Investigating and predicting the role of photovoltaic, wind, and hydrogen energies in sustainable global energy evolution

The global shift toward next-generation energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to combat climate change and the dwindling supply of fossil fuels.This review explores the intricate challenges and opportunities for transitioning to sustainable renewable energy sources such as solar,wind,and hydrogen.This transition economically challenges traditional energy sectors while fostering new industries,promoting job growth,and sustainable economic development.The transition to renewable energy demands social equity,ensuring universal access to affordable energy,and considering community impact.The environmental benefits include a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a lesser ecological footprint.This study highlights the rapid growth of the global wind power market,which is projected to increase from$112.23 billion in 2022 to$278.43 billion by 2030,with a compound annual growth rate of 13.67%.In addition,the demand for hydrogen is expected to increase,significantly impacting the market with potential cost reductions and making it a critical renewable energy source owing to its affordability and zero emissions.By 2028,renewables are predicted to account for 42%of global electricity generation,with significant contributions from wind and solar photovoltaic(PV)technology,particularly in China,the European Union,the United States,and India.These developments signify a global commitment to diversifying energy sources,reducing emissions,and moving toward cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions.This review offers stakeholders the insights required to smoothly transition to sustainable energy,setting the stage for a resilient future.

Heavy ion energy influence on multiple-cell upsets in small sensitive volumes:from standard to high energies

The 28 nm process has a high cost-performance ratio and has gradually become the standard for the field of radiation-hardened devices.However,owing to the minimum physical gate length of only 35 nm,the physical area of a standard 6T SRAM unit is approximately 0.16μm^(2),resulting in a significant enhancement of multi-cell charge-sharing effects.Multiple-cell upsets(MCUs)have become the primary physical mechanism behind single-event upsets(SEUs)in advanced nanometer node devices.The range of ionization track effects increases with higher ion energies,and spacecraft in orbit primarily experience SEUs caused by high-energy ions.However,ground accelerator experiments have mainly obtained low-energy ion irradiation data.Therefore,the impact of ion energy on the SEU cross section,charge collection mechanisms,and MCU patterns and quantities in advanced nanometer devices remains unclear.In this study,based on the experimental platform of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou,low-and high-energy heavy-ion beams were used to study the SEUs of 28 nm SRAM devices.The influence of ion energy on the charge collection processes of small-sensitive-volume devices,MCU patterns,and upset cross sections was obtained,and the applicable range of the inverse cosine law was clarified.The findings of this study are an important guide for the accurate evaluation of SEUs in advanced nanometer devices and for the development of radiation-hardening techniques.

Crosstalk between degradation and bioenergetics: how autophagy and endolysosomal processes regulate energy production

Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.

MXene Hybridized Polymer with Enhanced Electromagnetic Energy Harvest for Sensitized Microwave Actuation and Self‑Powered Motion Sensing

Polymeric microwave actuators combining tissue-like softness with programmablemicrowave-responsive deformation hold great promise for mobile intelligentdevices and bionic soft robots. However, their application is challenged by restricted electromagneticsensitivity and intricate sensing coupling. In this study, a sensitized polymericmicrowave actuator is fabricated by hybridizing a liquid crystal polymer with Ti3C2Tx(MXene). Compared to the initial counterpart, the hybrid polymer exhibits unique spacechargepolarization and interfacial polarization, resulting in significant improvements of230% in the dielectric loss factor and 830% in the apparent efficiency of electromagneticenergy harvest. The sensitized microwave actuation demonstrates as the shortenedresponse time of nearly 10 s, which is merely 13% of that for the initial shape memory polymer. Moreover, the ultra-low content of MXene (upto 0.15 wt%) benefits for maintaining the actuation potential of the hybrid polymer. An innovative self-powered sensing prototype that combinesdriving and piezoelectric polymers is developed, which generates real-time electric potential feedback (open-circuit potential of ~ 3 mV) duringactuation. The polarization-dominant energy conversion mechanism observed in the MXene-polymer hybrid structure furnishes a new approachfor developing efficient electromagnetic dissipative structures and shows potential for advancing polymeric electromagnetic intelligent devices.

Defect Engineering with Rational Dopants Modulation for High‑Temperature Energy Harvesting in Lead‑Free Piezoceramics

High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,including high figure of merit(FOM),insulation resistivity(ρ)and depolarization temperature(Td)are indispensable but hard to achieve in lead-free piezoceramics,especially operating at 250°C has not been reported before.Herein,well-balanced performances are achieved in BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics via innovative defect engineering with respect to delicate manganese doping.Due to the synergistic effect of enhancing electrostrictive coefficient by polarization configuration optimization,regulating iron ion oxidation state by high valence manganese ion and stabilizing domain orientation by defect dipole,comprehensive excellent electrical performances(Td=340°C,ρ250°C>10^(7)Ωcm and FOM_(250°C)=4905×10^(–15)m^(2)N^(−1))are realized at the solid solubility limit of manganese ions.The HT-PEHs assembled using the rationally designed piezoceramic can allow for fast charging of commercial electrolytic capacitor at 250°C with high energy conversion efficiency(η=11.43%).These characteristics demonstrate that defect engineering tailored BF-BT can satisfy high-end HT-PEHs requirements,paving a new way in developing selfpowered wireless sensors working in HT environments.

Influences of Financial Development and Energy Price on Renewable Energy:An Italian Case

Global climate change has created substantial difficulties in the areas of sustainability,development,and environmental conservation due to the widespread dependence on fossil fuels for energy production.Nevertheless,the promotion of renewable energy programs has the potential to significantly expedite endeavors aimed at tackling climate change.Thus,it is essential to conduct a thorough analysis that considers the financial aspects to fully understand the main hurdles that are preventing the advancement of renewable energy initiatives.Italy is a leading country in the worldwide deployment of renewable energy.The objective of this research is to assess the impact of financial growth,economic progress,and energy expenses on Italy’s adoption of renewable energy sources.By employing the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag(ARDL)technique,we analyzed annual data spanning from1990 to 2022.Findings revealed that a 1%increase in financial and economic development would boost renewable energy consumption in the long run by 0.29%and 0.48%,respectively.Instead,a 1%increase in energy prices might reduce consumption of renewable energy by 0.05%in the long run.This study’s primary significance lies in furnishing actionable strategies for Italy to augment green finance for renewable energy,fostering sustained social and economic progress.Moreover,the analytical insights gleaned from this research offer valuable insights for energy-importing nations worldwide.

A Review on Integration of IoT as an Approach for Energy Saving in Smart Sustainable Cities

Rapid urbanization has been happening around the world,leading to many challenges and difficulties in infrastructure,communication network,transportation,environmental and organizational problems.Proper and responsible management of urban resources plays a significant role in sustainable development.Smart sustainable cities use ICTs(Information and Communication Technologies)to improve quality of life,efficiency of urban operation and services.The latest advancement in communication,technology,data management,and IoT(Internet of Things)provide a tremendous role for practical implementations and adoption of devices and entities.Smart sustainable cities can be intellectualized as an innovative approach of controlling urban resources and valuable components based on the latest advancement in ICT.Our study focuses on reviewing and discussing the literature that states the vital components of IoT associated with smart sustainable cities in general and specifically with green energy.

CRITIC-CoCoSoModel Application in Hybrid Solar-Wind Energy Plant Location Selection Problem:A Case Study in Vietnam

This paper presents a novel multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)model for selecting optimal locations for a solar-wind hybrid energy plant in Vietnam.The study employs the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation(CRITIC)and Combined Compromise Solution(CoCoSo)methods to address the challenge of evaluating potential sites based on a range of economic,technical,environmental,and social criteria.By integrating CRITIC for criteria weighting and CoCoSo for ranking alternatives,the study underscores the importance of objective,data-driven approaches in the strategic planning and implementation of sustainable energy projects.The results identifyHamThuanNamDistrict inBinhThuan Province(DA4)as themost suitable site for the solar-wind hybrid energy plant,with a performance score of 2.0919.Phan Thiet City(DA3)and Ninh Phuoc District(DA6)rank second and third,with scores of 2.0655 and 1.8723,respectively.Sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of the model,showing stable rankings under various scenarios.

Value Assessment Method for the Grid-Alternative Energy Storage Based on Coordinated Planning Framework

As the development of new power systems accelerates and the impacts of high renewable energy integration and extreme weather intensify,grid-alternative energy storage is garnering increasing attention for its grid-interaction benefits and clear business models.Consequently,assessing the value of grid-alternative energy storage in the systemtransition has become critically important.Considering the performance characteristics of storage,we propose a value assessment frame-work for grid-alternative energy storage,quantifying its non-wires-alternative effects from both cost and benefit perspectives.Building on this,we developed a collaborative planning model for energy storage and transmission grids,aimed at maximizing the economic benefits of storage systems while balancing investment and operational costs.The model considers regional grid interconnections and their interactions with system operation.By participating in system operations,grid-alternative energy storage not only maximizes its own economic benefits but also generates social welfare transfer effects.Furthermore,based on multi-regional interconnected planning,grid-alternative energy storage can reduce system costs by approximately 35%,with the most significant changes observed in generation costs.Multi-regional coordinated planning significantly enhances the sys-tem’s flexibility in regulation.However,when the load factor of interconnection lines between regions remains constant,system operational flexibility tends to decrease,leading to a roughly 28.9%increase in storage investment.Additionally,under regional coordinated planning,the greater the disparity in wind power integration across interconnected regions,the more noticeable the reduction in system costs.

Analysis of Renewable Energy Absorption and Economic Feasibility in Multi-Energy Complementary Systems under Spot Market Conditions

As the power system transitions to a new green and low-carbon paradigm,the penetration of renewable energy in China’s power system is gradually increasing.However,the variability and uncertainty of renewable energy output limit its profitability in the electricity market and hinder its market-based integration.This paper first constructs a wind-solar-thermalmulti-energy complementary system,analyzes its external game relationships,and develops a bi-level market optimization model.Then,it considers the contribution levels of internal participants to establish a comprehensive internal distribution evaluation index system.Finally,simulation studies using the IEEE 30-bus system demonstrate that the multi-energy complementary system stabilizes nodal outputs,enhances the profitability of market participants,and promotes the market-based integration of renewable energy.

Energy Efficient Dual User Association for Large Scale IRS-Aided mmWave Communication Networks

The deployment of multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces(IRSs)in blockage-prone millimeter wave(mmWave)communication networks have garnered considerable attention lately.Despite the remarkably low circuit power consumption per IRS element,the aggregate energy consumption becomes substantial if all elements of an IRS are turned on given a considerable number of IRSs,resulting in lower overall energy efficiency(EE).To tackle this challenge,we propose a flexible and efficient approach that individually controls the status of each IRS element.Specifically,the network EE is maximized by jointly optimizing the associations of base stations(BSs)and user equipments(UEs),transmit beamforming,phase shifts of IRS elements,and the associations of individual IRS elements and UEs.The problem is efficiently addressed in two phases.First,the Gale-Shapley algorithm is applied for BS-UE association,followed by a block coordinate descent-based algorithm that iteratively solves the subproblems related to active beamforming,phase shifts,and element-UE associations.To reduce the tremendous dimensionality of optimization variables introduced by element-UE associations in large-scale IRS networks,we introduce an efficient algorithm to solve the associations between IRS elements and UEs.Numerical results show that the proposed elementwise control scheme improves EE by 34.24% compared to the network with IRS-all-on scheme.

An Energy Management System with Mobile Energy Station Based Wireless Energy Transfer:System Design and Prototype Implementation

In indoor environments,various batterypowered Internet of Things(IoT)devices,such as remote controllers and electronic tags on high-level shelves,require efficient energy management.However,manually monitoring remaining energy levels and battery replacement is both inadequate and costly.This paper introduces an energy management system for indoor IoT,which includes a mobile energy station(ES)for enabling on-demand wireless energy transfer(WET)in radio frequency(RF),some energy receivers(ERs),and a cloud server.By implementing a two-stage positioning system and embedding energy receivers into traditional IoT devices,we robustly manage their energy storage.The experimental results demonstrate that the energy receiver can harvest a minimum power of 58 mW.

Studies on heteronuclear diatomic molecular dissociation energies using algebraic energy method

The algebraic energy method （AEM） is applied to the study of molecular dissociation energy De for 11 heteronuclear diatomic electronic states： a^3∑＋ state of NaK, X^2∑＋ state of XeBr, X^2∑＋ state of HgI, X^1∑＋ state of LiH, A3∏（1） state of IC1, X^1∑＋ state of CsH, A（3∏1） and B0＋（3∏） states of CIF, 21∏ state of KRb, X^1∑＋ state of CO, and c^3∑＋ state of NaK molecule. The results show that the values of De computed by using the AEM are satisfactorily accurate compared with experimental ones. The AEM can serve as an economic and useful tool to generate a reliable De within an allowed experimental error for the electronic states whose molecular dissociation energies are unavailable from the existing literature

Theoretical Prediction of Gibbs Free Energies of Formation for Crystallineα-MOOH andα-M_2O_3 Based on a Linear Free-Energy Relationship

In the present study,the modified Sverjensky-Molling equation,derived from a linear-free energy relationship,is used to predict the Gibbs free energies of formation of crystalline phases ofα-MOOH （with a goethite structure）andα-M_2O_3（with a hematite structure）from the known thermodynamic properties of the corresponding aqueous trivalent cations（M^（3＋））.The modified equation is expressed asΔG_（f,M_VX）~0=a_（M_VX）ΔG_（0,M^（3＋））^（0）＋b_（M_VX）＋β_（M_VXγM^（3＋））,where the coefficients a_（M_VX）,b_（M_VX）,andβ_（M_VX） characterize a particular structural family of M_VX（M is a trivalent cation[M^（3＋）]and X represents the remainder of the composition of solid）;γ^（3＋）is the ionic radius of trivalent cations（M^（3＋））;ΔG_（f,M_VX）~0 is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of M_vX;andΔG_（n,M^（3＋））~0 is the non-solvation energy of trivalent cations（M^（3＋））.By fitting the equation to the known experimental thermodynamic data,the coefficients for the goethite family（α-MOOH）are a_（M_VX）=0.8838,b_（M_VX）=-424.4431（kcal/mol）,andβ_（M_VX）=115（kcal/ mol.（？））,while the coefficients for the hematite family（α-M_2O_3）are a_（M_VX）=1.7468,b_（M_VX）=-814.9573（kcal/ mol）,andβ_（M_VX）=278（kcal/mol.（？））.The constrained relationship can be used to predict the standard Gibbs free energies of formation of crystalline phases and fictive phases（i.e.phases that are thermodynamically unstable and do not occur at standard conditions）within the isostructural families of goethite（α-MOOH）and hematite（α-M_2O_3）if the standard Gibbs free energies of formation of the trivalent cations are known.

2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities:A third update of the energy costs of human activities

Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health guidelines.Methods:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 years.Using a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since 2011.We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible.Results:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers.We added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults.We added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major Headings.Conclusion:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health technologies.The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.

Older Adult Compendium of Physical Activities:Energy costs of human activities in adults aged 60 and older

Purpose:To describe the development of a Compendium for estimating the energy costs of activities in adults>60 years(OA Compendium).Methods:Physical activities(PAs)and their metabolic equivalent of task(MET)values were obtained from a systematic search of studies published in 4 sport and exercise databases(PubMed,Embase,SPORTDiscus(EBSCOhost),and Scopus)and a review of articles included in the 2011 Adult Compendium that measured PA in older adults.MET values were computed as the oxygen cost(VO_(2),mL/kg/min)during PA divided by 2.7 m L/kg/min(MET_(60+))to account for the lower resting metabolic rate in older adults.Results:We identified 68 articles and extracted energy expenditure data on 427 PAs.From these,we derived 99 unique Specific Activity codes with corresponding MET_(60+)values for older adults.We developed a website to present the OA Compendium MET_(60+)values:https://pacompendium.com.Conclusion:The OA Compendium uses data collected from adults>60 years for more accurate estimation of the energy cost of PAs in older adults.It is an accessible resource that will allow researchers,educators,and practitioners to find MET_(60+)values for older adults for use in PA research and practice.

Accurate studies on the full vibrational energy spectra and molecular dissociation energies for some electronic states of halogen molecule

This paper obtains accurate vibrational spectroscopic constants and full vibrational energy spectrum by the al- gebraic method （AM） for some electronic states of halogen diatomic molecules. Motivated by the recent success of obtaining the dissociation energies of Li2 molecule by using a new analytical formula, it further extends the formula to study the dissociation energies of halogen diatomic molecules. The results show that the AM spectrum and the theoretical dissociation energies agree well with RKR data and experimental data respectively.

Recent advances in graphene-based phase change composites for thermal energy storage and management

Energy storage and conservation are receiving increased attention due to rising global energy demands.Therefore,the development of energy storage materials is crucial.Thermal energy storage(TES)systems based on phase change materials(PCMs)have increased in prominence over the past two decades,not only because of their outstanding heat storage capacities but also their superior thermal energy regulation capability.However,issues such as leakage and low thermal conductivity limit their applicability in a variety of settings.Carbon-based materials such as graphene and its derivatives can be utilized to surmount these obstacles.This study examines the recent advancements in graphene-based phase change composites(PCCs),where graphene-based nanostructures such as graphene,graphene oxide(GO),functionalized graphene/GO,and graphene aerogel(GA)are incorporated into PCMs to substantially enhance their shape stability and thermal conductivity that could be translated to better storage capacity,durability,and temperature response,thus boosting their attractiveness for TES systems.In addition,the applications of these graphene-based PCCs in various TES disciplines,such as energy conservation in buildings,solar utilization,and battery thermal management,are discussed and summarized.

Metal-organic framework-based single-atom electro-/ photocatalysts: Synthesis, energy applications, and opportunities

Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have gained substantial attention because of their exceptional catalytic properties.However,the high surface energy limits their synthesis,thus creating significant challenges for further development.In the last few years,metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)have received significant consideration as ideal candidates for synthesizing SACs due to their tailorable chemistry,tunable morphologies,high porosity,and chemical/thermal stability.From this perspective,this review thoroughly summarizes the previously reported methods and possible future approaches for constructing MOF-based(MOF-derived-supported and MOF-supported)SACs.Then,MOF-based SAC's identification techniques are briefly assessed to understand their coordination environments,local electronic structures,spatial distributions,and catalytic/electrochemical reaction mechanisms.This review systematically highlights several photocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications of MOF-based SACs for energy conversion and storage,including hydrogen evolution reactions,oxygen evolution reactions,O_(2)/CO_(2)/N_(2) reduction reactions,fuel cells,and rechargeable batteries.Some light is also shed on the future development of this highly exciting field by highlighting the advantages and limitations of MOF-based SACs.

Oxygen functionalization-assisted anionic exchange toward unique construction of flower-like transition metal chalcogenide embedded carbon fabric for ultra-long life flexible energy storage and conversion

The metal-organic framework(MOF)derived Ni–Co–C–N composite alloys(NiCCZ)were“embedded”inside the carbon cloth(CC)strands as opposed to the popular idea of growing them upward to realize ultrastable energy storage and conversion application.The NiCCZ was then oxygen functionalized,facilitating the next step of stoichiometric sulfur anion diffusion during hydrothermal sulfurization,generating a flower-like metal hydroxysulfide structure(NiCCZOS)with strong partial implantation inside CC.Thus obtained NiCCZOS shows an excellent capacity when tested as a supercapacitor electrode in a three-electrode configuration.Moreover,when paired with the biomass-derived nitrogen-rich activated carbon,the asymmetric supercapacitor device shows almost 100%capacity retention even after 45,000 charge–discharge cycles with remarkable energy density(59.4 Wh kg^(-1)/263.8μWh cm^(–2))owing to a uniquely designed cathode.Furthermore,the same electrode performed as an excellent bifunctional water-splitting electrocatalyst with an overpotential of 271 mV for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and 168.4 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)at 10 mA cm−2 current density along with 30 h of unhinged chronopotentiometric stability performance for both HER and OER.Hence,a unique metal chalcogenide composite electrode/substrate configuration has been proposed as a highly stable electrode material for flexible energy storage and conversion applications.