Assessment the Effectiveness of Preparedness for Relative Constant Factors in Environmental Disaster Management: A Case Study from Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

The preparedness phase is considered as backbone of environmental disaster management. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of relatively constant factors of preparedness phase on environmental disaster management in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The study used descriptive and analytical approach besides the comprehensive survey depends upon questionnaire for purposive data surveyed all employees in the field of environmental disaster management in Riyadh city including administrations, department, and contains 21 sector including public and private sector for total population of about 397 persons and sample size about 353 persons using statistical tests, frequencies, percentage, average, standard deviation and t test and × square test as well as Likert procedure on which depends on the measurement such as: very high, high, average, weak and very weak. The main results reveal that the constant factors of environmental disaster management are more important for evaluating the preparedness phase. Since the relatively constant factors of environmental disaster management are more important. The study recommends that: 1) Enhancement of the systems and procedures in particular disaster management procedures. 2) It is so necessary to publish a new unit for disaster management in the sectors have not. 3) Increase and encouragement of environmental disaster management studies in particular for preparedness phase because it considers as backbone of disaster management and suggestion of regional and local organizations link generally and in information trade off and the details studies in particular by providing the different types of support and encouragement.

HJ-1C Satellite for Environmental and Disaster Monitoring Launched into Orbit

A LM-2C launch vehicle was launched from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center on November 19, 2012, carrying HJ-1C, a technology demonstration satellite and the Fengniao satellite. The three satellites were placed to the preset orbits respectively. Developed by DFH Satellite Co., Ltd., HJ-1C is a SAR Earth observation satellite for civilian use, which

Natural Disasters of the Lower Reaches of Yellow River during the Longshan Period——The Natural Background of Dayu's Flood Control

It is very important to study the archaeological culture and origin of civilization in ancient China.The changes of the channels in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the prehistoric period are part of the natural environmental background of the development of the ancient civilization in that area to be explored.This paper presents a series of legends,indications,scientific evidence,and macroscopic geographical background information of the evolution in the lower reaches of the Yellow River during the Longshan period.At first the river flowed from Northern Henan and Hebei to southwestern Shandong Province and Northern Anhui–Jiangsu provinces,and the mainstream of the Yellow River changed from the southeast to return to the north and flowed into the Bohai Sea in the late Longshan Period.During this period,floods were frequent.Various ethnic groups in the northern China plains suffered natural disasters and made great migrations which also contributed to the ethnic exchanges and integration.The people of the Central Plains made more dynamic adjustments in the relationship between mankind and the land by primitively escaping from the water and self–defensively controlling the rivers then to maintaining the local ecological environment by large–scale flood control measures,which promoted the settlement of Shandong,Henan,Jiangsu and Anhui provinces,the urban cultural development,and social evolution.Based on these events,the culture symbol of Dayu's Flood Control could be formed.

Einstein Hybrid Structure of q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Soft Set and Its Application for Diagnosis of Waterborne Infectious Disease

This research is devoted to diagnosing water-borne infectious diseases caused by floods employing a novel diagnosis approach,the Einstein hybrid structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set.This approach integrates parts of fuzzy logic and soft set theory to develop a robust alternative for disease detection in stressful situations,especially in areas affected by floods.Compared to the traditional intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and Pythagorean fuzzy soft set,the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set(q-ROFSS)adequately incorporates unclear and indeterminate facts.The major objective of this investigation is to formulate the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft Einstein hybrid weighted average(q-ROFSEHWA)operator and its specific characteristics.Moreover,our stated operator is implementing intelligentmulti-criteria group decision-making(MCGDM)methodology.Floods are severe natural catastrophes that raise the risk of diseases and epidemics,particularly those caused by contaminants in the water,such as gastrointestinal diseases,respiratory infections,vector-borne diseases,skin infections,and water-borne parasites.The designed MCGDM strategy tackles the prevalence of certain conditions in flood-affected patients.A comparative investigation determined that the suggested method for detecting water-borne infectious disease due to floods is more effective and productive than conventional methods because of its logical structure.

Biogeology. Biosphere from the Archean to Technogene

Biogeological history of the Earth was considered as a process of continuous transformation and permanent adaptation from original forms of life to its current state. The development of life on Earth arose under the conditions of changes in geological processes, chemical composition of the atmosphere and the aquatic environment during the periods between global catastrophes. As a result, more than 3.8 billion years were needed to form anthropogenic system ＂man--geological and adjacent environment＂, which transformed the biosphere according to human needs, creating a precedent of inconsistency between human needs and biosphere resources. The main scenarios of human and biosphere development were determined in the result of technogene. Scenarios of technogene progress and human role under conditions of intense transformation of the biosphere due to anthropogenic activities were investigated as well.

Snow Cover Monitoring Method by Using HJ-1Satellite Data

Environment and Disasters Monitoring Microsatellite Constellation with high spatial resolution,high temporal resolution and high spectral resolution characteristics was put forward by China.HJ-1B satellite,one of the first two small optical satellites,had a CCD camera and an infrared camera,which would provide an important new data source for snow monitoring.In the present paper,through analyzing the sensor and data characteristics of HJ-1B,we proposed a new infrared normalized difference snow index(INDSI) referring to the traditional normalized difference snow index(NDSI).The accuracy of these two automatic snow recognition methods was estimated based on a supervised classification method.The accuracy of the traditional NDSI method was 97.761 9% while that of the new INDSI method was 98.617 1%.

Hydrogen Detection With FBG Sensor Technology for Disaster Prevention

Three fiber Bragg grating （FBG） sensors systems for hydrogen detection are presented using the classic Pd （palladium） coating technique （500nm） as the hydrogen sensitive film and titanium （Ti） as the adhesive layer with the etched cladding. These systems are compared and used for disaster environment prevention in hydrogen leakage environment where higher values than the normal are presented which increase the risk of explosion. With these systems, 0. 1% - 4% of the hydrogen volume concentration range in the volume ratio was detected and monitored experimentally in the test room with the very sensitive and stable value which reached 60pm/1% HE. In addition, a fast response time, about 6 s, was obtained with an advanced sensor.

The construction of personalized virtual landslide disaster environments based on knowledge graphs and deep neural networks

Virtual Landslide Disaster environments are important for multilevel simulation,analysis and decision-making about Landslide Disasters.However,in the existing related studies,complex disaster scene objects and relationships are not deeply analyzed,and the scene contents are fixed,which is not conducive to meeting multilevel visualization task requirements for diverse users.To resolve the above issues,a construction method for Personalized Virtual Landslide Disaster Environments Based on Knowledge Graphs and Deep Neural networks is proposed in this paper.The characteristics of relationships among users,scenes and data were first discussed in detail;then,a knowledge graph of virtual Landslide Disaster environments was established to clarify the complex relationships among disaster scene objects,and a Deep Neural network was introduced to mine the user history information and the relationships among object entities in the knowledge graph.Therefore,a personalized Landslide Disaster scene data recommendation mechanism was proposed.Finally,a prototype system was developed,and an experimental analysis was conducted.The experimental results show that the method can be used to recommend intelligently appropriate disaster information and scene data to diverse users.The recommendation accuracy stabilizes above 80%–a level able to effectively support The Construction of Personalized Virtual Landslide Disaster environments.

Engineering survey of the Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting Small Satellite Constellation

The Environment and Disaster Reduction Satellite Constellation is a small satellite constellation developed by China for disaster monitoring.The two primary optical satellites,HJ-A and HJ-B,were successfully launched in September 2008.The satellites carry a charge-coupled device,hyperspectral imager,and infrared scanner,and have the capability for wide coverage and rapid revisits in disaster reduction applications.Also scheduled to be launched is the HJ-C,which will carry synthetic aperture radar and have the ability to provide allweather observations at any time.A follow-up‘4
4’satellite constellation including four optical satellites and four radar satellites is in the works,to achieve the capability of quantitative,all-weather,all-time disaster forecasting,monitoring and assessment.The corresponding disaster reduction application system has a series of functions including remote sensing data processing,disaster monitoring and assessment,decision support,and user service and information distribution,which serves the whole process of disaster management.Since its construction has been carried out,the system has successfully dealt with several huge domestic and international natural disasters,and effectively improved scientific decision support.The follow-up system’s construction will integrate,update,and extend the original system to fulfill large-scale,quantitative,allweather disaster operation application needs.

Analysis of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Houston Ship Channel and Galveston Bay following a large-scale industrial fire using ion-mobility-spectrometry-mass spectrometry

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)are persistent organic pollutants of concern be-cause of their ubiquitous presence in surface and ground water;analytical methods that can be used for rapid comprehensive exposure assessment and fingerprinting of PFAS are needed.Following the fires at the Intercontinental Terminals Company(ITC)in Deer Park,TX in 2019,large quantities of PFAS-containing firefighting foams were deployed.The release of these substances into the Houston Ship Channel/Galveston Bay(HSC/GB)prompted con-cerns over the extent and level of PFAS contamination.A targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)-based study of temporal and spatial patterns of PFAS associated with this incident revealed presence of 7 species;their levels gradually de-creased over a 6-month period.Because the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis was focused on about 30 PFAS molecules,it may have missed other PFAS compounds present in firefighting foams.Therefore,we utilized untargeted LC-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrome-try(LC-IMS-MS)-based analytical approach for a more comprehensive characterization of PFAS in these water samples.We analyzed 31 samples from 9 sites in the HSC/GB that were collected over 5 months after the incident.Our data showed that additional 19 PFAS were detected in surface water of HSC/GB,most of them decreased gradually after the incident.PFAS features detected by LC-MS/MS correlated well in abundance with LC-IMS-MS data;however,LC-IMS-MS identified a number of additional PFAS,many known to be compo-nents of firefighting foams.These findings therefore illustrate that untargeted LC-IMS-MS improved our understanding of PFAS presence in complex environmental samples.

MONITORING OF 1991 EASTERN CHINA FLOODING WITH POLAR ORBITING METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES FY-1 AND NOAA

With polar orbiting meteorological satellites FY-1 and NOAA,flooding was monitored in the areas of the Huaihe River basin and the Taihu Lake region during June and July 1991. All satellite images from FY-1 and NOAA for concerned areas before and during flooding were examined.Those of cloud-free,with small amount of cumulus or thin cirrus were selected to exam the situation.Navigation and projec- tion were carefully performed,to ensure the projected images at different time overlap accurately with each other in 1—2 pixels. Channel 1 (CH1) and Channel 2 (CH2) data of FY-1 and NOAA satellites with wavelength of 0.58—0.68μm and 0.725—1.1μm were used to monitor the flooding.Albedo of Channel 2 and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) were adopted as indicators to identify water body from land.With histogram and man-machine interactive methods,analysis was done.In cloud-free condition,the two indicators identified the same area and scope of the water body. Totally cloud-free image in a large area is quite rare.To understand flood process,it is necessary to use more fre- quent images.It was investigated to distinguish water from land in partly cloudy condition.The result showed that when there is small amount of cumulus or thin cirrus,satellite images are still valuable in monitoring water body.In case of monitoring area covered with cirrus,vegetation index is useful,and while there is small amount of cumulus on land, albedo of Channel 2 can be used. Ten images from May 16 to August 18 of 1991 were examined.The results show that in the Lixiahe area,Jiangsu Province,the area submerged in total was the largest;along main stream of the Huaihe River,the Chuhe River,and around the Chaohu Lake,a large percentage of area submerged;while in the Taihu Lake area,less field submerged. Flood monitoring was performed for 87 counties in the region concerned.These counties were put in order accord- ing to the percentage of submerged area in total.This order showed the extent of disaster at one view point.