Estimation-free spatial-domain image reconstruction of structured illumination microscopy

Structured illumination microscopy(SIM)achieves super-resolution(SR)by modulating the high-frequency information of the sample into the passband of the optical system and subsequent image reconstruction.The traditional Wiener-filtering-based reconstruction algorithm operates in the Fourier domain,it requires prior knowledge of the sinusoidal illumination patterns which makes the time-consuming procedure of parameter estimation to raw datasets necessary,besides,the parameter estimation is sensitive to noise or aberration-induced pattern distortion which leads to reconstruction artifacts.Here,we propose a spatial-domain image reconstruction method that does not require parameter estimation but calculates patterns from raw datasets,and a reconstructed image can be obtained just by calculating the spatial covariance of differential calculated patterns and differential filtered datasets(the notch filtering operation is performed to the raw datasets for attenuating and compensating the optical transfer function(OTF)).Experiments on reconstructing raw datasets including nonbiological,biological,and simulated samples demonstrate that our method has SR capability,high reconstruction speed,and high robustness to aberration and noise.

High-speed autopolarization synchronization modulation three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy

In recent years,notable progress has been achieved in both the hardware and algorithms of structured illumination microscopy(SIM).Nevertheless,the advancement of three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy(3DSIM)has been impeded by challenges arising from the speed and intricacy of polarization modulation.We introduce a high-speed modulation 3DSIM system,leveraging the polarizationmaintaining and modulation capabilities of a digital micromirror device(DMD)in conjunction with an electrooptic modulator.The DMD-3DSIM system yields a twofold enhancement in both lateral(133 nm)and axial(300 nm)resolution compared to wide-field imaging and can acquire a data set comprising 29 sections of 1024 pixels×1024 pixels,with 15 ms exposure time and 6.75 s per volume.The versatility of the DMD-3DSIM approach was exemplified through the imaging of various specimens,including fluorescent beads,nuclear pores,microtubules,actin filaments,and mitochondria within cells,as well as plant and animal tissues.Notably,polarized 3DSIM elucidated the orientation of actin filaments.Furthermore,the implementation of diverse deconvolution algorithms further enhances 3D resolution.The DMD-based 3DSIM system presents a rapid and reliable methodology for investigating biomedical phenomena,boasting capabilities encompassing 3D superresolution,fast temporal resolution,and polarization imaging.

Dynamic Analysis of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Response to Time-Variant Excitations during Strong Actinic Illumination and Application in Probing Plant Water Loss

Magnitude measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence(ChIF)involves challenges,and dynamic responses to variable excitations may offer an alternative.In this research,ChIF was measured during strong actinic light by using a pseudo-random binary sequence as a time-variant multiple-frequency illumination excitation.The responses were observed in the time domain but were primarily analyzed in the frequency domain in terms of amplitude gain variations.The excitation amplitude was varied,and moisture loss was used to induce changes in the plant samples for further analysis.The results show that when nonphotochemical quenching(NPQ)activities start,the amplitude of ChIF responses vary,making the ChIF responses to illumination excitations nonlinear and nonstationary.NPQ influences the ChIF responses in low frequencies,most notably below 0.03 rad/s.The low-frequency gain is linearly correlated with NPQ and can thus be used as a reference to compensate for the variations in ChIF measurements.The high-frequency amplitude gain showed a stronger correlation with moisture loss after correction with the low-frequency gain.This work demonstrates the usefulness of dynamic characteristics in broadening the applications of ChIF measurements in plant analysis and offers a way to mitigate variabilities in ChIF measurements during strong actinic illumination.

Research on the cognitive process of building energy-saving reminder information: Review and prospects

Traditional building energy-saving research focuses on technical energy-saving and energy system energy-saving,while neglecting the study of personnel's energy-consumption behavior during the building operation phase.In order to explore people's cognitive process of building energy-saving information,this paper focuses on the representativeness of the research on building energy-saving reminder information.The results are summarized,sorted out and analyzed.Based on relevant research at home and abroad,this paper reviews the conceptual connotation of building energy-saving reminder information,research methods and influencing factors on the recognition of building energy-saving reminder information.Finally,it summarizes the research landscape of the cognitive process of building energy-saving reminder information and analyzes the existing research.In light of the shortcomings,three major research directions are proposed in the future:integrating research scenarios and focusing on the interaction of multiple scenarios in the Chinese cultural environment;broadening research methods to explore the diversity and feasibility of emerging research methods;increasing the time span and improving experimental design dynamic and continuous.

Energy-Saving Distributed Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Optimization with Dual Resource Constraints Based on Integrated Q-Learning Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer

The distributed flexible job shop scheduling problem(DFJSP)has attracted great attention with the growth of the global manufacturing industry.General DFJSP research only considers machine constraints and ignores worker constraints.As one critical factor of production,effective utilization of worker resources can increase productivity.Meanwhile,energy consumption is a growing concern due to the increasingly serious environmental issues.Therefore,the distributed flexible job shop scheduling problem with dual resource constraints(DFJSP-DRC)for minimizing makespan and total energy consumption is studied in this paper.To solve the problem,we present a multi-objective mathematical model for DFJSP-DRC and propose a Q-learning-based multi-objective grey wolf optimizer(Q-MOGWO).In Q-MOGWO,high-quality initial solutions are generated by a hybrid initialization strategy,and an improved active decoding strategy is designed to obtain the scheduling schemes.To further enhance the local search capability and expand the solution space,two wolf predation strategies and three critical factory neighborhood structures based on Q-learning are proposed.These strategies and structures enable Q-MOGWO to explore the solution space more efficiently and thus find better Pareto solutions.The effectiveness of Q-MOGWO in addressing DFJSP-DRC is verified through comparison with four algorithms using 45 instances.The results reveal that Q-MOGWO outperforms comparison algorithms in terms of solution quality.

Operation optimization strategy of existing residential building energy-saving renovation market:From the perspective of subject behavior

The energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings is a crucial measure to achieve the strategic goal of energy conservation and emission reduction in China and build ecologically livable cities.This article focuses on the perspective of subject behavior,starting from analyzing the current situation and difficulties of the operation of the energy-saving renovation market for existing residential buildings in China,drawing on the practical experience of the operation of the existing residential building energy-saving renovation market abroad.Based on principles such as systematicity,humanization,feasibility,and sustainability,the article constructs an operation optimization system of the existing residential building energy-saving renovation market from the perspective of subject behavior.In order to provide a reference for the healthy and orderly operation of the existing residential building energy-saving renovation market,this paper proposes implementation strategies for optimizing the operation of the existing residential building energy-saving renovation market.Suggestions are proposed from four aspects:optimizing the market environment,innovating the financing model,building the information sharing platform,and utilizing the synergies of the main subjects.

Numerical Simulation of Super-Resolution Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) Using Heintzmann-Cremer Algorithm with Non-Continuous Spatial Frequency Support

We report a comprehensive numerical study of super resolution (SR) structured illumination microscopy (SIM) utilizing the classic Heintzmann-Cremer SIM process and algorithm. In particular, we investigated the impact of the diffraction limit of the underlying imaging system on the optimal SIM grating frequency that can be used to obtain the highest SR enhancement with non-continuous spatial frequency support. Besides confirming the previous theoretical and experimental work that SR-SIM can achieve an enhancement close to 3 times the diffraction limit with grating pattern illuminations, we also observe and report a series of more subtle effects of SR-SIM with non-continuous spatial frequency support. Our simulations show that when the SIM grating frequency exceeds twice that of the diffraction limit, the higher SIM grating frequency can help achieve a higher SR enhancement for the underlying imaging systems whose diffraction limit is low, though this enhancement is obtained at the cost of losing resolution at some lower resolution targets. Our simulations also show that, for underlying imaging systems with high diffraction limits, however, SR-SIM grating frequencies above twice the diffraction limits tend to bring no significant extra enhancement. Furthermore, we observed that there exists a limit grating frequency above which the SR enhancement effect is lost, and the reconstructed images essentially have the same resolution as the one obtained directly from the underlying imaging system without using the SIM process.

Energy-Saving Construction Technologies for Buildings

The development of the construction industry is shifting towards low-carbon construction,so it is necessary to improve and optimize related construction concepts,methods,and processes.By improving resource and energy control efficiency in building projects,minimizing construction waste,and reducing environmental impact,a foundation for the sustainable development of the industry can be established.This paper mainly analyzes the significance of low-carbon energy-saving construction technology and the control factors of construction,summarizes the status quo of the development of building energy-saving construction,and puts forward strategies for applying building energy-saving construction technology.These strategies serve to achieve low-carbon and energy-saving goals to promote the healthy development of energy-saving construction.

Application of Energy-Saving Materials in Architectural Design

The conventional process of building construction is associated with issues such as the waste of construction materials and environmental pollution.Sustainable development highlights the importance of energy conservation and eco-friendly practices.It is essential to use energy-efficient and green materials in building designs to ensure the healthy growth of construction companies.This article discusses the advantages and principles of incorporating energy-saving materials in architectural design.It examines the strategies and critical control points for using energy-saving materials in architectural design,offering guidance for the sustainable development of the construction industry.

Exploration of Energy-Saving Technologies in Building Electrical System Design

Green energy conservation is the mainstream trend in the current development of the construction industry.The application of energy-saving technology in building electrical system design can effectively reduce energy consumption,avoid unnecessary energy consumption,and truly achieve energy conservation and environmental protection.Based on this,the article elaborates on the principles of energy-saving design in building electrical systems,and actively explores the application of energy-saving technologies from different perspectives such as optimizing power supply and distribution system design,adopting high-efficiency energy-saving lighting equipment,applying renewable energy,promoting smart home technology,and improving the efficiency of building electrical equipment.

Controlled illumination and seismic acquisition geometry for target-oriented imaging

The conventional method of seismic data acquisition geometry design is based on the assumption of horizontal subsurface reflectors, which often is not suitable for complex structure. We start from a controlled illumination analysis and put forward a method of seismic survey geometry design for target-oriented imaging. The method needs a velocity model obtained by a preliminary seismic interpretation. The one-way Fourier finite-difference wave propagator is used to extrapolate plane wave sources on the target layer to the surface. By analyzing the wave energy distribution at the surface extrapolated from the target layer, the shot or receiver locations needed for target layer imaging can be determined. Numerical tests using the SEG-EAGE salt model suggest that this method is useful for confirming the special seismic acquisition geometry layout for target-oriented imaging.

Low-carbon and Energy-saving Designs Preserving Primitive Ecological Conditions——With the Planning of Ancient Banyan Park in Mengshan County,Guangxi,China as a Case Study

It was proposed that park planning should be based on local economic development,should focus on the preservation of primitive ecological conditions and the application of low-carbon and energy-saving concepts.The planning of Ancient Banyan Park in Mengshan County by following the principles of respecting local history and culture,improving functions and supporting facilities,human-centered,overall planning and all-around consideration,respecting characteristics of the local area(the planning site),satisfying operation requirements of the park,applying low-carbon and energy-saving concepts,and avoiding over-engineering,aimed at protecting natural images of the park,primitive history,culture and characteristics of the local area and providing a space for local residents' various activities.Modern aesthetic forms were combined,cultural connotation of natural environment stressed to build a landscape space system of the Ancient Banyan Park that matches well with environment of the planning site.The park was designed into 4 functional areas:sport area,fitness plaza area,garden recreational area and ancient banyan cultural area.Different functions of these subareas were taken into consideration to create conservation-minded garden landscapes which were both independent and unified.

AN HIERARCHICAL OCCLUSION TEST ALGORITHM FOR GLOBAL ILLUMINATION SOLUTION

This paper presents an efficient hierarchical occlusion test algorithm to support the global illumination solution such as Ray Tracing and Radiosity. This method, which is based on a cone volume intersection examination, can rapidly remove the irrelevant parts in a scene and find the vertices which fall into the shadow area of a given object. It is an effective alternative to the conventional shadow feeler method.

Estimation of illumination chromaticity via adaptive reduced relevance vector machine

A new regression algorithm of an adaptive reduced relevance vector machine is proposed to estimate the illumination chromaticity of an image for the purpose of color constancy. Within the framework of sparse Bayesian learning, the algorithm extends the relevance vector machine by combining global and local kernels adaptively in the form of multiple kernels, and the improved locality preserving projection （LLP） is then applied to reduce the column dimension of the multiple kernel input matrix to achieve less training time. To estimate the illumination chromaticity, the algorithm is trained by fuzzy central values of chromaticity histograms of a set of images and the corresponding illuminants. Experiments with real images indicate that the proposed algorithm performs better than the support vector machine and the relevance vector machine while requiring less training time than the relevance vector machine.

Impact of Illumination and Temperature Performance of Blanket-Inside Solar Greenhouse and CO_2 Enrichment on Cucumber Growth and Development

To evaluate the effects of solar greenhouse with different structure and CO2 enrichment on illumination and temperature performance of greenhouse and cucumber growth and development in the central region of Inner Mongolia, the research used traditional solar greenhouse （A） and blanket-inside solar greenhouse（B）, and set 4 treatments： AE （traditional solar greenhouse A with CO2 enrichment）, AN （traditional solar greenhouse A without CO2 enrichment）, BE （blanket-inside solar greenhouse B with CO2 enrichment） and BN （blanket-inside solar greenhouse B without CO2 enrichment）, to explore the influence of cucumber growth, photosynthetic property, quality and yield in different structure solar greenhouses with CO2 enrichment. The results showed that the illumination and temperature in blanket-inside solar greenhouse was superior to traditional solar greenhouse, and the average light intensity in blanket-inside solar greenhouse increased by 21.05%, compared with traditional solar greenhouse. Under the condition of same greenhouse structure, stem height ,average stem diameter, contents of soluble sugar, vitamin C, net photosynthetic rate and yield showed any significant difference between the treatments with CO2 enrichment or not. Under the condition of same CO2 concentration, BE cucumber average stem height, average stem diameter, contents of soluble sugar, net photosynthetic rate and yield in BE was higher than which in AE. Therefore, the optimization in structure of blanket-inside solar greenhouse remarkably improved illumination and temperature property, combining with CO2 enrichment as application technology, there was crucial significance to promote the greenhouse performance and improve the efficiency of greenhouse vegetable production.

Energy-saving Architectural Designs for Relocation Residential Districts in North Jiangsu Province of China

By investigating present relocation residential districts for peasants whose houses are removed for the unified planning of rural areas in north Jiangsu Province, as well as residents' feelings about the environment of residential district, main architectural structures and energy consumption conditions, the indoor thermal environment, use of main heating and cooling facilities, residents' satisfaction on the acoustical and luminous environment, major space-enclosing structures and calculation of energy-saving designs are analyzed, and suggestions are given for the architectural design of relocation residential districts in the study area. It is stressed that the relationship between energy conservation and architectural layout, orientation, lighting, ventilation, selection of enclosing-structure materials, facade, color and style should be properly handled in the planning, and the focus is to control building orientation and shape coefficient, on the basis of which energy-saving designs of windows, exterior walls and roofs can be done. Energy consumption of present residential buildings is calculated and analyzed to bring forth new ideas to the energy-saving designs for relocation residential districts in north Jiangsu Province, and establish an architectural energy-saving system suitable for climatic and natural conditions of north Jiangsu to instruct the energy-saving designs of relocation residential districts in the study area.

Parallel Implementation of Global Illumination Using PVM

In this paper an attempt of employing network resources to solve a complex and time-consuming problem is presented. The global illumination problem is selected as the study objective. An improved density estimation algorithm is first developed, in which the more inherent concurrency is explored. Then its parallel implementation by using a PVM mechanism and the running performance analysis are provided. The analysis results show the expected speed-up obtained and demonstrate that the PVM has good application prospects for parallel computation in a distributed network.

Germination Characteristics and Secondary Metabolism Regulation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi under Different Illumination Time

This study aimed to investigate the primary and secondary metabolism of Scutel aria baicalensis Georgi during seed germination process under different il umination time. [Method] Chlorophyl （CHL） content, soluble sugar content, phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） activity and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase （C4H） ac-tivity were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The secondary metabolites were detected by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. [Result] The re-sults indicated that the germination of S. baicalensis seeds was not sensitive to light and the seedlings were very sensitive to light. CHL content, soluble sugar content, PAL activity and C4H activity increased continuously with the il umination time. The secondary metabolites showed a similar trend. [Conclusion] Il umination time promoted the formation of leaf photosynthetic pigments, thereby affecting the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites and the activities of PAL and C4H. Therefore, the quality of S. baicalensis can be improved by regulating the il umina-tion time appropriately.

Excavator Energy-saving Efficiency Based on Diesel Engine Cylinder Deactivation Technology

The hydraulic excavator energy-saving research mainly embodies the following three measures： to improve the performance of diesel engine and hydraulic component, to improve the hydraulic system, and to improve the power matching of diesel-hydraulic system-actuator. Although the above measures have certain energy-saving effect, but because the hydraulic excavator load changes frequently and fluctuates dramatically, so the diesel engine often works in high-speed and light load condition, and the fuel consumption is higher. Therefore, in order to improve the economy of diesel engine in light load, and reduce the fuel consumption of hydraulic excavator, energy management concept is proposed based on diesel engine cylinder deactivation technology. By comparing the universal characteristic under diesel normal and deactivated cylinder condition, the mechanism that fuel consumption can be reduced significantly by adopting cylinder deactivation technology under part of loads condition can be clarified. The simulation models for hydraulic system and diesel engine are established by using AMESim software, and fuel combustion consumption by using cylinder-deactivation-technology is studied through digital simulation approach. In this way, the zone of cylinder deactivation is specified. The testing system for the excavator with this technology is set up based on simulated results, and the results show that the diesel engine can still work at high efficiency with part of loads after adopting this technology; fuel consumption is dropped down to 11% and 13% under economic and heavy-load mode respectively under the condition of driving requirements. The research provides references to the energy-saving study of the hydraulic excavators.

DECREASING PITTING SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PASSIVE FILMS ON X70 PIPELINE STEEL IN NaCl SOLUTIONS BY ILLUMINATION

The influence of UV illumination on passivity and pitting susceptibility on X70 pipoeline steel in a borate buffer （pH=8.4 ） solution containing NaCl is described. It is observed that illumination of the sample leads to a decrease in its pitting susceptibility as indicated by pitting potential and incubation time measurements in chloride containing electrolytes. This effect is strongly dependent on the applied potential during passivation. The electronic properties of the passive films on X70 steel were studied by Mott-Schottky analysis and photocurrent transient measurements. The results indicated that illumination during passivation led to modifications in the electronic properties of the passive films, mainly to a decrease of the bulk doping and an increase in the surface state density. The cause for the decrease in the pitting susceptibility is preliminary explained in terms of such modifications of the passive flm.