The rapid growth of distributed renewable energy penetration is promoting the evolution of the energy system toward decentralization and decentralized and digitized smart grids.This study was based on energy blockchai...The rapid growth of distributed renewable energy penetration is promoting the evolution of the energy system toward decentralization and decentralized and digitized smart grids.This study was based on energy blockchain,and developed a dual-biding mechanism based on the real-time energy surplus and demand in the local smart grid,which is expected to enable reliable,affordable,and clean energy supply in smart communities.In the proposed system,economic benefits could be achieved by replacing fossil-fuel-based electricity with the high penetration of affordable solar PV electricity.The reduction of energy surplus realized by distributed energy production and P2P energy trading,within the smart grid results in less transmission loss and lower requirements for costly upgrading of existing grids.By adopting energy blockchain and smart contract technologies,energy secure trading with a low risk of privacy leakage could be accommodated.The prototype is examined through a case study,and the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed mechanism are further validated by scenario analysis.展开更多
Energy supply is one of the most critical challenges of wireless sensor networks(WSNs)and industrial wireless sensor networks(IWSNs).While research on coverage optimization problem(COP)centers on the network’s monito...Energy supply is one of the most critical challenges of wireless sensor networks(WSNs)and industrial wireless sensor networks(IWSNs).While research on coverage optimization problem(COP)centers on the network’s monitoring coverage,this research focuses on the power banks’energy supply coverage.The study of 2-D and 3-D spaces is typical in IWSN,with the realistic environment being more complex with obstacles(i.e.,machines).A 3-D surface is the field of interest(FOI)in this work with the established hybrid power bank deployment model for the energy supply COP optimization of IWSN.The hybrid power bank deployment model is highly adaptive and flexible for new or existing plants already using the IWSN system.The model improves the power supply to a more considerable extent with the least number of power bank deployments.The main innovation in this work is the utilization of a more practical surface model with obstacles and training while improving the convergence speed and quality of the heuristic algorithm.An overall probabilistic coverage rate analysis of every point on the FOI is provided,not limiting the scope to target points or areas.Bresenham’s algorithm is extended from 2-D to 3-D surface to enhance the probabilistic covering model for coverage measurement.A dynamic search strategy(DSS)is proposed to modify the artificial bee colony(ABC)and balance the exploration and exploitation ability for better convergence toward eliminating NP-hard deployment problems.Further,the cellular automata(CA)is utilized to enhance the convergence speed.The case study based on two typical FOI in the IWSN shows that the CA scheme effectively speeds up the optimization process.Comparative experiments are conducted on four benchmark functions to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the ABC and gbest-guided ABC(GABC)algorithms.The results show that the proposed energy coverage optimization method based on the hybrid power bank deployment model generates more accurate results than the results obtained by similar algorithms(i.e.,ABC,GABC).The proposed model is,therefore,effective and efficient for optimization in the IWSN.展开更多
In considering of high proportion of renewable energy supply in 2050, the accelerating of energy consumption gross, source and environment can affect the energy system restrict affection are stronger. Add wind and sol...In considering of high proportion of renewable energy supply in 2050, the accelerating of energy consumption gross, source and environment can affect the energy system restrict affection are stronger. Add wind and solar to electricity energy with large amount of energy source exploitation. The energy source amount per person is lower. Considering the renewable energy amount and supply, primary energy storage and structure problem is standing out. Before the wide spread of renewable energy, Using the high-carbon energy in China can pollute seriously. Chinese energy supply and demand problem is research key point. This paper researches Chinese energy supply and demand pattern system and evaluation methodology, gives out the inner and outer influencing elements. And evaluate Chinese energy supply and demand pattern from energy gross, structure, distribution and transportation. Use energy supply synthesize radar comparison chart in certain time period. From energy security, economy, clean and efficiency, analyze the benefit comparisons of Chinese energy supply and demand pattern. This energy supply and demand pattern model will give one certain theoretical analysis and practice reference to the further high proportion of renewable energy.展开更多
The building sector is one of the largest energy user and carbon emitters globally.To increase the utilization rate of renewable energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions,the optimal technical scheme of active public...The building sector is one of the largest energy user and carbon emitters globally.To increase the utilization rate of renewable energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions,the optimal technical scheme of active public institutions and coupled utilization of renewable energy is studied.In this study,the energy consumption of three types of public institutions in various regions of China was simulated by using DeST building energy consumption software,combined with energy conversion efficiency and data released by the National Bureau of Statistics,and the total energy demand and total energy supply of public institutions were predicted using the load density method.Based on the coupling mechanism of the MARKAL model,the optimal proportion of renewable energy in the energy supply of public buildings in different regions is determined.Through the study of the number of public institutions in various regions of China,energy consumption characteristics,construction area,and other related data,the reverse energy flow method is creatively proposed,and the active and renewable energy coupling algorithm from the energy demand side of public institutions to the energy supply side is established.The results show that the central region has the highest utilization rate of renewable energy in the public sector,reaching 36.18%.The use of renewable energy in public buildings in hot summer and warm winter zones decreased to 35.08%,and it was 12.82% in cold zones.By 2025,the proportion of renewable energy resources in China is expected to reach 29.2%.The energy coupling model and algorithm constructed in this paper can provide a basis for the coupling macro configuration of renewable energy in public institutions in China.展开更多
Mobile edge computing(MEC),as a new distributed computing model,satisfies the low energy consumption and low latency requirements of computation-intensive services.The task offloading of MEC has become an important re...Mobile edge computing(MEC),as a new distributed computing model,satisfies the low energy consumption and low latency requirements of computation-intensive services.The task offloading of MEC has become an important research hotspot,as it solves the problems of insufficient computing capability and battery capacity of Internet of things(IoT)devices.This study investigates task offloading scheduling in a dynamic MEC system.By integrating energy harvesting technology into IoT devices,we propose a hybrid energy supply model.We jointly optimize local computing,offloading duration,and edge computing decisions to minimize system cost.On the basis of stochastic optimization theory,we design an online dynamic task offloading algorithm for MEC with a hybrid energy supply called DTOME.DTOME can make task offloading decisions by weighing system cost and queue stability.We quote dynamic programming theory to obtain the optimal task offloading strategy.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of DTOME,and show that DTOME entails lower system cost than two baseline task offloading strategies.展开更多
Efforts to provide alternative resources and technologies for producing liquid fuel have recently been intensified.Different levels of dependence on oil imports and carbon prices have a significant impact on the compo...Efforts to provide alternative resources and technologies for producing liquid fuel have recently been intensified.Different levels of dependence on oil imports and carbon prices have a significant impact on the composition of the cost-minimizing portfolio of technologies.Considering such factors,how should China plan its future liquid fuel industry?The model for supporting the technology portfolio and capacity configuration that minimizes the total system cost until 2045 is described in this study.The results obtained for different carbon prices and levels of dependence on oil import indicate that the oil-to-liquid fuel(OTL)will remain dominant in China's liquid fuel industry over the next three decades.If the carbon price is low,the coal-to-liquid fuel(CTL)process is competitive.For a high carbon price,the biomass-to-liquid fuel(BTL)technology expands more rapidly.The results also reveal that developing the BTL and CTL can effectively reduce the oil-import dependency;moreover,a high carbon price can lead to the CTL being replaced with the low-carbon technology(e.g.,BTL).Improvement in energy raw material conversion and application of CO_(2) removal technologies are also effective methods to control carbon emissions for achieving the carbon emission goals and ultimately emission reduction targets.展开更多
With the great advantages and continuous innovations,prolific research efforts have been devoted to the Stirling engine(SE)domain driven by the sustainability development.In this study,a bibliometric analysis is condu...With the great advantages and continuous innovations,prolific research efforts have been devoted to the Stirling engine(SE)domain driven by the sustainability development.In this study,a bibliometric analysis is conducted to explore the research tend and hotspots of SE.The country co-authorship,institute co-authorship and keyword networks are engendered from the visual map using VOSviewer,showing China ranks the first with the total number of published articles and the majority publications are presented by Chinese Academy of Sciences.Owing to the highest node centrality,the research findings in USA can be considered the most influential and greatly worthy being referred,particularly represented by the early contribution for thermo-acoustic SE.The total 7 keyword clusters are classified through the top terms in Citespace and 4 of them are related to its energy supply system,demonstrating the typical application of SE-based combined heat and power(CHP)and integrated multi-energy complementary system have gained much attention.Based on this,a detailed review of SE-based energy supply systems is further conducted through the system forms,4E performance evaluation and soft model combing optimization solutions.Several relevant issues hindering the improvement of these terms are summa-rized,providing the potential guides to help develop the SE-based energy supply system.展开更多
Under the general plan of Beijing approved in princi-ple by the State Council in 1983,considerable progress hasbeen made in the supply of electricity,central heating,gas,coal and so on in the past ten years.Neverthele...Under the general plan of Beijing approved in princi-ple by the State Council in 1983,considerable progress hasbeen made in the supply of electricity,central heating,gas,coal and so on in the past ten years.Nevertheless,due tothe rapid economic development and the enhancement ofthe living standard,shortages in the supply of electricity,thermal energy,gas and other high quality energy is still ob-vious.Meanwhile the constant increase in the amount展开更多
Wearable sensing systems,as a spearhead of artificial intelligence,are playing increasingly important roles in many fields especially health monitoring.In order to achieve a better wearable experience,rationally integ...Wearable sensing systems,as a spearhead of artificial intelligence,are playing increasingly important roles in many fields especially health monitoring.In order to achieve a better wearable experience,rationally integrating the two key components of sensing systems,that is,power supplies and sensors,has become a desperate requirement.However,limited by device designs and fabrication technologies,the current integrated sensing systems still face many great challenges,such as safety,miniaturization,mechanical stability,energyefficiency,sustainability,and comfortability.In this review,the key challenges and opportunities in the current development of integrated wearable sensing systems are summarized.By summarizing the typical configurations of diverse wearable power supplies,and recent advances concerning the integrated sensing systems driven by such power supplies,the representative integrated designs,and micro/nanofabrication technologies are highlighted.Lastly,some new directions and potential solutions aiming at the device-level integration designs are outlooked.展开更多
The development of renewable woods for power generation can help improve the energy efficiency of buildings,and promote the concept design and implementation of“smart buildings”.Here,with specific chemical treatment...The development of renewable woods for power generation can help improve the energy efficiency of buildings,and promote the concept design and implementation of“smart buildings”.Here,with specific chemical treatment and hydrothermal synthesis,we demonstrated the practical value of natural wood for thermoelectric power generation in smart buildings.The prepared wood-based thermoelectric sponges show high Seebeck coefficients of 320.5 and 436.6μV/K in the vertical and parallel directions of the longitudinal channel of wood.After 500 cycles of the compressive strain at 20%,the corresponding Seebeck coefficients increase up to 413.4 and 502.1μV/K,respectively,which is attributed to the improved contact and connection between tellurium thermoelectric nanowires.The Seebeck coefficients are much larger than those of most reported inorganic thermoelectric materials.Meanwhile,the thermoelectric sponges maintain excellent thermoelectric and mechanical stability.We further modeled the application value of wood-based thermoelectric sponges in smart buildings for power generation.Relatively high thermoelectric electricity can be obtained,such as in Beijing with over 1.5 million kWh every year,demonstrating the great potential in thermal energy harvest and energy supply.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the effective deployment of millimeter wave(mmWave)in unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-enabled wireless powered communication network(WPCN).In particular,a novel framework for optimizing the p...In this paper,we investigate the effective deployment of millimeter wave(mmWave)in unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-enabled wireless powered communication network(WPCN).In particular,a novel framework for optimizing the performance of such UAV-enabled WPCN in terms of system throughput is proposed.In the considered model,multiple UAVs monitor in the air along the scheduled flight trajectory and transmit monitoring data to micro base stations(mBSs)with the harvested energy via mmWave.In this case,we propose an algorithm for jointly optimizing transmit power and energy transfer time.To solve the non-convex optimization problem with tightly coupled variables,we decouple the problem into more tractable subproblems.By leveraging successive convex approximation(SCA)and block coordinate descent techniques,the optimal solution is obtained by designing a two-stage joint iteration optimization algorithm.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm with joint transmit power and energy transfer time optimization achieves significant performance gains over Q-learning method and other benchmark schemes.展开更多
Power system equipment outages are one of the most important factors affecting the reliability and economy of power systems.It is crucial to consider the reliability of the planning problems.In this paper,a generation...Power system equipment outages are one of the most important factors affecting the reliability and economy of power systems.It is crucial to consider the reliability of the planning problems.In this paper,a generation expansion planning(GEP)model is proposed,in which the candidate generating units and energy storage systems(ESSs)are simultaneously planned by minimizing the cost incurred on investment,operation,reserve,and reliability.The reliability cost is computed by multiplying the value of lost load(VOLL)with the expected energy not supplied(EENS),and this model makes a compromise between economy and reliability.Because the computation of EENS makes the major computation impediment of the entire model,a new efficient linear EENS formulation is proposed and applied in a multi-step GEP model.By doing so,the computation efficiency is significantly improved,and the solution accuracy is still desirable.The proposed GEP model is illustrated using the IEEE-RTS system to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the new model.展开更多
The reliability level of a power generation system is an important problem which is concerned by both electricity producers and electricity consumers. Why? It is known that the high reliability level may result in ad...The reliability level of a power generation system is an important problem which is concerned by both electricity producers and electricity consumers. Why? It is known that the high reliability level may result in additional utility cost, and the low reliability level may result in additional consumer's cost, so the optimum reliability level should be determined such that the total cost can reach its minimum. Four optimization models for power generation system reliability are constructed, and the proven efficient solutions for these models are also given.展开更多
Small molecule drugs play a pivotal role in the arsenal of anticancer pharmacological agents. Nonetheless, their small size poses a challenge when directly visualizing their localization, distribution, mechanism of ac...Small molecule drugs play a pivotal role in the arsenal of anticancer pharmacological agents. Nonetheless, their small size poses a challenge when directly visualizing their localization, distribution, mechanism of action (MOA), and target engagement at the subcellular level in real time. We propose a strategy for developing triple-functioning drug beacons that seamlessly integrate therapeutically relevant bioactivity, precise subcellular localization, and direct visualization capabilities within a single molecular entity. As a proof of concept, we have meticulously designed and constructed a boronic acid fluorescence drug beacon using coumarin–hemicyanine (CHB). Our CHB design includes three pivotal features: a boronic acid moiety that binds both adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thus depleting their levels and disrupting the energy supply within mitochondria;a positively charged component that targets the drug beacon to mitochondria;and a sizeable conjugated luminophore that emits fluorescence, facilitating the application of structured illumination microscopy (SIM). Our study indicates the exceptional responsiveness of our proof-of-concept drug beacon to ADP and ATP, its efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth, and its ability to facilitate the tracking of ADP and ATP distribution around the mitochondrial cristae. Furthermore, our investigation reveals that the micro-dynamics of CHB induce mitochondrial dysfunction by causing damage to the mitochondrial cristae and mitochondrial DNA. Altogether, our findings highlight the potential of SIM in conjunction with visual drug design as a potent tool for monitoring the in situ MOA of small molecule anticancer compounds. This approach represents a crucial advancement in addressing a current challenge within the field of small molecule drug discovery and validation.展开更多
At present, the development of renewable energy relies mainly on government support. The government invests in a considerable number of projects to improve public welfare and to assist in poverty relief If China is to...At present, the development of renewable energy relies mainly on government support. The government invests in a considerable number of projects to improve public welfare and to assist in poverty relief If China is to replace fossil fuels on a large scale with renewable energy sources, the production costs and prices of renewable energy must be brought down. All countries are facing the challenge of moving to a more secure and low-carbon energy system without weakening economic and social development. In this regard, China is facing an even greater challenge in terms of economic cost, as cheap coal remains the main energy form. Technical innovation and industrialization in the area of renewable energy is an important means of lowering cost. China is in for a period of high-speed development of its economy and the rising demand for energy is irreversible. If the technical progress and development speed of renewable energy lags behind the growth in demand, it will be difficult to realize the improvement of its energy structure.展开更多
There is a general concern that the increasing penetration of electric vehicles(EVs)will result in higher aging failure probability of equipment and reduced network reliability.The electricity costs may also increase,...There is a general concern that the increasing penetration of electric vehicles(EVs)will result in higher aging failure probability of equipment and reduced network reliability.The electricity costs may also increase,due to the exacerbation of peak load led by uncontrolled EV charging.This paper proposes a linear optimization model for the assessment of the benefits of EV smart charging on both network reliability improvement and electricity cost reduction.The objective of the proposed model is the cost minimization,including the loss of load,repair costs due to aging failures,and EV charging expenses.The proposed model incorporates a piecewise linear model representation for the failure probability distributions and utilizes a machine learning approach to represent the EV charging load.Considering two different test systems(a 5-bus network and the IEEE 33-bus network),this paper compares aging failure probabilities,service unavailability,expected energy not supplied,and total costs in various scenarios with and without the implementation of EV smart charging.展开更多
Background:Enteral nutrition(EN)is an important treatment for burn patients.However,severe gastrointestinal damage caused by major burns often leads to EN intolerance.Trophic EN solves this problem basically,but how t...Background:Enteral nutrition(EN)is an important treatment for burn patients.However,severe gastrointestinal damage caused by major burns often leads to EN intolerance.Trophic EN solves this problem basically,but how to transition from trophic EN to standard EN smoothly is still a challenge in burn clinical nutrition.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of EN with different energy supplies on metabolic changes,organ damage and prognosis in burned rats.Methods:Different feeding regimens were designed based on the continuous monitoring of resting energy expenditure in rats.Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group,burn+50%REE group,burn+75%REE group and burn+100%REE group.At the end of a nutritional treatment cycle(14th day),nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,blood biochemistry analysis and quantification of subscab bacteria were performed to explore the differences in metabolic changes,degrees of organ damage and prognoses between the groups.Results:Sixteen metabolites involving seven metabolic pathways were identified from the different energy supply groups.After burn injury,resting energy consumption and body weight loss increased obviously.Meanwhile,weight loss was inversely related to energy supply.The greatest changes in the degree of organ damage,the level of plasma proteins,lipids and endotoxins,as well as the quantification of subscab bacteria were observed in the 50%REE group,followed by the 75 and 100%groups.Conclusions:Achieving an early balance between energy supply and expenditure is conducive to mitigating metabolic disorders and improving prognosis after burn injury.展开更多
Recycling of carbon dioxide(CO_2) into fuels and chemicals is a potential approach to reduce CO_2 emission and fossil-fuel consumption. Autotrophic microbes can utilize energy from light, hydrogen, or sulfur to assimi...Recycling of carbon dioxide(CO_2) into fuels and chemicals is a potential approach to reduce CO_2 emission and fossil-fuel consumption. Autotrophic microbes can utilize energy from light, hydrogen, or sulfur to assimilate atmospheric CO_2 into organic compounds at ambient temperature and pressure. This provides a feasible way for biological production of fuels and chemicals from CO_2 under normal conditions. Recently great progress has been made in this research area, and dozens of CO_2-derived fuels and chemicals have been reported to be synthesized by autotrophic microbes. This is accompanied by investigations into natural CO_2-fixation pathways and the rapid development of new technologies in synthetic biology. This review first summarizes the six natural CO_2-fixation pathways reported to date, followed by an overview of recent progress in the design and engineering of CO_2-fixation pathways as well as energy supply patterns using the concept and tools of synthetic biology. Finally, we will discuss future prospects in biological fixation of CO_2.展开更多
Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries.The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can o...Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries.The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can offer pivotal hints in extending the lifespan of devices under frequent deformation.Featuring inherent liquidity,metal-licity,and biocompatibility,Ga-based room-temperature liquid metals(GBRTLMs)are potential candidates to fulfill the requirement of soft batteries.Herein,to illustrate the glamour of liquid components,high-temperature liquid metal batteries(HTLMBs)are briefly summarized from the aspects of principle,application,advantages,and drawbacks.Then,Ga-based liquid metals as main working electrodes in primary and secondary batteries are reviewed in terms of battery configurations,working mechanisms,and fiinctions.Next,Ga-based liquid metals as auxiliary working electrodes in lithium and nonlithium batteries are also discussed,which work as functional self-healing additives to alleviate the degradation and enhance the durability and capacity of the battery system.After that,Ga-based liquid metals as interconnecting electrodes in multi-scenarios including photovoltaics solar cells,generators,and supercapacitors(SCs)are interpreted,respectively.The summary and perspective of Ga-based liquid metals as diverse battery materials are also focused on.Finally,it was suggested that tremendous endeavors are yet to be made in exploring the innovative battery chemistry,inherent reaction mechanism,and multifunctional integration of Ga-based liquid metal battery systems in the coining future.展开更多
基金Fundings that permitted this research were granted by Australia CRC for Low Carbon Living through the Project“Integrated Carbon Metrics(ICM)”(RP2007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51908064)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2021JJ30717).
文摘The rapid growth of distributed renewable energy penetration is promoting the evolution of the energy system toward decentralization and decentralized and digitized smart grids.This study was based on energy blockchain,and developed a dual-biding mechanism based on the real-time energy surplus and demand in the local smart grid,which is expected to enable reliable,affordable,and clean energy supply in smart communities.In the proposed system,economic benefits could be achieved by replacing fossil-fuel-based electricity with the high penetration of affordable solar PV electricity.The reduction of energy surplus realized by distributed energy production and P2P energy trading,within the smart grid results in less transmission loss and lower requirements for costly upgrading of existing grids.By adopting energy blockchain and smart contract technologies,energy secure trading with a low risk of privacy leakage could be accommodated.The prototype is examined through a case study,and the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed mechanism are further validated by scenario analysis.
文摘Energy supply is one of the most critical challenges of wireless sensor networks(WSNs)and industrial wireless sensor networks(IWSNs).While research on coverage optimization problem(COP)centers on the network’s monitoring coverage,this research focuses on the power banks’energy supply coverage.The study of 2-D and 3-D spaces is typical in IWSN,with the realistic environment being more complex with obstacles(i.e.,machines).A 3-D surface is the field of interest(FOI)in this work with the established hybrid power bank deployment model for the energy supply COP optimization of IWSN.The hybrid power bank deployment model is highly adaptive and flexible for new or existing plants already using the IWSN system.The model improves the power supply to a more considerable extent with the least number of power bank deployments.The main innovation in this work is the utilization of a more practical surface model with obstacles and training while improving the convergence speed and quality of the heuristic algorithm.An overall probabilistic coverage rate analysis of every point on the FOI is provided,not limiting the scope to target points or areas.Bresenham’s algorithm is extended from 2-D to 3-D surface to enhance the probabilistic covering model for coverage measurement.A dynamic search strategy(DSS)is proposed to modify the artificial bee colony(ABC)and balance the exploration and exploitation ability for better convergence toward eliminating NP-hard deployment problems.Further,the cellular automata(CA)is utilized to enhance the convergence speed.The case study based on two typical FOI in the IWSN shows that the CA scheme effectively speeds up the optimization process.Comparative experiments are conducted on four benchmark functions to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the ABC and gbest-guided ABC(GABC)algorithms.The results show that the proposed energy coverage optimization method based on the hybrid power bank deployment model generates more accurate results than the results obtained by similar algorithms(i.e.,ABC,GABC).The proposed model is,therefore,effective and efficient for optimization in the IWSN.
文摘In considering of high proportion of renewable energy supply in 2050, the accelerating of energy consumption gross, source and environment can affect the energy system restrict affection are stronger. Add wind and solar to electricity energy with large amount of energy source exploitation. The energy source amount per person is lower. Considering the renewable energy amount and supply, primary energy storage and structure problem is standing out. Before the wide spread of renewable energy, Using the high-carbon energy in China can pollute seriously. Chinese energy supply and demand problem is research key point. This paper researches Chinese energy supply and demand pattern system and evaluation methodology, gives out the inner and outer influencing elements. And evaluate Chinese energy supply and demand pattern from energy gross, structure, distribution and transportation. Use energy supply synthesize radar comparison chart in certain time period. From energy security, economy, clean and efficiency, analyze the benefit comparisons of Chinese energy supply and demand pattern. This energy supply and demand pattern model will give one certain theoretical analysis and practice reference to the further high proportion of renewable energy.
基金supported by National Natural Science Funds(52078308)Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2007003)the Educational Commission of Liaoning Province of China(lnzd202003).
文摘The building sector is one of the largest energy user and carbon emitters globally.To increase the utilization rate of renewable energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions,the optimal technical scheme of active public institutions and coupled utilization of renewable energy is studied.In this study,the energy consumption of three types of public institutions in various regions of China was simulated by using DeST building energy consumption software,combined with energy conversion efficiency and data released by the National Bureau of Statistics,and the total energy demand and total energy supply of public institutions were predicted using the load density method.Based on the coupling mechanism of the MARKAL model,the optimal proportion of renewable energy in the energy supply of public buildings in different regions is determined.Through the study of the number of public institutions in various regions of China,energy consumption characteristics,construction area,and other related data,the reverse energy flow method is creatively proposed,and the active and renewable energy coupling algorithm from the energy demand side of public institutions to the energy supply side is established.The results show that the central region has the highest utilization rate of renewable energy in the public sector,reaching 36.18%.The use of renewable energy in public buildings in hot summer and warm winter zones decreased to 35.08%,and it was 12.82% in cold zones.By 2025,the proportion of renewable energy resources in China is expected to reach 29.2%.The energy coupling model and algorithm constructed in this paper can provide a basis for the coupling macro configuration of renewable energy in public institutions in China.
基金This work was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61902029 and 61872044)R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(No.KM202011232015).
文摘Mobile edge computing(MEC),as a new distributed computing model,satisfies the low energy consumption and low latency requirements of computation-intensive services.The task offloading of MEC has become an important research hotspot,as it solves the problems of insufficient computing capability and battery capacity of Internet of things(IoT)devices.This study investigates task offloading scheduling in a dynamic MEC system.By integrating energy harvesting technology into IoT devices,we propose a hybrid energy supply model.We jointly optimize local computing,offloading duration,and edge computing decisions to minimize system cost.On the basis of stochastic optimization theory,we design an online dynamic task offloading algorithm for MEC with a hybrid energy supply called DTOME.DTOME can make task offloading decisions by weighing system cost and queue stability.We quote dynamic programming theory to obtain the optimal task offloading strategy.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of DTOME,and show that DTOME entails lower system cost than two baseline task offloading strategies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 71961137012,71874055)National Science Centre,Poland(2018/30/Q/HS4/00764)research support by the Energy,Climate and Environment Program of International Institute for Applied System Analysis(IIASA)within the Young Scientists Summer Program(YSSP).
文摘Efforts to provide alternative resources and technologies for producing liquid fuel have recently been intensified.Different levels of dependence on oil imports and carbon prices have a significant impact on the composition of the cost-minimizing portfolio of technologies.Considering such factors,how should China plan its future liquid fuel industry?The model for supporting the technology portfolio and capacity configuration that minimizes the total system cost until 2045 is described in this study.The results obtained for different carbon prices and levels of dependence on oil import indicate that the oil-to-liquid fuel(OTL)will remain dominant in China's liquid fuel industry over the next three decades.If the carbon price is low,the coal-to-liquid fuel(CTL)process is competitive.For a high carbon price,the biomass-to-liquid fuel(BTL)technology expands more rapidly.The results also reveal that developing the BTL and CTL can effectively reduce the oil-import dependency;moreover,a high carbon price can lead to the CTL being replaced with the low-carbon technology(e.g.,BTL).Improvement in energy raw material conversion and application of CO_(2) removal technologies are also effective methods to control carbon emissions for achieving the carbon emission goals and ultimately emission reduction targets.
基金This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.52006114)BIT Research and Innovation Pro-moting Project(Grant No.2022YCXZ005).
文摘With the great advantages and continuous innovations,prolific research efforts have been devoted to the Stirling engine(SE)domain driven by the sustainability development.In this study,a bibliometric analysis is conducted to explore the research tend and hotspots of SE.The country co-authorship,institute co-authorship and keyword networks are engendered from the visual map using VOSviewer,showing China ranks the first with the total number of published articles and the majority publications are presented by Chinese Academy of Sciences.Owing to the highest node centrality,the research findings in USA can be considered the most influential and greatly worthy being referred,particularly represented by the early contribution for thermo-acoustic SE.The total 7 keyword clusters are classified through the top terms in Citespace and 4 of them are related to its energy supply system,demonstrating the typical application of SE-based combined heat and power(CHP)and integrated multi-energy complementary system have gained much attention.Based on this,a detailed review of SE-based energy supply systems is further conducted through the system forms,4E performance evaluation and soft model combing optimization solutions.Several relevant issues hindering the improvement of these terms are summa-rized,providing the potential guides to help develop the SE-based energy supply system.
文摘Under the general plan of Beijing approved in princi-ple by the State Council in 1983,considerable progress hasbeen made in the supply of electricity,central heating,gas,coal and so on in the past ten years.Nevertheless,due tothe rapid economic development and the enhancement ofthe living standard,shortages in the supply of electricity,thermal energy,gas and other high quality energy is still ob-vious.Meanwhile the constant increase in the amount
基金GRF,Hong Kong,Grant/Award Number:CityU 11305218Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,Grant/Award Number:2019A1515011819Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory grant,Grant/Award Number:Y8D1041Z111。
文摘Wearable sensing systems,as a spearhead of artificial intelligence,are playing increasingly important roles in many fields especially health monitoring.In order to achieve a better wearable experience,rationally integrating the two key components of sensing systems,that is,power supplies and sensors,has become a desperate requirement.However,limited by device designs and fabrication technologies,the current integrated sensing systems still face many great challenges,such as safety,miniaturization,mechanical stability,energyefficiency,sustainability,and comfortability.In this review,the key challenges and opportunities in the current development of integrated wearable sensing systems are summarized.By summarizing the typical configurations of diverse wearable power supplies,and recent advances concerning the integrated sensing systems driven by such power supplies,the representative integrated designs,and micro/nanofabrication technologies are highlighted.Lastly,some new directions and potential solutions aiming at the device-level integration designs are outlooked.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0711500)the National Natural Science Fund of China(Nos.51973095,52273248,and 52303238)the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City(No.21JCZDJC00010).
文摘The development of renewable woods for power generation can help improve the energy efficiency of buildings,and promote the concept design and implementation of“smart buildings”.Here,with specific chemical treatment and hydrothermal synthesis,we demonstrated the practical value of natural wood for thermoelectric power generation in smart buildings.The prepared wood-based thermoelectric sponges show high Seebeck coefficients of 320.5 and 436.6μV/K in the vertical and parallel directions of the longitudinal channel of wood.After 500 cycles of the compressive strain at 20%,the corresponding Seebeck coefficients increase up to 413.4 and 502.1μV/K,respectively,which is attributed to the improved contact and connection between tellurium thermoelectric nanowires.The Seebeck coefficients are much larger than those of most reported inorganic thermoelectric materials.Meanwhile,the thermoelectric sponges maintain excellent thermoelectric and mechanical stability.We further modeled the application value of wood-based thermoelectric sponges in smart buildings for power generation.Relatively high thermoelectric electricity can be obtained,such as in Beijing with over 1.5 million kWh every year,demonstrating the great potential in thermal energy harvest and energy supply.
文摘In this paper,we investigate the effective deployment of millimeter wave(mmWave)in unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-enabled wireless powered communication network(WPCN).In particular,a novel framework for optimizing the performance of such UAV-enabled WPCN in terms of system throughput is proposed.In the considered model,multiple UAVs monitor in the air along the scheduled flight trajectory and transmit monitoring data to micro base stations(mBSs)with the harvested energy via mmWave.In this case,we propose an algorithm for jointly optimizing transmit power and energy transfer time.To solve the non-convex optimization problem with tightly coupled variables,we decouple the problem into more tractable subproblems.By leveraging successive convex approximation(SCA)and block coordinate descent techniques,the optimal solution is obtained by designing a two-stage joint iteration optimization algorithm.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm with joint transmit power and energy transfer time optimization achieves significant performance gains over Q-learning method and other benchmark schemes.
基金supported by project of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company(52062520000Q)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFE0118400)。
文摘Power system equipment outages are one of the most important factors affecting the reliability and economy of power systems.It is crucial to consider the reliability of the planning problems.In this paper,a generation expansion planning(GEP)model is proposed,in which the candidate generating units and energy storage systems(ESSs)are simultaneously planned by minimizing the cost incurred on investment,operation,reserve,and reliability.The reliability cost is computed by multiplying the value of lost load(VOLL)with the expected energy not supplied(EENS),and this model makes a compromise between economy and reliability.Because the computation of EENS makes the major computation impediment of the entire model,a new efficient linear EENS formulation is proposed and applied in a multi-step GEP model.By doing so,the computation efficiency is significantly improved,and the solution accuracy is still desirable.The proposed GEP model is illustrated using the IEEE-RTS system to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the new model.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70373017) .
文摘The reliability level of a power generation system is an important problem which is concerned by both electricity producers and electricity consumers. Why? It is known that the high reliability level may result in additional utility cost, and the low reliability level may result in additional consumer's cost, so the optimum reliability level should be determined such that the total cost can reach its minimum. Four optimization models for power generation system reliability are constructed, and the proven efficient solutions for these models are also given.
基金This work was financially supported by the Shandong Province Key R&D Program(Major Technological Innovation Project)(2021CXGC010501,China)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22107059,22007060)+5 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021QH057,ZR2022QH304,ZR2020QB166,China)Innovation Team of Shandong Higher School Youth Innovation Technology Program(2021KJ035,China)Taishan Scholars Program(TSQN202211221,China)Shandong Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(ZR2022YQ66,China)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of China Association for Science and Technology(CACM-2023-QNRC1-02)Academic Promotion Programme of Shandong First Medical University(No.2019LJ003,China)。
文摘Small molecule drugs play a pivotal role in the arsenal of anticancer pharmacological agents. Nonetheless, their small size poses a challenge when directly visualizing their localization, distribution, mechanism of action (MOA), and target engagement at the subcellular level in real time. We propose a strategy for developing triple-functioning drug beacons that seamlessly integrate therapeutically relevant bioactivity, precise subcellular localization, and direct visualization capabilities within a single molecular entity. As a proof of concept, we have meticulously designed and constructed a boronic acid fluorescence drug beacon using coumarin–hemicyanine (CHB). Our CHB design includes three pivotal features: a boronic acid moiety that binds both adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thus depleting their levels and disrupting the energy supply within mitochondria;a positively charged component that targets the drug beacon to mitochondria;and a sizeable conjugated luminophore that emits fluorescence, facilitating the application of structured illumination microscopy (SIM). Our study indicates the exceptional responsiveness of our proof-of-concept drug beacon to ADP and ATP, its efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth, and its ability to facilitate the tracking of ADP and ATP distribution around the mitochondrial cristae. Furthermore, our investigation reveals that the micro-dynamics of CHB induce mitochondrial dysfunction by causing damage to the mitochondrial cristae and mitochondrial DNA. Altogether, our findings highlight the potential of SIM in conjunction with visual drug design as a potent tool for monitoring the in situ MOA of small molecule anticancer compounds. This approach represents a crucial advancement in addressing a current challenge within the field of small molecule drug discovery and validation.
文摘At present, the development of renewable energy relies mainly on government support. The government invests in a considerable number of projects to improve public welfare and to assist in poverty relief If China is to replace fossil fuels on a large scale with renewable energy sources, the production costs and prices of renewable energy must be brought down. All countries are facing the challenge of moving to a more secure and low-carbon energy system without weakening economic and social development. In this regard, China is facing an even greater challenge in terms of economic cost, as cheap coal remains the main energy form. Technical innovation and industrialization in the area of renewable energy is an important means of lowering cost. China is in for a period of high-speed development of its economy and the rising demand for energy is irreversible. If the technical progress and development speed of renewable energy lags behind the growth in demand, it will be difficult to realize the improvement of its energy structure.
文摘There is a general concern that the increasing penetration of electric vehicles(EVs)will result in higher aging failure probability of equipment and reduced network reliability.The electricity costs may also increase,due to the exacerbation of peak load led by uncontrolled EV charging.This paper proposes a linear optimization model for the assessment of the benefits of EV smart charging on both network reliability improvement and electricity cost reduction.The objective of the proposed model is the cost minimization,including the loss of load,repair costs due to aging failures,and EV charging expenses.The proposed model incorporates a piecewise linear model representation for the failure probability distributions and utilizes a machine learning approach to represent the EV charging load.Considering two different test systems(a 5-bus network and the IEEE 33-bus network),this paper compares aging failure probabilities,service unavailability,expected energy not supplied,and total costs in various scenarios with and without the implementation of EV smart charging.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81971838)Clinical Research Foundation of TMMU(No.2018XLC2006)Innovative Leading Talents Project of Chongqing(NO.CQYC20210303286).
文摘Background:Enteral nutrition(EN)is an important treatment for burn patients.However,severe gastrointestinal damage caused by major burns often leads to EN intolerance.Trophic EN solves this problem basically,but how to transition from trophic EN to standard EN smoothly is still a challenge in burn clinical nutrition.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of EN with different energy supplies on metabolic changes,organ damage and prognosis in burned rats.Methods:Different feeding regimens were designed based on the continuous monitoring of resting energy expenditure in rats.Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group,burn+50%REE group,burn+75%REE group and burn+100%REE group.At the end of a nutritional treatment cycle(14th day),nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,blood biochemistry analysis and quantification of subscab bacteria were performed to explore the differences in metabolic changes,degrees of organ damage and prognoses between the groups.Results:Sixteen metabolites involving seven metabolic pathways were identified from the different energy supply groups.After burn injury,resting energy consumption and body weight loss increased obviously.Meanwhile,weight loss was inversely related to energy supply.The greatest changes in the degree of organ damage,the level of plasma proteins,lipids and endotoxins,as well as the quantification of subscab bacteria were observed in the 50%REE group,followed by the 75 and 100%groups.Conclusions:Achieving an early balance between energy supply and expenditure is conducive to mitigating metabolic disorders and improving prognosis after burn injury.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(31470231)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21106175)
文摘Recycling of carbon dioxide(CO_2) into fuels and chemicals is a potential approach to reduce CO_2 emission and fossil-fuel consumption. Autotrophic microbes can utilize energy from light, hydrogen, or sulfur to assimilate atmospheric CO_2 into organic compounds at ambient temperature and pressure. This provides a feasible way for biological production of fuels and chemicals from CO_2 under normal conditions. Recently great progress has been made in this research area, and dozens of CO_2-derived fuels and chemicals have been reported to be synthesized by autotrophic microbes. This is accompanied by investigations into natural CO_2-fixation pathways and the rapid development of new technologies in synthetic biology. This review first summarizes the six natural CO_2-fixation pathways reported to date, followed by an overview of recent progress in the design and engineering of CO_2-fixation pathways as well as energy supply patterns using the concept and tools of synthetic biology. Finally, we will discuss future prospects in biological fixation of CO_2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91748206)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFC0122301).
文摘Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries.The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can offer pivotal hints in extending the lifespan of devices under frequent deformation.Featuring inherent liquidity,metal-licity,and biocompatibility,Ga-based room-temperature liquid metals(GBRTLMs)are potential candidates to fulfill the requirement of soft batteries.Herein,to illustrate the glamour of liquid components,high-temperature liquid metal batteries(HTLMBs)are briefly summarized from the aspects of principle,application,advantages,and drawbacks.Then,Ga-based liquid metals as main working electrodes in primary and secondary batteries are reviewed in terms of battery configurations,working mechanisms,and fiinctions.Next,Ga-based liquid metals as auxiliary working electrodes in lithium and nonlithium batteries are also discussed,which work as functional self-healing additives to alleviate the degradation and enhance the durability and capacity of the battery system.After that,Ga-based liquid metals as interconnecting electrodes in multi-scenarios including photovoltaics solar cells,generators,and supercapacitors(SCs)are interpreted,respectively.The summary and perspective of Ga-based liquid metals as diverse battery materials are also focused on.Finally,it was suggested that tremendous endeavors are yet to be made in exploring the innovative battery chemistry,inherent reaction mechanism,and multifunctional integration of Ga-based liquid metal battery systems in the coining future.