a building＇s life-cycle, such as construction （including manufacture of materials and equipment）, renewal （including repair work） and demolition. Energy and CO2 emission intensities in terms of 401 sectors were calculated, using the 2005 I-O （input-output） table in Japan. According to our case study conducted from the construction phase to demolition, the EC （embodied CO2） of an office building used for 60 years is 12,044 t-CO2 and 1,093 kg-CO2/m^2 in total. CO2 equivalent emissions （CO2e） by Freon gases, contained in building materials, equipment and devices, were also calculated. As the results, CO2e by insulators was 2% of the building＇s EC and CO2e by refrigerants was 9%-12% of the building＇s EC. It is important to keep reducing emissions of Freon gases contained in refrigerators.

An extended input-output table for environmental and resources accounting

Environmentally Extended Input-Output(EEIO)tables have become a powerful element in supporting information-based environmental and economic policies.National-and provincial-level 10 tables are currently published by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China according to well-defined conventions.However,county-level 10tables are not provided as a rule by official statistics organizations.This paper conducts an overview of compiling EEIO tables for environmental and resources accounting at the county level and then answers several questions:First,what kind of data should be prepared for the compilation of county-level EEIO tables?Second,how can we set up comprehensive EEIO tables at the county level?Third,regarding the survey methods and the indirect modeling,which one should be chosen to build EEIO tables at the county level?Finally,what policy questions could such a table answer?EEIO tables at the county level can be used to predict the economic impacts of environmental policies and to perform trend and scenario analysis.

Embodied Energy and CO2 Associated with Buildings by Using Input and Output Table in Japan

In July 2009, the 2005 basic Japanese input/output table was publicized together with its physical transaction table. This research paper analyzed the 2005 IO （input/output） table to create building industry-related intensities and, at the same time, compared the building industry with industries at large for distribution margins and transportation. The analysis of distribution margins separately for middle and purchaser margins found that middle margins in the building industry are minor at 35% of the averages for all industries, while purchaser margins are sizable at 1.8 times, proving that it is an industry for which local production for local consumption is quite effective. CO2 emissions resulting from transportation in the building industry were calculated and concisely characterized. Although the ratio of transportation CO2 emissions to total CO2 emissions in each industry finds almost no difference between general industries and the building industry, transportation CO2 emissions per production value are two to three times heavier than those from general industries to be justified as a transportation-intensive industry.

The Influences of Energy Price Variation on the Prices of Other Industries: A Study Based on Input-Output Price Model

Energy has laid material foundation for human society during its development. Meanwhile, any change of price in the energy industry may influence social production and people’s life at all levels via an input-output mechanism under which the change related to energy is surely transmitted to other industries. The price change thus incurred in all industries may adversely affect the realization of macroeconomic objective-maintaining prices at a stable level. It is, therefore, needed to conduct an empirical research related to the impact of price change in energy industry on that in other industries. According to the data coming from “China’s 2015 Input-Output Extension Table (42 Departments)” and four hypothetical basis, this article focuses on four energy sectors and analyzes how deeply the price change of them, by use of input-output model, affects that of other industrial products under five conditions where each of their price rises by 10% individually or simultaneously, and why such an influence occurs. The results show that the price rising of the energies in question leads to an upward growth in the prices of other industrial products, especially when their prices go up simultaneously. Besides, the price increase in the four energy sectors doesn’t influence other industries in an accumulation form but actually leads to a rollback in some of other industries. It is recommended to adopt diversified pricing strategies for different energy products, thus maximizing the value of each specific energy, and meanwhile achieving the goals of energy consumption reduction and price equilibrium.

Decentralization of a Multi Data Source Distributed Processing System Using a Distributed Hash Table

A distributed processing system (DPS) contains many autonomous nodes, which contribute their own computing power. DPS is considered a unified logical structure, operating in a distributed manner;the processing tasks are divided into fragments and assigned to various nodes for processing. That type of operation requires and involves a great deal of communication. We propose to use the decentralized approach, based on a distributed hash table, to reduce the communication overhead and remove the server unit, thus avoiding having a single point of failure in the system. This paper proposes a mathematical model and algorithms that are implemented in a dedicated experimental system. Using the decentralized approach, this study demonstrates the efficient operation of a decentralized system which results in a reduced energy emission.

Interpretation of Dark Matter and Quark-Gluon Plasma: The Generation of the Periodic Table Elements and Its Phase Diagram: A Novel Millennium Power Plant

This paper presents a novel physical interpretation of the state of matter of the quark-gluon as the most fundamental building blocks in nature. Such a model is derived based on the assumption that dark matter and dark energy behave as a perfect ideal fluid at extremely high temperature. By the virtue of Boltzmann constant of the ideal gas law and NASA’s Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimate that the space has an average temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass-energy of the fundamental particle of the dark matter/dark energy is determined. Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is identified as 64 × 1012 K. The calculated critical temperature of the quark-gluon plasma is found to be proportional to the temperature generated by colliding heavy ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Moreover, the individual critical temperatures of the quark-gluon plasma matter at which the elements of the Periodic Table are generated are explicitly determined. The generation temperature trend of the elements of the Periodic Table groups and Periods is then demonstrated. Accordingly, the phase diagram of the quark-gluon state matter is proposed. Finally, a new model of quark-gluon power generation plant is proposed and aims to serve humanity with new energy sources in the new millennium.

Robust Input-Output Energy Decoupling for Uncertain Singular Systems

This paper addresses the robust input-output energy decoupling problem for uncertain singular systems in which all parameter matrices except E exist as time-varying uncertainties. By means of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of linear state feedback and input transformation control laws, such that the resulting closed-loop uncertain singular system is generalized quadratically stable and the energy of every input controls mainly the energy of a corresponding output, and influences the energy of other outputs as weakly as possible. Keywords Uncertain singular systems - generalized quadratical stability - input-output energy decoupling - linear matrix inequality (LMI) Xin-Zhuang Dong graduated from the Institute of Information Engineering of People’s Liberation Army, China, in 1994. She received the M. S. degree from the Institute of Electronic Technology of People’s Liberation Army, in 1998 and the Ph.D. degree from Northeastern University, China, in 2004. She is currently a post-doctoral fellow at the Key Laboratory of Systems and Control, CAS.Her research interests include singular and nonlinear systems, especially the control of singular systems such as H ∞ control, passive control and dissipative control. Qing-Ling Zhang received the Ph.D. degree from Northeastern University, China, in 1995. He is currently a professor with the Institute of Systems Science, Northeastern University. His research interests include singular systems, fuzzy systems, decentralized control, and H 2/H ∞ control.

Stability in Liquid Phases of Molecular Compounds Composed of Saturated Atoms: Application with the Even-Odd Rule and a Specific Periodic Table for Liquids

Building on the idea that molecules in liquid phase associate into multi-molecular complexes through covalent bonds, the present article focuses on the possible structures of these complexes. Saturation at atomic level is a key concept to understand where connections occur and how far molecules aggregate. A periodic table for liquids with saturation levels is proposed, in agreement with the even-odd rule, for both organic and inorganic elements. With the aim at reaching the most stable complexes, meaning no other chemical reactions can occur in the liquid phase, the structure of complexes resulting from liquefaction of about 30 molecules is devised. The article concludes that complexes in liquids generally assume rounded shapes of an intermediate size between gas and solid structures. It shows that saturation and covalent bonds alone can explain the specific properties of liquids. While it is generally acknowledged that molecular energy in gases and solids are respectively linear kinetic and vibratory, we suggest that rotatory energy dominates in liquids.

基础隔震-外挂墙板减震钢筋混凝土框架振动台试验研究

该文提出一种新型的基础隔震-外挂墙板减震混合控制结构(简称“隔震-减震结构”)。该结构采用铅芯橡胶隔震支座作为基础隔震装置,上部结构则采用外挂墙板与U型金属消能器联合构成减震系统。通过减震与隔震混合控制,实现主体结构和围护墙体在罕遇地震下不发生损伤,可用于对韧性性能要求较高的生命线工程中。为对比研究隔震-减震结构与传统隔震结构的抗震性能,设计制作了一个在两方向上完全一致的1/2缩尺基础隔震钢筋混凝土框架结构,并在Y方向附加外挂墙板和U型金属消能器,形成隔震-减震结构,X方向不含外挂墙板,为隔震结构。分别在两个方向输入单向地震动进行振动台试验,试验结果表明:相比隔震结构,隔震-减震结构能进一步降低结构在设防和罕遇地震下的位移响应;隔震-减震结构在罕遇地震下最大层间位移角小于或接近钢筋混凝土框架结构弹性层间位移角限值,主体结构保持弹性,外挂墙板未出现损伤,可以实现预期的性能目标。

崩塌危岩体减震消能复合加固结构抗震性能试验研究

地震区工程建设中崩塌危岩体的加固方式目前主要是锚固和支挡两类结构形式。加固结构与危岩体的连结都采用刚性连结,结构与危岩体之间几乎无变形能力,因此抗震性能较差。在地震作用下,特别是强震作用下极易破坏失效,造成崩塌灾害,在我国西南地震区工程中大量存在此类破坏现象。为解决目前加固结构存在的问题,设计了一种允许地震作用下危岩体能够有限度的变位、可以缓冲危岩体的地震冲击力、具有减震消能功能的崩塌危岩体复合加固结构,结构由锚杆(索)、减震锚头(一级消能)、连梁、支撑桩以及设于连梁与支撑桩之间的作为二级减震消能装置所组成。为验证复合加固结构的功效,除理论分析外,利用振动台进行与同等条件普通锚杆加固结构的物理模型对比试验。试验选用具有地区代表性的不同波形、幅值与频率的地震波作为输入波形。理论分析与试验结果表明:复合加固结构相较于无防护措施的同样崩塌体理论分析,其位移增长速度显著降低,累积位移幅度显著减小;相较于传统锚杆加固结构,所承受的拉力和压力显著减小;峰值加速度放大系数明显降低。证明复合加固结构利用自身的弹塑性变形以及阻尼力,有效抵御由于地震作用在危岩体上产生的动应力,有效转移了危岩体的冲击动能,减震消能作用明显,避免加固结构损坏,从而阻止崩塌灾害的发生,证明复合加固结构能够分层次地削弥小震、中震、大震时产生的地震能峰值。减震消能复合结构为地震区崩塌危岩体的加固提供了一种新的加固方案,对于提升地震区工程中崩塌危岩体的加固技术具有较大的现实意义。

填埋场振动台试验及渐进式损伤能量识别

为了探讨地震作用下含导排衬垫层填埋场的损伤变形特性,开展了含导排衬垫层的填埋场边坡的大型振动台试验,并根据填埋场各处动态响应规律,提出了一种基于希尔伯特-黄(HHT)和边际谱的能量识别方法。该方法能够用于识别填埋场整体损伤和局部损伤,并根据实测位移值对该方法的有效性进行了讨论。试验结果表明,在输入波峰值加速度为0.3g时,坡脚正位移峰值及坡中负位移峰值突变;希尔波特谱峰值(PSHEA)随着高度的增加而增加,填埋场固废层希尔伯特能量大于衬垫及导排系统;输入波峰值加速度为0.3g及0.4g时,导排衬垫界处抗剪强度低面及中老固废交界震陷,边际谱峰值(PMSA)发生突变,能量传递异常。填埋场在地震作用下的损伤主要分为3个阶段:0.1g~0.2g未发生破坏阶段,0.3g~0.4g局部损伤阶段,破坏由导排及衬垫系统开始,0.5g整体破坏阶段填埋场边坡进入塑性变化;输入波幅值达到0.3g时衬垫导排层先产生滑移,峰值时刻固废交界处发生破坏。研究成果可为填埋场在地震作用下的损伤预测及填埋场抗震减灾技术设计提供参考依据。

基于时程分析方法的黏滞阻尼减震结构附加阻尼比计算研究

附设黏滞阻尼器后结构的附加阻尼比是进行减震结构设计的关键。基于目前计算附加阻尼比时应用得十分广泛的时程分析方法进行研究,首先从基本理论出发,分析基于特征向量法的快速非线性分析(FNA)方法、Ritz向量法的FNA方法、直接积分方法以及与3种计算方法对应的能量比法在附加阻尼比计算时所面临的主要问题及重要参数设置;然后通过一单自由度体系的振动台试验测试结果与各种计算方法的数值模拟结果进行对比分析,得到较为适合的附加阻尼比计算方法;最后将研究成果应用于实际工程结构,进一步验证所推荐方法和参数设置的正确合理性。研究旨在为今后广大一线减震设计工程师计算较为真实的附加阻尼比提供重要参考。

中国新能源产业关联测度及其效应分析

新发展阶段背景下能源消费转型的迫切性日益增强,以新能源为契机的能源结构转型是中国式现代化的重要内容。为了深入了解中国新能源产业现状及其对国民经济影响,设计并编制2015年、2017年、2018年和2020年新能源产业投入产出表。为了进一步分析新能源产业的关联效应,探究产业间的内部关联机制,运用结构分解法测算了新能源产业部门的内生乘数效应、回馈效应和外向溢出效应。研究发现:1)新能源产业规模发展整体呈上升趋势。新能源产业的增加值率处于较高水平,但整体上新能源产业部门对国民经济的影响未达到社会平均影响力,对国民经济发展的后项推动作用尚不明显。2)新能源产业的自身关联性不强,所有产业部门与新能源产业有后向直接关联关系,且在考虑间接消耗下,制造业、建筑业仍然是新能源产业的密切后向完全关联产业。3)通过静态分解效应发现,新能源产业部门的内生乘数效应、回馈效应和外向溢出效应均低于全社会平均水平,就产业部门自身来看,外向溢出效应是其部门产出增长的主要来源,但2020年有所下降并与内生乘数效应贡献持平;进一步动态分解效应发现,在观察期内的新能源产业部门产出增长的主要来源,经历了由其他部门最终需求刺激过渡到自身部门最终需求刺激,再到新一轮其他部门最终需求刺激的动态发展过程。总体上看,新能源产业与其他产业的关联程度动态增强趋势。新能源产业发展状态较为良好,处于上升蓬勃发展阶段。基于研究结果,提出以下建议:1)加大技术研发投入和推广普及新能源应用,增强新能源产业在国民经济部门中的以影响力为表征的前向牵引作用;2)合理规划和布局新能源产业集群发展,并连通其与制造业、建筑业等密切关联产业部门的生产交流通道,实现产业协同发展;3)加强新能源产业建设和政策引导扶持,以增强新能源产业感应能力优势,为实现中国式现代化助力。

Exploring the Dynamics of Industrial Convergence Among RCEP Member Countries: An Empirical Study

The evolving dynamics of industrial convergence among the member countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP)framework have emerged as a significant subject that merits in-depth consideration and analysis.This study initially employs multi-regional input-output(MRIO)data and the social network analysis(SNA)method to delineate the levels and variation trends of this industrial convergence across the RCEP member countries.It then delves into the positive effects of this convergence phenomenon on the trade and investment fields of the member countries.The research findings indicate:(a)In 2006 and 2015,before the implementation of the RCEP,the RCEP member countries displayed a relatively close industrial convergence.The convergence levels exhibited a general upward trend on both the supply and the demand sides,but there were significant disparities in the levels of industrial convergence among the member countries.Furthermore,while the convergence in the three economic sectors showed an increasing trend,the development was uneven across the board.(b)Since the implementation of the RCEP,the trade ties among the member countries within the region have strengthened significantly,and the interplay between the countries’industrial and supply chains has been characterized by high-quality collaboration and demonstrated remarkable resilience.In addition,the convergence in the investment fields of the RCEP member countries and their respective industries has unleashed a wave of positive synergies.These findings offer valuable insights that can serve as a robust foundation for formulating effective policies to advance the growth and prosperity of the RCEP region.

冰鲜展示台用甘露醇相变蓄冷剂的性能研究

为满足相变蓄冷冰鲜展示台的使用要求,选择甘露醇复合溶液作为相变蓄冷材料,其无毒、无害、相变温度为-5.5℃、相变潜热为295.7 J/g。在25℃下实验对比添加蓄冷材料前后运行过程中台面温度波动及耗电量的变化,从而分析系统的节能性和经济性。结果表明:在环境温度25℃下,在统计制冰耗电量基础上,与不制冷冰鲜展示台相比,使用蓄冷材料的冰鲜展示台能够延缓冰融化速度,结合峰谷分时电价机制后耗电量平均降低了37.6%,每年减少用冰13.14吨,节约电费1102元,减少二氧化碳排放1.12吨,项目投资回收期为0.8年。

调谐质量阻尼器和轨道型非线性能量阱减震性能对比研究

基于2层钢框架模型,通过试验对比了在地震作用下调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)和非线性能量阱(NES)的减震性能,分析了两者时(频)域曲线和减震效果的差异,探究了影响两者减震效果的因素.试验结果表明:对于处在低阶模态的结构,TMD的减震效果更好,减小加速度响应最多可达42.5%;轨道型非线性能量阱因轨道摩擦系数不同减震效果有差异,减小加速度响应最多可达24.7%,但傅里叶幅值略有降低,高阶模态下减震效果将更好.

聚合阻尼耗能减震结构理论模型及振动台试验

提出一种高层减震结构体系,将核心筒与外框架采用柔性滑动连接,并集中设置聚合阻尼减震系统,充分利用内部核心筒和外框架的侧向变形差耗散地震能量;建立了聚合阻尼减震结构的简化质点系模型,并得到地震作用下的位移传递公式;完成了模型结构的振动台模型试验,验证了聚合阻尼耗能减震结构的减震效果;最后通过工程算例分析得到了聚合阻尼耗能减震结构内核心筒、外框架的地震响应和减震效果,进一步探讨了地震作用下不同结构体系的塑性损伤状态,理论和试验研究结果表明聚合阻尼耗能减震结构可有效控制结构构件的塑性损伤。

A process-level hierarchical structural decomposition analysis (SDA) of energy consumption in an integrated steel plant

A hierarchical structural decomposition analysis(SDA) model has been developed based on process-level input-output(I-O) tables to analyze the drivers of energy consumption changes in an integrated steel plant during 2011-2013. By combining the principle of hierarchical decomposition into D&L method, a hierarchical decomposition model for multilevel SDA is obtained. The developed hierarchical IO-SDA model would provide consistent results and need less computation effort compared with the traditional SDA model. The decomposition results of the steel plant suggest that the technology improvement and reduced steel final demand are two major reasons for declined total energy consumption. The technical improvements of blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, the power plant and the by-products utilization level have contributed mostly in reducing energy consumption. A major retrofit of ancillary process units and solving fuel substitution problem in the sinter plant and blast furnace are important for further energy saving. Besides the empirical results, this work also discussed that why and how hierarchical SDA can be applied in a process-level decomposition analysis of aggregated indicators.

Energy Embodied in Goods in International Trade of China: Calculation and Policy Implications

In recent years, China's energy demand and Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have grown very fast, quite an amount of which was exported as energy embodied in goods in international trade rather than consumed domestically. Starting from the concept of embodied energy, based on input-output energy analysis approach, in this paper the energy embodied in goods in international trade of China during the period from 2001 to 2006 is calculated. The results show that although China has become a net importer of petroleum since 1993, China is a net exporter of embodied energy due to international trade in goods. In 2002, the total amount of energy embodied in exported goods was about 410 million tce (ton of coal equivalent, hereinafter referred to as "tce"). Eliminating the amount of energy embodied in imported goods of about 170 million tce, the net export of embodied energy was about 240 million tce, accounting for 16% of the aggregate primary energy consumption of that very year in China, and the net export of embodied emissions was about 150 million tons of carbon. With the rapid growth of China's international trade, assuming no structural input-output changes of among sectors, in 2006 the net export of embodied energy went up to about 630 million tce, an increase of 162 % over 2002. In addition, this paper also analyzes the possible sources of error in calculation, and also discusses the policy implications according to the result of the calculation.

Nonlinear aspects of energy dissipation in wood-panel joints Sara Casciati

The joints connecting vertical and horizontal elements are the ＂weak link＂ in structural systems assembled from wood panels. If they are too weak, local failures may occur, resulting in performance that is significantly below expectations. If they are too resistant, the joints may be unable to dissipate energy during vibrations, thus possibly initiating a fast progressive failure. This paper re-processes and re-elaborates the results of shaking table tests previously carried out by the author and other co-workers. The goal is to assess the feasibility of a joint which is able to dissipate energy during vibration, without degrading the connection performance.