Development of the interconnected power grid in Europe and suggestions for the energy internet in China

The European power grid is one of the largest regional interconnected power grids in the world.It realizes a multinational grid operation,which is rare.The total installed capacity of the European power grid is the largest throughout the world.In addition,the integration and utilization of renewable energy in this grid is a great benchmark for other countries and can help promote energy transformation and achieve a high proportion of renewable energy consumption.Based on the analysis of the existing status of the European interconnected power grid and the development history of this power grid,this paper summarizes four key development stages of the European power grid.In addition,the characteristics of each stage and the development prospect of the European power grid are analyzed.On this basis,this paper gives suggestions for the development and construction of China’s energy internet;this can provide valuable reference for further studies on China’s energy internet.

Progress and prospects of innovative coal-fired power plants within the energy internet

The development of electrical engineering and electronic, communications, smart power grid, and ultra-high voltage transmission technologies have driven the energy system revolution to the next generation: the energy internet. Progressive penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the energy system has led to unprecedented challenges to the currently wide use of coal-fired power generation technologies. Here, the applications and prospects of advanced coal-fired power generation technologies are analyzed. These technologies can be summarized into three categories:(1) large-scale and higher parameters coal-fired power generation technologies, including 620/650/700 oC ultra-supercritical thermal power and double reheat ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation technologies;(2) system innovation and specific, highefficiency thermal cycles, which consist of renewable energy-aided coal-fired power generation technologies, a supercritical CO_2 Brayton cycle for coal-fired power plants, large-scale air-cooling coal-fired power plant technologies, and innovative layouts for waste heat utilization and enhanced energy cascade utilization;(3) coal-fired power generation combined with poly-generation technologies, which are represented by integrated gasification combined cycle(IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC) technologies. Concerning the existing coal-fired power units, which are responsible for peak shaving, possible strategies for enhancing flexibility and operational stability are discussed. Furthermore, future trends for coal-fired power plants coupled with cyber-physical system(CPS) technologies are introduced. The development of advanced, coal-fired power generation technologies demonstrates the progress of science and is suitable for the sustainable development of human society.

Smart Grids with Intelligent Periphery:An Architecture for the Energy Internet

A future smart grid must fulfill the vision of the Energy Internet in which millions of people produce their own energy from renewables in their homes, offices, and factories and share it with each other. Electric vehicles and local energy storage will be widely deployed. Internet technology will be utilized to transform the power grid into an energysharing inter-grid. To prepare for the future, a smart grid with intelligent periphery, or smart GRIP, is proposed. The building blocks of GRIP architecture are called clusters and include an energy-management system （EMS）-controlled transmission grid in the core and distribution grids, micro-grids, and smart buildings and homes on the periphery; all of which are hierarchically structured. The layered architecture of GRIP allows a seamless transition from the present to the future and plug-and-play interoperability. The basic functions of a cluster consist of （1） dispatch, （2） smoothing, and （3） mitigation. A risk-limiting dispatch methodology is presented; a new device, called the electric spring, is developed for smoothing out fluctuations in periphery clusters; and means to mitigate failures are discussed.

Discussion on Energy Internet and Its Key Technology

Energy and environmental problems are among the important factors restricting economic development. The development of green energy is an important measure to deal with energy and environmental problems, such as wind energy and photovoltaic. Energy Internet is an important mean to promote the transformation of the energy structure, improve energy efficiency and reduce pollution. In introduction, the energy Internet is put forward. Then the architecture and characteristics of energy Internet, such as integration, openness, intelligence and marketization of energy Internet are analyzed. Next, key technologies such as energy router, virtual power plant and network security technology are discussed. Finally, a few suggestions for the development of energy Internet are proposed, and hoped to promote the development of energy Internet.

Modeling of comprehensive power load of fishery energy internet considering fishery meteorology

Accurate calculation for comprehensive power load of fishery energy internet plays a significant role in reasonable using of energy and reducing environmental pollution.However,as fishery power load is of greatly unique meteorology sensitivity,it continues to be a difficult problem.Therefore,the research of fishery meteorology is an important part of the rational development of fishery resources,the protection of production safety,and the pursuit of high and stable yield.This paper makes a deep study on the power load of the fishery energy internet under the influence of fishery meteorology and takes onshore fish pond as the research object.First of all,the power load is divided into three parts:oxygen enrichment power load,feeding power load,and water replenishment and drainage power load.The impact mechanism of fishery meteorology(including temperature,surface wind speed,precipitation,relative humidity,etc.)on it is described,and then the overall power load is obtained through modeling and integration.Finally,taking the Yuguang Complementary Project in Zhouquan Town,Tongxiang,Zhejiang Province,China as an example,using the meteorological data of its typical spring day and using the MATLAB tool to solve,the hourly comparison of the three types of power loads,the comprehensive power load demand,the full-day electricity charge forecast and the total annual power consumption are calculated.The annual power consumption per hectare and per kilogram of output calculated by simulation are basically consistent with the order of magnitude of the survey data,which proves the validity of the model proposed.The model established in this paper is an original work,and the exploration of fishery energy internet can draw lessons from it.

Energy internet or comprehensive energy network?

What needs to be developed from the concept of"Smart Grid"is that:when renewable energy sources are absolutely prevailing in power generation,distributed power generation and distributed energy storage systems are widespread across the grid,and electric vehicle charging loads are prevailing in power load demands,how can the power grid support electric power as a core secondary energy source,undertake the role of a bridge between primary energy and end-use energy,and achieve the coordination and the optimization in macro energy perspective;how to guarantee the security of both macro energy and environment as well as the reliability of electricity.If a new term is needed,it should be Comprehensive Energy Network,not Energy Internet.

Optimal dispatch of zero-carbon-emission micro Energy Internet integrated with non-supplementary fired compressed air energy storage system

To utilize heat and electricity in a clean and integrated manner,a zero-carbon-emission micro Energy Internet(ZCE-MEI) architecture is proposed by incorporating non-supplementary fired compressed air energy storage(NSF-CAES) hub.A typical ZCE-MEI combining power distribution network(PDN) and district heating network(DHN) with NSF-CAES is considered in this paper.NSF-CAES hub is formulated to take the thermal dynamic and pressure behavior into account to enhance dispatch flexibility.A modified Dist Flow model is utilized to allow several discrete and continuous reactive power compensators to maintain voltage quality of PDN.Optimal operation of the ZCE-MEI is firstly modeled as a mixed integer nonlinear programming(MINLP).Several transformations and simplifications are taken to convert the problem as a mixed integer linear programming(MILP)which can be effectively solved by CPLEX.A typical test system composed of a NSF-CAES hub,a 33-bus PDN,and an 8-node DHN is adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed ZCE-MEI in terms of reducing operation cost and wind curtailment.

A comprehensive review of Energy Internet: basic concept,operation and planning methods, and research prospects

With the intensifying energy crisis and environmental pollution, the Energy Internet and corresponding patterns of energy use have been attracting more and more attention. In this paper, the basic concept and characteristics of the Energy Internet are summarized, and its basic structural framework is analyzed in detail. On this basis,couplings between the electric power system and other systems such as the cooling and heating system, the natural gas system, and the traffic system are analyzed, and the operation and planning of integrated energy systems in both deterministic and uncertain environments are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the research prospects and main technical challenges of the Energy Internet are discussed.

Energy-Efficient Power Allocation for IoT Devices in CR-NOMA Networks

Non-orthogonal multiple access is a promising technique to meet the harsh requirements for the internet of things devices in cognitive radio networks.To improve the energy efficiency(EE)of the unlicensed secondary users(SU),a power allocation(PA)algorithm with polynomial complexity is investigated.We first establish the feasible range of power consumption ratio using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions to support each SU’s minimum quality of service and the effectiveness of successive interference cancellation.Then,we formulate the EE optimization problem considering the total transmit power requirements which leads to a non-convex fractional programming problem.To efficiently solve the problem,we divide it into an inner-layer and outer-layer optimization sub-problems.The inner-layer optimization which is formulated to maximize the sub-carrier PA coefficients can be transformed into the difference of convex programming by using the first-order Taylor expansion.Based on the solution of the inner-layer optimization sub-problem,the concave-convex fractional programming problem of the outer-layer optimization sub-problem may be converted into the Lagrangian relaxation model employing the Dinkelbach algorithm.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a faster convergence speed than the simulated annealing algorithm,while the average system EE loss is only less than 2%.

Directed Acyclic Graph Blockchain for Secure Spectrum Sharing and Energy Trading in Power IoT

Peer-to-peer(P2P)spectrum sharing and energy trading are promising solutions to locally satisfy spectrum and energy demands in power Internet of Things(IoT).However,implementation of largescale P2P spectrum sharing and energy trading confronts security and privacy challenges.In this paper,we exploit consortium blockchain and Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)to propose a new secure and distributed spectrum sharing and energy trading framework in power IoT,named spectrum-energy chain,where a set of local aggregators(LAGs)cooperatively confirm the identity of the power devices by utilizing consortium blockchain,so as to form a main chain.Then,the local power devices verify spectrum and energy micro-transactions simultaneously but asynchronously to form local spectrum tangle and local energy tangle,respectively.Moreover,an iterative double auction based micro transactions scheme is designed to solve the spectrum and energy pricing and the amount of shared spectrum and energy among power devices.Security analysis and numerical results illustrate that the developed spectrum-energy chain and the designed iterative double auction based microtransactions scheme are secure and efficient for spectrum sharing and energy trading in power IoT.

一种基于Internet技术的校园电力节能监控系统研究

为促进校园的节能管理工作,研制了一种基于Internet技术的校园电力节能监控系统,设计了该监控系统的各个组成部分,此系统可实现实时计量、分项计量、分级管理、自动监控等功能。该校园电力节能监控系统经在广东某高职院校安装应用的实践证明其能够增强校园的节能管理和考核工作,培养大家的节能意识,节能效益明显,值得进一步推广。

基于Internet和PLC的电能表数据采集系统的设计

以C8051F020单片机为核心,设计了一种利用Internet和低压电力网实现的电能表数据采集系统。介绍了系统结构和功能,阐述了Internet通信和电力网载波通信PLC的实现和软、硬件设计方案,给出了部分电路原理图和程序流程图。采用低压电力网作为数据集中器、终端采集器的传输通道和Internet通信技术,将数据集中器存储的电能数据上传到系统管理中心,实现了电能表的远程自动抄收和管理功能。该系统成本低、可靠性高、稳定性好,可有效提高电力系统管理的自动化程度。

UAV-Aided Data and Energy Integrated Network: System Design and Prototype Development

Terminal devices deployed in outdoor environments are facing a thorny problem of power supply.Data and energy integrated network(DEIN)is a promising technology to solve the problem,which simultaneously transfers data and energy through radio frequency signals.State-of-the-art researches mostly focus on theoretical aspects.By contrast,we provide a complete design and implementation of a fully functioning DEIN system with the support of an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV).The UAV can be dispatched to areas of interest to remotely recharge batteryless terminals,while collecting essential information from them.Then,the UAV uploads the information to remote base stations.Our system verifies the feasibility of the DEIN in practical applications.

High-Power Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer: Injection-Locked Magnetron Technology

Applications using simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)have increased significantly.Wireless communication technologies can be combined with the Internet of Things to develop many innovative applications using SWIPT,which is mainly based on wireless energy harvesting from electromagnetic waves used in communications.Wireless power transfer that uses magnetrons has been developed for communication technologies.Injection-locked magnetrons that can be used to facilitate high-power SWIPT for several devices are reviewed in this paper.This new technology is expected to pave the way for promoting the application of SWIPT in a wide range of fields.

电能路由器电气安全风险解析与关键试验研究

电能路由器是未来能源互联网的核心装备,但尚无对于其电气安全方面的测试标准。本文对于电能路由器风险源可能存在的情况进行了详尽的分类解析;重点针对电气安全列出了安全检测项目和指标,给出了电能路由器的测试系统,并根据应用场景制订了测试工况。

万物互联视角下的能源物联网:现状、技术和案例分析

[目的]万物互联(IoE)时代酝酿着的新一代物联网(IoT)的发展,正在通过选择和组合其中的新信息、新功能、新应用,来实现其多样化发展。基于物联网技术的能源物联网,将物理事物之间的信息交换和能源交换,在同一张动态网络中连接起来。能源物联网催生着新的服务模式和能源的组织、交换、管理方式;它不仅涵盖能源即服务(Energy-as-a-service)和产销者(Prosumer)等新概念,还引领智慧建筑、智能抄表、智慧电网、分布式能源、虚拟电厂等创新应用。[方法]文章分析了能源物联网的现状,包括其关键的行业驱动因素、潜在的技术和应用,及其相关的研究进展。[结果]从学术和行业应用的角度讨论和比较了能源互联网与能源物联网的定义,并分析了面向能源物联网演进的一些主要阶段和需要关注的问题。[结论]文章为能源物联网的进一步研究和实践提供有益的参考。

基于可逆固体氧化物电池的气电双向耦合统一调度优化

传统多能市场模型一般将异质能源转换装置视作市场主体,例如燃气电厂等。能源互联网理念下,异质能源的综合利用要求打破种类壁垒,形成统一能源传输系统。计量的能源形式不统一,能源转换方向单一,限制了能源互联网的应用场景。基于实验数据推导可逆固体氧化物电池(reversal solid oxide cells,r SOC)等效物理模型,提出一种rSOC双向能源传输管道的电力-天然气统一市场模型,并将节点边际价格(locational marginal price,LMP)推广到异质能源的统一能价机制,验证rSOC异质能价双向传递作用。研究表明应用rSOC双向传输管道有助于节省供能成本,提高综合能源市场经济效益和调度效率。所提异质能源市场统一价格理论,以及气电统一市场模型为综合能源联合交易提供理论基础和模型参考。

能源互联网下考虑业务可靠性的综合数据网边端协同机制

能源互联网下海量电力业务的可靠性需要得到保证,避免业务传输时受到通信质量不佳和中断等问题的影响。对此,该文分析现有能源互联网下电力业务传统传输机制和存在问题,设计终端点对点、终端到现场服务器点对点的交互模式,明确边端协同的交互过程。边端协同可保证电网业务在出现网络故障或者不确定性因素的影响时,通过边缘代理实现业务信息上传或者本地化处理,亦可通过终端和终端之间互联进行信息传输,文中分析边端协同下点对点交互模型以及边端覆盖模型,在相关模型的基础上模拟仿真业务运行的情况和可靠性优化效果。经仿真分析文中所提边端协同机制能提升业务的可靠性。

电力物联网下基于云边协同的计算任务放置算法

电力无线网具有高可靠、安全性优势,但存在频段资源有限、输变电场景基站取能较为困难等诸多不利因素,基于云边协同的计算任务放置算法进行电力无线网的优化研究具有重要意义。云计算作为一种集中式的解决方案可以提供充足的计算资源,但是电力物联网设备与云服务器通信时存在低带宽和高时延的问题。由此,研究人员提出了边缘计算的概念,综合云计算和边缘计算的优点,云边协同逐渐以互补运作的模式得到广泛应用。文章提出一种云边协同场景下计算任务放置的改进优化算法,即基于文化基因(memetic algorithm,MA)的计算任务放置算法,以最小化电力物联网设备的能耗以及电力物联网应用程序的执行时间。基于MA的计算任务放置算法分3个阶段:预调度阶段、并行应用程序的计算任务放置阶段和故障恢复阶段。通过仿真结果验证,与现有算法对比,文章所提算法的性能包括带宽、最大迭代数、决策时间等方面都得到显著提高。

电力物联网背景下综合能源微网调度运行策略研究

在电力物联网深化综合能源系统变革的背景下,物联网从技术层面为综合能源服务提供了新的驱动力,但对其面向更多元的能源生产与消费情景提出了更多要求。传统微网系统已经难以适应新形势下调节多能耦合,及精准预测调度的愿景。文中以综合能源系统为根基,提出面向电力物联网的综合能源微网框架。指出应用层面要实现经济优化调度、综合能源整体布局和能源交易。提出能源供应商面向市场的上、下两层迭代优化调度的新型策略。根据模型特点,上层是以综合能源供应商利润最大为目标函数的优化调度数学模型,采用MATLAB/CPLEX求解器求解。下层为能源市场出清的数学模型,采用粒子群算法求解。通过算例结果表明,综合能源市场能够寻优到最佳社会福利点,能源供应商能够合理分配、利用各能源设备,进一步验证了所提方法的实操性。