Antibacterial mechanism of kojic acid and tea polyphenols against Escherichia coli O157:H7 through transcriptomic analysis

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the major foodborne pathogenic bacterial that cause infectious diseases in humans.The previous found that a combination of kojic acid and tea polyphenols exhibited better activity against E.coli O157:H7 than using either alone.This study aimed to explore responses underlying the antibacterial mechanisms of kojic acid and tea polyphenols from the gene level.The functional enrichment analysis by comparing kojic acid and tea polyphenols individually or synergistically against E.coli O157:H7 found that acid resistance systems in kojic acid were activated,and the cell membrane and genomic DNA were destructed in the cells,resulting in“oxygen starvation”.The oxidative stress response triggered by tea polyphenols inhibited both sulfur uptake and the synthesis of ATP,which affected the bacteria's life metabolic process.Interestingly,we found that kojic acid combined with tea polyphenols hindered the uptake of iron that played an essential role in the synthesis of DNA,respiration,tricarboxylic acid cycle.The results suggested that the iron uptake pathways may represent a novel approach for kojic acid and tea polyphenols synergistically against E.coli O157:H7 and provided a theoretical basis for bacterial pathogen control in the food industry.

牛源性Escherichia coli O157:H7分离鉴定、耐药性及耐药基因分析

了解某牛场犊牛群发腹泻后继发胸膜炎、腹膜炎并造成犊牛大量死亡的主要病原菌及其耐药性情况。采集病死犊牛肺、腹膜和肠系膜等脏器,进行病原菌分离、鉴定,并对分离的主要致病菌株进行药敏试验及耐药基因检测。结果表明,引起此次犊牛腹泻及胸膜炎、腹膜炎的主要致病菌为E.coli O157:H7;药敏试验结果表明分离菌对青霉素、四环素和氨苄西林等12种抗生素耐药,对头孢哌酮、头孢他啶、丁胺卡那等8种抗生素敏感,表现为多重耐药。该分离菌同时携带tet B、str B、aad B、aph A、flo R和TEM等耐药基因,耐药基因型和耐药表型不完全相同。研究可为E.coli O157:H7的防治和耐药性控制提供依据。

用于Escherichia coli O157∶H7直接快速检测的倏逝波荧光核酸适配体传感器研究

通过融合倏逝波荧光光纤传感器和特异性核酸适配体的优势,提出了一种基于倏逝波荧光原理及其与病原菌尺寸效应的Escherichia coli O157∶H7(E.coli O157∶H7)直接快速检测方法。基本原理是当一定浓度荧光标记E.coli O157∶H7核酸适配体加入样品检测池时,倏逝波激发荧光分子发出荧光,利用倏逝波全光纤生物传感器即可实现荧光信号的定量检测;当荧光标记的核酸适配体与E.coli O157∶H7混合后加入样品检测池,因倏逝波渗入深度仅为100 nm,导致特异性结合E.coli O157∶H7的核酸适配体标记荧光分子不能被激发,从而使得检测荧光信号降低;利用荧光信号强度与E.coli O157∶H7浓度的比例关系即可实现其定量检测。结果表明:该方法检测E.coli O157∶H7的检测限可达610 CFU/mL,线性检测区间为1.1×10^3-1.4×10^7 CFU/mL。实际水样加标回收率在40%-180%之间,相对标准偏差在10%之内,水样基质对E.coli O157∶H7的检测没有明显影响。本研究建立基于倏逝波荧光原理及其与病原菌尺寸效应的生物传感分析方法具有普适性,仅需使用不同荧光标记的生物识别分子即可实现其他病原菌的直接快速检测。

食品中Escherichia coli O157:H7微滴数字PCR绝对定量检测方法的建立

为建立食品中Escherichia coli O157:H7的微滴数字聚合酶链式反应(droplet digital polymerase chain reaction,ddPCR)快速定量检测方法,针对E.coli O157:H7的特异性单拷贝基因hlyA设计引物探针,并进行特异性、灵敏度和重复性实验,同时通过人工污染三文鱼样品的检测,比较平板计数法、real-time PCR和ddPCR方法的测定值效果。结果表明,所建立的E.coli O157:H7 ddPCR检测方法具有良好的特异性、灵敏性和重复性。细菌纯培养液中定量限为105 CFU/mL,检出限为25 CFU/mL,人工污染三文鱼样品中检出限为110 CFU/g。对不同人工污染水平的三文鱼样品,ddPCR与平板计数的测定值结果无显著性差异(P>0.05),比real-time PCR方法的测定值结果更加稳定、准确。因此,本研究建立的ddPCR方法能够更加快速、准确、灵敏、特异地绝对定量检测食品中E.coli O157:H7。

Prevalence of shiga toxins(stx_1,stx_2),eaeA and hly genes of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains among children with acute gastroenteritis in southern of Iran

Objective:To survey the prevalence severe diarrhea arising from these bacteria in children under 5 years old in Marvdasht.Methods:In this study faecal sample from 615 children aged <5years old who were hospitalized lor gastroenteritis in Fars hospitals in Iran were collected and then enriched in Escherichia coli(E.coli) broth and modified tryplone soy broth with novobiocin media,fermentation of sorbitol,lactose and β— glucoronidase activity of isolated strains was examined by CT—SMAC,VRBA and chromogenic media respectively.Then isolation of E.coli O157:H7 have been confirmed with the use of specific antisera and with multiplex PCR method presence of virulence genes including:xtx_1.stx_2,eae.A.hly has been analyzed.Results:E.coli O157:H7 was detected in 7(1.14%) stool specimens.A significanl difference was seen between detection rale of isolated bacteria from age groups 18-23 months and other age groups(P=0.004).Out of considered virulence genes.only 1 of the isolated strains(0.16%)he stx,and eaeA genes were seen and also all isolated hacleria had resistance to penicillin,ampicillin and erythromycin antibiotics.Conclusions:We found thai children < 2 years of age were at highest risk of infection with E.coli O157:H7.Regarding severity of E.coli O157:H7 pathogenesis,low infectious dose and lack of routine assay for detection ol these bacleria in clinical laboratory,further and completed studies on diagnosis and genolyping of this E.coli O157:H7 strain has been recommended.

The intervention effects of Lactobacillus casei LC2W on Escherichia coli O157:H7-induced mouse colitis

This study investigated the intervention effects of Lactobacillus casei LC2W in murine(SPF C57BL/c)challenge infection models induced by Escherichia coli O157:H7.Mice were fed streptomycin with water for 3 days prior to intragastric gavage by E.coli O157:H7(Control)or L.casei LC2W together with E.coli O157:H7(Intervention)to explore the role of L.casei LC2W by biochemical indicators,histological evaluation,expression of colonic pro-inflammatory and intestinal barrier factors related to enteritis.Results showed that the administration of L.casei LC2W was able to alleviate the symptoms of colitis induced by E.coli O157:H7,exhibiting lower weight loss as well as more intact colon tissue.Furthermore,L.casei LC2W could down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β)and protect the intestinal barrier function by improving the level of MUC2,ZO-1 and E-cadherin 1 compared to the control group.These results demonstrate that L.casei LC2W can reduce the severity of E.coli O157:H7 infection,and suggest L.casei LC2W may maintain the immune balance and intestinal barrier to reduce colitis.In addition,we found the effect of intervention is similar to that of prevention,which is better than that of treatment.

In Vitro Assessment of Probiotic Potential of Lactobacilus acidophilus and Antagonistic Activity Against Escherichia coli O157:H7

The antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS1.0901, KLDS1.0902, KLDSI.1003 and NCFM against Escherichia coli O157 ： H7 were investigated in this study. The culture supematants of all the L. acidophilus stains showed high bacteriostatic activities against E. coli O 157 ： H7 and the bacteriostatic substances of their Cell-Free Supernatants （CFS） were preliminarily determined from organic acids. The bacteriostatic activity from CFS or viable L. acidophilus against E. coli O157 ： H7 was also assessed by using co-incubation methods, CFS had high bactericidal activity against E. coli O157 ： H7, no viable E. coli O157 ： H7 was detected when 5×10^7 CfU ofE. coli O157 ： H7 was added to 5 mL of CFS and incubated at 37℃ for 2 h. However, L. acidophilus themselves had no bacteriostatic activity after directly contacted with E. coli O157 ： H7. The inhibition E. coli O157 ： H7 adhesion and colonization of L. acidophilus were also investigated based on competition, exclusion and displacement assays. L. acidophilus KLDS1.0901, KLDSI.1003 and NCFM strains were effective to displace E. coli O157 ： H7 from a Caco-2 cell layer in competition and exclusion assays. However, in displacement assay, all of the strains showed no significant antagonistic activities. Meanwhile, the probiotic potential of L. acidophilus strains was investigated based on adhesion assay to Caco-2 cells and anti- inflammatory effects by IL-8 produced in Caco-2 cells. The adhesion ability and anti-inflammatory effects of L. acidophilus strains showed a strain-dependent manner. In general, L. acidophilus KLDS 1.0901 and NCFM showed better probiotic potential than KLDS1.0902 and KLDSI.1003. Thus, the use ofL. acidophilus KLDS1.0901 and NCFM to prevent or treat of diseases associated induced E. coli O157 ： H7 in vivo was suggested.

Effects of Sodium Lactate on the Survival of <i>Listeria Monocytogenes</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7, and <i>Salmonella</i>spp. in Cooked Ham at Refrigerated and Abuse Temperatures

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sodium lactate on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157: H7, and Salmonella spp. in cooked ham during storage at refrigerated and abuse temperatures. Cooked ham was added with 0% - 3% lactate, inoculated with a multiple-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157: H7, or Salmonella spp. and stored at 4oC - 15oC for up to 35 day. The growth of the three pathogens was inhibited in ham containing 3% lactate, and no growth of E. coli O157: H7 and Salmonella spp. occurred at the lowest storage tem- peratures of 6 and 8oC, respectively. In ham containing no lactate, the average growth rates were 0.256 - 0.380 log CFU/day for L. monocytogenes at 4oC - 8oC, 0.242 - 0.315 log CFU/day for E. coli O157: H7 at 8oC - 15oC, and 0.249 - 0.328 log CFU/day for Salmonella spp. at 10oC - 15oC. The addition of 1% or 2% lactate significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the growth rates of the three pathogens, and the effect was more profound at lower temperatures. Salmonella spp. were more sensitive to the effect of lactate than L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157: H7. Polynomial models were developed to describe the growth rates of the three pathogens as affected by the lactate concentration and storage tem- perature. Results from this study demonstrate the effect of lactate on the growth of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157: H7, and Salmonella spp. in cooked ham and indicate the effective lactate concentrations and storage temperatures that can be used to enhance the microbiological safety of ready-to-eat ham products.

PCR-DGGE analysis of earthworm gut bacteria diversity in stress of <i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7

In order to test if the intestinal bacteria play an important role in antibacterial ability of earthworm, we chose Escherichia coli O157:H7, an anthropozoonosis pathogen, as a biological stressor and studied the change of intestinal bacteria community of earthworm by PCR-DGGE analysis. Results showed that the pathogen merely existed 1 - 3 days, then almost disappeared after through the earthworm’s gut. In this period, the diversity and abundance index of intestinal bacteria increased first, then decreased, and finally kept stably after 7 days. The result demonstrated that the intestinal bacteria of earthworm had ability of adjust community structure to eliminate the pathogen E. coli O157:H7, and the amount of bacteria Bacillus increased significantly, which might be the positive antagonism to E. coli O157:H7.

酶标记鸡卵黄抗E.coli O157∶H7抗体的制备与特性研究

目的：研究制备特异性抗E.coli O157：H7鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白（IgY）及酶标记抗体（IgY-HRP）的工艺条件。方法：分别用灭活菌体、脂多糖及O抗原多糖抗原免疫临产母鸡，水稀释法结合离子交换色谱分离提取IgY，再用过碘酸钠法和戊二醛法进行HRP标记，各种制品的分析用电泳及ELISA法。结果：可获得纯度为79．6％～85．3％的IgY，提取率74％～77％；过碘酸钠氧化法标记效果较好，IgY-HRP（1mg／ml）最高效价640。结论：免疫制备IgY方法可行，过碘酸钠法标记IgY-HRP取得良好效果。

来自腹泻合并急性肾衰病人疫区的99株E.coli O157∶H7的鉴定结果分析

目的调查研究河南省2000年3月17日-7月6日发生的腹泻合并急性肾衰病人的致病菌。方法采集病人、外环境、家畜和家禽标本620份,采用免疫磁珠集菌法、CHROMAGAR-O157∶H7显色培养基分离及营养肉汤增菌、rfbO157、rfbO111引物多重PCR扩增等方法进行病原菌的检测。结果分离出99份E.coli O157∶H7菌株,其中rfbO157、志贺氏样毒素2(stx2)、溶血素(hlyA)、肠上皮细胞纤毛消除素(eaeA)基因和vero细胞毒性试验均阳性的有56株,其它基因组合7株,36株无毒力基因。结论99株E.coli O157∶H7在CHROMAGAR-O157∶H7显色培养基生长形态、颜色,生化反应及毒力基因表现等方面出现多样化,对于今后在制定对该菌的诊断标准、传染源的控制及细菌毒力学等方面的研究提供了依据。

河南豫东地区产志贺样毒素Ecoli O157∶H7感染病例的流行病学调查研究

[目的 ]探讨河南省局部地区腹泻病人感染及携带大肠杆菌O15 7∶H7的情况 ,观察带菌时间及预后。[方法 ]采用流行病学监测方法发现病人 ,通过病人粪便mEC肉汤增菌 14h、胶体金免疫卡筛选、免疫磁珠法集菌、CHROMAGAR O15 7∶H7显色培养基分离、rfbO15 7、rfbO111、hlyA、stx1、stx2、eaeA引物PCR扩增方法进行毒力因子测定等方法 ,观察、研究感染病人的发病和预后。[结果 ]从 130 3份腹泻病人中共分离出的 38株O15 7∶H7菌株 ,检出率 2 9% ,PCRrfbO15 7扩增均为阳性。其中 2株具有stx2、hlyA和eaeA毒力基因 ,36株为O15 7∶H7不产毒株。[结论 ]我省首次从病人中分离出O15 7∶H7产毒株 ,病人发病后可于第 3～

大气压冷等离子体处理对果蔬表面E.coli O157∶H7生物膜的清除作用

本文探究了大气压冷等离子体(ACP)处理对E.coli O157∶H7生物膜清除作用的最佳处理功率和处理时间,并进一步探究了ACP处理对E.coli O157∶H7生物膜的抗菌机制,利用场发射扫描电镜观察了ACP处理前后生物膜形态的变化,最后将ACP处理应用到四种果蔬表面E.coli O157∶H7生物膜的清除上。结果表明,在最佳处理功率400 W,最佳处理时间3 min下,ACP通过抑制胞外聚合物中多糖及蛋白质的合成与分泌来抑制生物膜的形成,并在处理当天分别对户太葡萄、圣女果、维多利亚青提及生菜这四种果蔬表面清除98.99%±0.38%、99.92%±0.20%、96.84%±0.18%、99.80%±0.23%的E.coli O157∶H7生物膜,在5 d内仍表现出了较好的抑制效果,延长了四种果蔬的贮藏期。结合感官评定结果,ACP处理虽对四种果蔬的色泽和感官品质略有影响,但仍能被大家所接受。综上,ACP处理可在基本不影响四种果蔬的色泽及感官品质前提下,对果蔬表面的E.coli O157∶H7生物膜有明显的清除效果。

Evaluation of zoonotic potency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 through arbitrarily primed PCR methods

Objective: To evaluate the zoonotic potency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 through arbitrarily primed-PCR(AP-PCR) methods as one of the DNA fingerprinting methods.Methods: A total of 14 isolates consisted of 11 isolates originated from human feces with renal failure symptoms, 2 isolates originated from cattle feces, and 1 control isolate were used in this study. DNA of each isolate was extracted, and their pro files were studied by using AP-PCR method with M13 F and M13 R arbitrary primers.Results: The results founded that all of 14 isolates had similarity range from 54.6% to88.5%. Isolates KL-106(3) and KL-55(6) originated from humans showed the degree of similarity with isolates SM-25(1) and SM-7(1) originated from cattle as high as 85% and77%, respectively.Conclusions: The high degree of similarity between isolates originated from cattle and human indicated the high potency of zoonoses. The results also concluded AP-PCR method as a brie fly fingerprinting method in order to trace the epidemiological of E. coli O157:H7.

不同粒径纳米金标记二抗增强表面等离子共振检测E.coli O 157:H7

基于双通道表面等离子共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)传感器,结合不同粒径的金纳米粒子(Au nanoparticle,Au NPs)标记多克隆抗体(polyclonal antibody,PAb)作为第二抗体,采用氨基偶联的方法将PAb固定在传感器表面作为第一抗体,采用三明治夹心法进行了检测大肠杆菌O157∶H7(E.coli O157∶H7)的研究。考察3种粒径的Au NPs作为标记物,增强SPR响应信号检测E.coli O157∶H7的能力。结果表明,增强效果最佳的Au NPs粒径为17.79 nm,其可检测到的E.coli O157∶H7的最低浓度为10 CFU/m L。

Survival and Growth Characteristics of <i>Escherichia coli </i>O157:H7 in Pomegranate-Carrot and Pomegranate-Apple Blend Juices

Unpasteurized fruit juice has been implicated in outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7). Meanwhile, certain fruit, such as pomegranate, contains antimicrobial components. The objective of this study was to investigate the survival and growth characteristics of E. coli O157:H7 on pomegranate juice in laboratory medium and in pomegranate-carrot and pomegranate-apple blend juices at different concentrations. Single strain of E. coli O157:H7 (E0019, H1730, and Cider) was inoculated into brain heart infusion (BHI) broth or a mixture of three strains was inoculated into the blended juices containing pomegranate juice. Our results showed that the addition of pomegranate juice inhibited the growth of tested E. coli O157:H7 in both laboratory medium and blended juices.The antimicrobial activity increased with increased concentrations of pomegranate juice (P < 0.001) and incubation times.The bacterial population was reduced by at least 2 log CFU/ml in BHI broth and juice blend samples in the presence of 20% and 40% Pomegranate juice respectively. Sensory evaluations performed using a 9 point hedonic scale showed significant satisfaction on using 40% pomegranate juice blend with carrot and apple juices. Our study suggests that pomegranate juice could be used as a natural antimicrobial in different food systems including juices to inhibit the growth of E. coli O157:H7.

Evaluation of Organic Acid-Based Sanitizers for Reduction of <i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 during Flume-Washing of Organic Leafy Greens

Antimicrobial efficacy of three novel organic sanitizers, CHICO WashTM, C8C10 and CG100, was evaluated for the reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during flume-washing of organic leafy greens. Organic formulations at various concentrations: CHICO (C3H8I0C3O7) WashTM (1:20 ratio) and C8C10 and CG100 (0.2 and 0.4%), along with the controls: hydrogen-peroxide and water, were used for washing organic baby and mature spinach and romaine and iceberg lettuce. Leafy greens were inoculated with a 2-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 (6 logs CFU/mL) and washed in each treatment for 1 or 2 minutes. The treated leafy greens were stored at 4°C and surviving pathogen populations determined on days 0, 1, and 3 of storage. Organic sanitizers, for both treatment times, significantly (P E. coli O157:H7 on all the leafy greens during storage. Highest reduction (3.4 logs CFU/g) was observed after treatment with CG100 (0.4%) in romaine lettuce, while CHICO WashTM showed greater than 2 logs CFU/g reduction on all the leafy greens, by day 3. This study demonstrates the potential application of organic sanitizers in flume-washing of organic leafy greens for the reduction of E. coli O157:H7.

Impact of Chlorine, Temperature and Freezing Shock on the Survival Behavior of <i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 on Ready-to-Eat Meats

Foodborne pathogens continue to pose a potential food safety hazard in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat. Chlorine is commonly used to sanitize processing equipment where Escherichia coli O157:H7 (Ec) may survive and contaminate food products. The objective of this study was to characterize the survival behavior of Ec with different stresses on RTE meats. A multi-strain cocktail of Ec was pre-treated with freezing shock for 15 - 20 h and/or chlorine (0, 25, and 50 ppm) for one hour, and then inoculated onto RTE meat surfaces to obtain about 3.0 log CFU/g. Samples were stored at three abuse temperatures (12℃, 18℃, and 24℃) and Ec was enumerated during the storage. The freezing shock impact was studied using the Ec cocktail stored in a freezer overnight followed by chlorine exposure for one hour. The lag phase and growth rate of Ec were estimated using DMFit (Combase, Baranyi’s model). Results indicated that Ec growth was suppressed by chlorine treatment. Freezing shock was found to have little impact in terms of lag time and growth rate. The lag phase of Ec after exposure to 0 ppm of chlorine (50.3 h) was shorter than that of Ec treated with 25 ppm (54.6 h) and 50 ppm (164.1 h) at 12℃. However, the lag phase decreased with an increase in temperature, e.g. at 25 ppm, lag times were 54.6, 51.1 and 48.9 h for 12℃, 18℃ and 24℃, respectively. Lag times increased with an increase in chlorine concentration. At 24℃, lag times were 15.8, 48.9, and 52.4 h for 0, 25, and 50 ppm, respectively. The growth rate increased with an increase in temperature for 0 and 25 ppm chlorine levels, but decreased at 50 ppm level. Growth rate and lag phase as a function of temperature and chlorine concentration can be described by polynomial models and modified Ratkowsky-type and Zwietering-type models. Results of this study will contribute to risk assessment of RTE meats.

A Survey of <i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 Virulence Factors: The First 25 Years and 13 Genomes

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a human pathogen that was first identified from a foodborne outbreak in 1982, and in the 25 years that followed, many new strains were identified and emerged in numerous outbreaks of human disease. Extensive research has been conducted to identify virulence factor genes involved in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157:H7 and many genome sequences of E. coli O157:H7 strains have become available to the scientific community. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the research that has been conducted over the first 25 years to identify 394 known or putative virulence factor genes present in the genomes of E. coli O157:H7 strains. Finally, an examination of the conservation of these 394 virulence factor genes across additional genomes of E. coli O157:H7 is provided which summarizes the first 25 years and 13 genomes of this human pathogen.

Analysis on the Epidemiological Characteristics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in Xuzhou,Jiangsu,China,1999

Objective： To determine epidemiologic features of an Escherichia coli O157：H7 outbreak occurred in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China in 1999, and assess the incidence of E. coli O157：H7 in diarrhea patients and host animals and its relationship with disease onset, and provide a scientific basis for establishing prevention and control strategies. Methods： Epidemiological, microbiological, and molecular methods were performed to identify risk factors and describe the ecology of E. coli O157：H7 in the enviromnent. Results： From May to September, in 1999, 99 cases of E. coli O157：H7 infection were confirmed. Fifty-six patients were enrolled in the case-control study. Bad personal health habits and poor sanitary conditions in the kitchen were associated with increased risks of infection, whereas hand washing was protective. The household survey indicated that residents in the epidemic region during the outbreak had higher than expected rates of diarrhea. The total E. coli O157：H7 carrier rate in the livestock was 12.36%（22/178）, specifically 19.15% in cattle, 12.50% in goat, and 11.11% in swine. Numerical analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis（PFGE） profiles divided strains into two clusters with 77.5% homology. One cluster contained 11 strains isolated from diarrheal patients, foods, and animals. The other cluster comprised 10 strains from patients and environment. Conclusion： In a large outbreak of E. coli O157：H7 infection among predominantly elderly residents in Xuzhou, high rates of carriage of E. coli O157：H7 among host animals most likely resulted in contamination of the environment, thereby leading to the outbreak. Effective and preventive control measures should be taken to avoid contamination, including environmental and family health improvement, good personal hygiene, and safe food handling practices.