Energy Cooperation between BRICS Countries(Ⅰ)

The economic rise of the BRICS countries(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) is closely tied to global energy politics and their increased consumption of global energy. Energy cooperation is one of the main forces behind the development of BRICS. Looking forward, energy concerns will undoubtedly remain an important influencing force for the BRICS, shaping their domestic politics and international relations. The pursuit of oil and gas(China, India, and South Africa) to support economic development and the search for stable petroleum markets(Brazil and Russia) have shaped BRICS relations with other countries and regions. This article is trying to elaborate on the reasons why BRICS Energy cooperation is beneficial for its members; also, this article regards the main challenges hindering cooperation, analyzes BRICS energy cooperation through the use of SWOT analysis and muses potential strategic points for BRICS countries up until 2050.

Research on Deepening Energy Cooperation between China and Countries along the Belt and Road

Promoting broader and deeper international energy cooperation is an important part of China’s energy development under the new development paradigm of“dual-circulation.”The proposal and practice of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)cooperation have encouraged closer energy cooperation between China and countries along the Belt and Road.Energy cooperation has become one of the areas with the fastest growth and the most remarkable achievements in the BRI construction,which has made an important contribution to the realization of China’s energy development with high quality under open conditions.To accelerate higher levels and more sustainable development of energy cooperation between China and the countries along the Belt and Road,it is necessary to further improve energy policy coordination mechanisms,widen the breadth and depth of energy facilities connectivity,promote unimpeded energy trade,and actively undertake innovative modes of financial support for energy cooperation as well as lay a sound social foundation for people-to-people bonds.

Speech on the Opening Ceremony of European Union-China "Energy Cooperation Industry Conference

Ladies, Gentlemen, Friends: Today, I feel greatly honoured to have opportunity to attend European Union-China《Energy Cooperation Industry Conference cosponsored by China State Science and Technology Commission and European Union of Federalists, held in Beijing. On this occasion, please allow me on behalf of the Ministry of Electric Power, People’s Republic of China, to express thanks for China State Science

Bulgaria,Boosting Energy Cooperation with China——Interview with Deputy Minister Yaneva,Ministry of Economy and Energy,the Republic of Bulgaria

Deputy Minister Yaneva of Economy and Energy,the Republic of Bul- garia,a nice lady with outstanding talents,headed a delegation of Bulgaria to visit China in late June,for the participation at the 13th Bulgarian-Chi- nese Intergovernmental Commission for Economic,Trade,Scientific and Technical Cooperation.As an important instrument,the Joint Commission played a significant role in promoting the overall development of the bilat- eral economic relations. China's Foreign Trade interviewed Deputy Minister Yaneva and she gave very constructive suggestions on promoting the bilateral economic and trade cooperation between the two countries,especially in the area of energy cooperation.The following is a written interview with Deputy Min- ister Yaneva.

The Belt and Road Initiatives and China＇s International Energy Cooperation： Progress, Mechanisms, and Recommendations

China＇s international energy cooperation and energy security are important parts of The Belt and Road initiatives. China and the countries along the Belt and Road continue to promote cooperation, actively use the existing bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms to promote the regional and inter-regional energy cooperation. Countries along the Belt and Road are rich in oil and gas resources; their demand on the diversification of export meet with the diversification demand on imports of consumption countries; and their oil refining and chemical technology as well as construction capacity is weak, which provides a lot of new opportunities in cooperation for Chinese enterprises. However, the energy cooperation of Chinese enterprises are also facing some challenges in the complex environment of energy cooperation, the interference of big powers, non-traditional security threats, and energy policy factors. Finally, the paper puts forward the strategic thinking of China＇s international energy cooperation under the new situation.

The potential of energy cooperation between China and Australia under the Belt and Road Initiative

While there is a proliferation of studies on China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),there is a gap in the literature in terms of an exploration of the costs and benefits from the perspective of the energy sector,in both the areas of sectoral development and energy transition.This paper uses Australia as a case study.The paper is the first to quantify the impact of the BRI in the energy sector,and the analysis informs the current debates on the BRI in Australia.We find that energy cooperation under the BRI enhances the performance of energy companies,but the Chinese energy investment in Australia faces mounting challenges.We suggest some areas for cooperation and such cooperation could be extended to third countries.Amid the increasing trade and political tensions,the two countries need continued,level-headed discussions and debates about the potential cooperation areas at all levels.

China-Arab Energy Cooperation: Construct new Energy Silk Road

It is an important part of the Belt and Road initiative that Chinaand Arab countries to strengthen energy cooperation and jointlybuild the energy Silk Road. China-Arab has made remarkable progressin energy cooperation, especially in the fields of oil and gascooperation and new energy cooperation. China and Arab countriesare also strengthening strategic docking, promoting energytransition and cooperation in the field of new energy, and workingto form a clean energy production and modern energy consumptionsystem. China and Arab countries should deepenenergy cooperation by taking their complementary advantages,improve the docking mechanism of energy cooperation, promotecooperation in the whole energy industry chain, and avoid geopoliticalrisks through co-development. In the future, the energytransition will also bring great opportunities for deepening China-Arab energy cooperation. At the same time, political and economicrisks will still be an important challenge for China-Arabenergy cooperation. However, the sound political foundationbetween China and Arab countries is the long-term advantage ofChina-Arab energy cooperation.

Dilemmas and Obstacles： Multilateral Energy Cooperation Among BRICS Countries

Multilateral energy cooperation among BRICS countries remains largely at the stage of initiatives with few substantial actions that have been taken so far. Three main reasons can account for it. One is a contending concern of energy security that constrains energy cooperation between energy producing countries and energy consuming countries. The second is energy diplomacy with self-help logic as the main principle, which discourages BRICS countries from taking collective actions to secure their energy security. The third one is the international energy system that conditions BRICS countries to participate in the international energy cooperation. As a result, multilateral energy cooperation is of secondary importance in the agenda of BRICS countries, and the degree of their involvement in global energy cooperation is relatively low.

Sino-Russian Energy Cooperation and Geo-Strategic Issues

Due to the rapid growth of China’s demands for energy resources, energy security hasbecome a more and more important issue in making future energy decisions. China’senergy policy is founded on the principle of “multiple energy supplies and imports”. Itwould be one of the best solutions if China could make use of its various advantages,attentively develop its multi-energy cooperation with other countries, and seek for acooperative program that is accessible to many sides such as China, Russia, Japan andSouth Korea. Nevertheless, under current circumstances, how to realize “multiple energysupply and import” is not only a focal point for China’s energy security but also one of thetricky issues for the Chinese government. In this paper, the author has put forward someviewpoints and policy suggestions on Sino-Russian energy cooperation and other geo-economic strategic problems.

China’s Energy Cooperation with Middle East Oil-producing Countries

China is rich in coal, but insufficient in petroleum and gas. The energy shortage is not a general shortage but a structural imbalance. In recent years, China's dependence on foreign oil supplies keeps increasing to meet the needs of China's rapid economic growth. China's top leadership, for this goal, has committed itself to energy diplomacy and vigorously promoted China's energy cooperation with Middle East oil-producing countries. In the current conditions, carrying out energy cooperation with the Middle East oil-producing countries is inevitable and beneficial to China’s security. China and the Middle East oil-producing countries have maintained friendly and cooperative relations: mutual political, economic complementarities and cultural fusion, which create a favorable environment for cooperation for extracting and removing the Middle East oil. As for the problems and difficulties exposed in carrying out energy cooperation in the Middle East, China should bravely face them and seriously resolve them.

The Opportunities, Challenges and Countermeasures of Energy Cooperation between China and Kazakhstan under the Background of ＂One Belt and One Road＂

Relative to countries such as Russia, the United States, and Europe, China has only recently occupied a place in the energy sector in Kazakhstan. However, after 10 years of hard work, China has come to the fore and the fierce energy competition in Kazakhstan has become an important energy trading partner of Central Asian countries. Therefore, we can learn a lot of experience and lessons from our emphasis on cooperation with China＇s energy trade and research in Central Asian countries. Against the backdrop of fierce international energy competition and the deep implementation of the ＂One Belt and One Road＂ initiative, it is like a double-edged sword for energy trade cooperation between China and Central Asian countries, problem. How China seizes opportunities, resolves challenges, and further deepens pragmatic cooperation in the energy sector with Central Asian countries so as to better protect the country＇ s energy security is a very real issue.

Celanese Joins U.S.-China Energy Cooperation Program as Founding Management Board Member

Celanese Corporation has become a foundingcorporate member of the U.S.-China EnergyCooperation Program (ECP) and joined theentity’s founding management board.Celaneseannounced on December 23rd,2009.This reaffirms the company’s commitmentto environmentally sustainable growth inChina,the company’s fastest-growingregion.The mission of ECP,a private-sectorinitiated,managed and financedorganization,is to facilitate the adoption

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION PROMOTES HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS' DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA——A talk at the 17th International Symposium on Lepton-Photon Interactions (LP'95)

This article first presents an overview of the Internationa] Symposium on Lepton-Photon Interactions (LP’95) and briefly introduce Chinese research achievements in the discipline. It highlights the necessity and importance of international cooperation in the HEP community of the world.

Strategy of Oil and Gas Cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative

Over the past two decades, as the main battlefield of China's international energy cooperation, countries along the Belt and Road have had good foundations in the foreign investment. Through China's efforts to build the Belt and Road, energy cooperation has enjoyed first-mover advantages. Looking ahead, the countries along the Belt and Road are predicted to enjoy a promising future in energy cooperation because of their abundant energy resources, their role as complements to China's economic development, and their vast amounts of cooperation potential. At the same time, we are also keenly aware that there are a number of risks caused by geopolitics, policy changes, price fluctuations and legal compliance in energy cooperation among the countries along the Belt and Road. Moreover, it is urgent for Chinese enterprises to enhance their international capabilities. In this context, it is necessary to further maintain and make full use of their first-mover advantages and play a guiding and demonstrating role. Enterprises should actively adapt to new changes, while the government should make progress in policy coordination, facility connectivity, unimpeded trade, financed integration and people-to-people bonds, so as to keep deepening international energy cooperation and to build an energy silk road and a community with a shared future for energy.

Quantum cutting downconversion by cooperative energy transfer from Bi^(3+) to Yb^(3+) in Y_2O_3 phosphor

Bi3＋ and Yb3＋ codoped cubic Y2O3 phosphors are prepared by pechini sol-gel method. Strong near-infrared （NIR） emission around 980 nm from Yb3＋ （2F5/2＋2 F7/2） is observed under ultraviolet light excitation. A broad excitation band ranging from 320 to 360 nm, owing to the 6s2→6s6p transition of Bi3＋ ions, is recorded when the Yb3＋ emission is monitored, which suggests a very efficient energy transfer from Bi3＋ ions to Yb3＋ ions. The Yb3＋ concentration dependences of both the Bi3＋ and the Yb3＋ emissions are investigated. The decay curve of Bi3＋ emission under the excitation of 355 nm pulse laser is used to explore the Bi3＋ →＋Yb3＋ energy transfer process. Cooperative energy transfer （CET） is discussed as a possible mechanism for the near-infrared emission.

Energy efficiency enhancement of two-way amplifier forward relaying with channel estimation error

In order to save energy consumption of two-way amplifier forward(AF) relaying with channel estimation error, an energy efficiency enhancement scheme is proposed in this work. Firstly, through the analysis of two-way AF relaying mode with channel estimation error, the resultant instantaneous SNRs at end nodes is obtained. Then, by using a high SNR approximation, outage possibility is acquired and its simple closed-form expression is represented. Specially, for using the energy resource more efficiently, a low-complexity power allocation and transmission mode selection policy is proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of two-way AF relay system. Finally, relay priority region is identified in which cooperative diversity energy gain can be achieved. The computer simulations are presented to verify our analytical results, indicating that the proposed policy outperforms direct transmission by an energy gain of 3 dB at the relative channel estimation error less than 0.001. The results also show that the two-way AF relaying transmission loses the two-way AF relaying transmission loses its superiority to direct transmission in terms of energy efficiency when channel estimation error reaches 0.03.

Energy Efficiency Analysis of Cellular Networks with Cooperative Relays via Stochastic Geometry

Cooperative relaying is a promising technology that can improve the spectral and energy efficiency of cellular networks. However, the deployed relays consume a lot of energy and system resources. To improve the energy efficiency of the relay-assisted cellular networks, this paper considers the use of energy harvesting(EH) on relay nodes. A random sleeping strategy is also introduced in macro base stations(MBS) as a possible method to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, an analytical model is proposed to investigate the energy efficiency of cellular networks with EH relays and sleep mode strategy. Numerical results confirm a significant energy efficiency gain of the proposed networks comparing to the cellular networks with non-EH relays and MBSs without sleep mode strategy. The effects of the density and transmit power of MBSs on energy efficiency are also given through simulations.

Prospect for strategic minerals exploration and development,investment environment and cooperation in Mozambique

Mozambique is an essential country in the Belt and Road Initiative,and it is also to cooperation between China and with Africa in energy resources.It is located in the critical node of the“East Africa Channel”and close to the“African Twin Ocean Railway”,which is an important strategic position.Mozambique has abundant mineral resources and vast reserves of advantageous minerals.The natural gas reserves of Mozambique ranked second in Africa.It also has world--class scale graphite and rich iron,gold,copper,niobium-tantalum and other resources.In recent years,the mining industry in this country has been rising and attracting many foreign companies to invest,including international mining giants such as Vale,Rio Tinto and large mining enterprises of China.This paper systematically studies the mineral resources endowment,exploration and development situations of natural gas,graphite,titanium-zircon placer deposits,niobium-tantalum,gold,iron and other strategic minerals in Mozambique,comprehensively analyzes the mining investment environment and the current situation of exploration and development of Chinese enterprises in Mozambique,and replans four safeguard areas of strategic mineral resources in critical short supply.Mozambique generally has good prospects of mining investment and a stable foundation for cooperation with China.Chinese enterprises can focus on oil and natural gas,graphite,titanium,zirconium,niobium,tantalum,and iron,which complement the needs of China,expand the mining capacity cooperation,and improve the ability to secure strategic mineral resources supply.

The Belt and Road Initiatives and China-GCC Relations

Gulf Cooperation Council （GCC） countries are the main countries of the West Asia, they are rich in oil and natural gas, and very important in the world political and economic arena. In recent years, the trade volume between China and six GCC countries has been rising. The paper analyzes the importance and the prospect of China-GCC Free Trade Area negotiations. The two sides should take positive action to further close dialogue mechanism between the two sides, restart the negotiations on the free trade zone between China and GCC countries as soon as possible, and reach a win-win agreement.