Over the past twenty years China has made astonishing achievements in theenergy domain and the total output of coal,electricity and petroleum ranked respectively thefirst,second and fifth place in the world.China has ...Over the past twenty years China has made astonishing achievements in theenergy domain and the total output of coal,electricity and petroleum ranked respectively thefirst,second and fifth place in the world.China has established a strong energy base and resolvedthe energy supply to most villages and farmers to prop up the development of China''s economy.展开更多
This paper introduces the energy consumption status in China, elaborate the affects of the unreasonable energy consumption structure on energy environment and sustainable development of economy. Simultaneously, it poi...This paper introduces the energy consumption status in China, elaborate the affects of the unreasonable energy consumption structure on energy environment and sustainable development of economy. Simultaneously, it points out the solution, i.e., to implement integrated resources planning (IRP)/demand side management (DSM), and gives some recommendations on the way of implementing IRP/DSM.展开更多
In an era governed by economic crisis, deep recession and lack of funds, the perspective of sustainable development drives local government to a more focused and constant effort to adapt to their daily requirements no...In an era governed by economic crisis, deep recession and lack of funds, the perspective of sustainable development drives local government to a more focused and constant effort to adapt to their daily requirements not only in respect to the central state but also towards the growing needs of the local society. As the need for planning actions in accordance with the principles of sustainable energy remains urgent, municipalities continue to envision and to respond to their role in helping to create a better future for generations to come. Thereupon the vision of the Municipality of Hersonissos, as firstly recorded in its Business Plan for 2011-2014, was, and still is, its＇ development in an Economic, Tourist and Cultural pole by adopting and applying the basic principles of sustainable development. At the same time the Municipality＇s rigid vision, planning, and evaluation, oriented by environmental protection, highlighted the need for networking on European level as although cities are different, their problems are often common. Thus on April 18, 2011, the Municipality of Hersonissos, joined the European Union initiative ＂Covenant of Mayors＂ [1] with the common aim of the fight against climate change. This article presents the significant initiatives taken in this direction in the last decade and their results not only on economical level but also along their social impact. It also aims to point out a municipality＇s vital role in knowledge and technology diffusion within the local society as sustainable energy development can be deployed not only by the private sector but also by the public.展开更多
In line with achieving the outlook of Sustainable Energy Development(SED),Iran intends to increase the share of clean power to at least 8%of the country’s capacity by the end of 2026.This research aims to investigate...In line with achieving the outlook of Sustainable Energy Development(SED),Iran intends to increase the share of clean power to at least 8%of the country’s capacity by the end of 2026.This research aims to investigate the role and share of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plants(BNPP-1,2,3)in achieving the SED perspective of Iran,which has never been examined so far.In this connection,the comparative analyses of various power plants(PPs)of Iran including nuclear,fossil fuel,biomass,wind,solar thermal,photovoltaic,geothermal,and hydro PPs are carried out and discussed.The main indicators of SED such as Levelized Cost of Electricity(LCOE)metric,grid-level system cost,investment cost,external cost,average CO_(2) equivalent emission,ecosystem impact,required land area,required water,preservation of natural resources,human health,created jobs,international cooperation,social acceptance and Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR),and energy-water hub are thoroughly investigated.The statistical data used in the present study are extracted based on the authors’experiences gained during the construction,operation and maintenance(O&M)of BNPP-1,the energy-environment balance sheets of Iran,as well as the design documents of BNPPs.Moreover,the gathered data are evaluated using MatLab programing language and analyzed in terms of comparative diagrams.The evaluations of BNPP-1 performance within the framework of SED indicate that BNPP-1 has little effect on ecosystems and is among the lowest greenhouse gases emitters compared to other Iran’s PPs so that it annually prevent the release of 0.7 million tonnes of carbon,SO_(x),and NO_(x) compared to a gas-fired PP.Also,the cost analysis shows that the external cost of BNPP-1 is nearly zero and the grid-level cost is approximately 3 USD/(MW·h)which is much lower than that for renewable powers.As per the LCOE metric and the cost of fuel supply,BNPP-1 is cost-competitive with other Iran’s PPs.The nuclear fuel cost of BNPP-1 is nearly 49 million USD per year which is at least 666 million USD per year less than Iran’s fossil fuel power plants(FFPPs).As per the nuclear and radiation safety of BNPP-1,the results illustrate that the average dose received by the residents living around the BNPP-1 is 2×10^(−4) mSv/year that is 10000 times smaller than the average natural background radiation.Within the past ten years of BNPP-1 operation,no increase in cancers or death of skilled workers and residents living around the BNPP-1 has been reported.In addition to the production of clean power and freshwater,BNPP-1 has been developing excellent international relations and has been creating high-paying jobs,in particular for the local societies.Consequently,BNPP-1 could minimize the socio-economic and environmental concerns compared to the other Iran’s PPs,and therefore,BNPPs may play a vital and key role towards achieving the SED outlook of Iran through producing clean,reasonably-priced,environmentally friendly,reliable,and sustainable power and freshwater.Accordingly,Iran is to substitute nuclear power with more portions of the FFPPs in line with the sustainable development goals.展开更多
With economic growth and social progress, human society has ever-increasing demands and dependence for traffic and communication. Automobile, as one of the essential means of transportation, is acting more and more im...With economic growth and social progress, human society has ever-increasing demands and dependence for traffic and communication. Automobile, as one of the essential means of transportation, is acting more and more important part in promoting the flow of people and goods.展开更多
文摘Over the past twenty years China has made astonishing achievements in theenergy domain and the total output of coal,electricity and petroleum ranked respectively thefirst,second and fifth place in the world.China has established a strong energy base and resolvedthe energy supply to most villages and farmers to prop up the development of China''s economy.
文摘This paper introduces the energy consumption status in China, elaborate the affects of the unreasonable energy consumption structure on energy environment and sustainable development of economy. Simultaneously, it points out the solution, i.e., to implement integrated resources planning (IRP)/demand side management (DSM), and gives some recommendations on the way of implementing IRP/DSM.
文摘In an era governed by economic crisis, deep recession and lack of funds, the perspective of sustainable development drives local government to a more focused and constant effort to adapt to their daily requirements not only in respect to the central state but also towards the growing needs of the local society. As the need for planning actions in accordance with the principles of sustainable energy remains urgent, municipalities continue to envision and to respond to their role in helping to create a better future for generations to come. Thereupon the vision of the Municipality of Hersonissos, as firstly recorded in its Business Plan for 2011-2014, was, and still is, its＇ development in an Economic, Tourist and Cultural pole by adopting and applying the basic principles of sustainable development. At the same time the Municipality＇s rigid vision, planning, and evaluation, oriented by environmental protection, highlighted the need for networking on European level as although cities are different, their problems are often common. Thus on April 18, 2011, the Municipality of Hersonissos, joined the European Union initiative ＂Covenant of Mayors＂ [1] with the common aim of the fight against climate change. This article presents the significant initiatives taken in this direction in the last decade and their results not only on economical level but also along their social impact. It also aims to point out a municipality＇s vital role in knowledge and technology diffusion within the local society as sustainable energy development can be deployed not only by the private sector but also by the public.
文摘In line with achieving the outlook of Sustainable Energy Development(SED),Iran intends to increase the share of clean power to at least 8%of the country’s capacity by the end of 2026.This research aims to investigate the role and share of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plants(BNPP-1,2,3)in achieving the SED perspective of Iran,which has never been examined so far.In this connection,the comparative analyses of various power plants(PPs)of Iran including nuclear,fossil fuel,biomass,wind,solar thermal,photovoltaic,geothermal,and hydro PPs are carried out and discussed.The main indicators of SED such as Levelized Cost of Electricity(LCOE)metric,grid-level system cost,investment cost,external cost,average CO_(2) equivalent emission,ecosystem impact,required land area,required water,preservation of natural resources,human health,created jobs,international cooperation,social acceptance and Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR),and energy-water hub are thoroughly investigated.The statistical data used in the present study are extracted based on the authors’experiences gained during the construction,operation and maintenance(O&M)of BNPP-1,the energy-environment balance sheets of Iran,as well as the design documents of BNPPs.Moreover,the gathered data are evaluated using MatLab programing language and analyzed in terms of comparative diagrams.The evaluations of BNPP-1 performance within the framework of SED indicate that BNPP-1 has little effect on ecosystems and is among the lowest greenhouse gases emitters compared to other Iran’s PPs so that it annually prevent the release of 0.7 million tonnes of carbon,SO_(x),and NO_(x) compared to a gas-fired PP.Also,the cost analysis shows that the external cost of BNPP-1 is nearly zero and the grid-level cost is approximately 3 USD/(MW·h)which is much lower than that for renewable powers.As per the LCOE metric and the cost of fuel supply,BNPP-1 is cost-competitive with other Iran’s PPs.The nuclear fuel cost of BNPP-1 is nearly 49 million USD per year which is at least 666 million USD per year less than Iran’s fossil fuel power plants(FFPPs).As per the nuclear and radiation safety of BNPP-1,the results illustrate that the average dose received by the residents living around the BNPP-1 is 2×10^(−4) mSv/year that is 10000 times smaller than the average natural background radiation.Within the past ten years of BNPP-1 operation,no increase in cancers or death of skilled workers and residents living around the BNPP-1 has been reported.In addition to the production of clean power and freshwater,BNPP-1 has been developing excellent international relations and has been creating high-paying jobs,in particular for the local societies.Consequently,BNPP-1 could minimize the socio-economic and environmental concerns compared to the other Iran’s PPs,and therefore,BNPPs may play a vital and key role towards achieving the SED outlook of Iran through producing clean,reasonably-priced,environmentally friendly,reliable,and sustainable power and freshwater.Accordingly,Iran is to substitute nuclear power with more portions of the FFPPs in line with the sustainable development goals.
文摘With economic growth and social progress, human society has ever-increasing demands and dependence for traffic and communication. Automobile, as one of the essential means of transportation, is acting more and more important part in promoting the flow of people and goods.
