Characteristics of the mineral phase constituents of lacustrine deposits from the Fildes Peninsula of King George Island,Antarctica and their environmental implication

Based on analytical data of mineral phase constituents at three sections from Tern Lake, West Lake and Kitezh Lake in the Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, Antarctica, the characteristics of mineral phase constituents, material source and their environmental implication have been discussed. Research results indicate that lacustrine deposits came primarily from widespread volcanic rocks at the peninsula. Under cold and dry condition in Antarctica, the weathering process of the parent rocks in some area is mainly physical weathering with a weak chemical one. The relation curves of abundance of kaolinite and calcite against deposition age change steeply at the boundary between lacustrine and glacial deposits, indicating that the corresponding environment changes are abrupt, which may be related to different transportation fashion of both different deposits and the protection of glacial deposits.

Geochemistry and environmental effect of cadmium in the super-large Jinding Pb-Zn deposit,Yunnan Province, China

The Jinding Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province is the representative of a Cd-enriched area and mining activities lead to the release of Cd into the hypergenic ecosystem, resulting in Cd pollution. The concentrations of Cd vary greatly from one type to another type of rocks in the mining district. In the host rock, Cd concentrations range from 50×10-6 to 650×10-6 with an average of 310×10-6. In primary ores, Cd concentrations range from 14×10-6 to 2800×10-6 with an average of 767×10-6. However, in oxidized ores, Cd concentrations are highest, varying within the range of 110×10-6 to 8200×10-6 , averaging 1661×10-6. It is shown that the oxidized ores are the main carrier and environmental source of Cd. Leaching test showed that Pb/Zn ores are easy to oxidize and thereafter release Cd and other harmful elements. These leached elements in the leachate may be precipitated rapidly in the order of Zn>Pb>Cd. As for the concentration distribution of Cd in the Bijiang River, it is estimated to be 15.7 μg/L Cd in water, 49.3 mg/L in suspended substances, and 203.7 mg/L in sediments. The average value of Cd in soil from the polluted area is 83.0 mg/kg. Natural weathering of Cd-rich rocks and minerals imposes a potential environmental risk on the aquatic ecosystem of the Bijiang catchment.

Influence of Mineral Admixtures on the Electrodeposition Healing Effect of Concrete Cracks

Two types of solutions（Zn SO4, Mg SO4） were selected to study the influence of mineral admixtures on the electro-deposition healing effect of concrete cracks. Four parameters（i e, rates of weight gain, surface coating, crack closure and crack filling depth） were measured. The mineral composition of electro-deposits in the cracks was analyzed. The study shows that the healing effect of mortar specimens with 10% fly ash is the worst, while the healing effect of mortar specimens with 20% fly ash is better than that of the specimens without fly ash. The rates of weight gain, surface coating, crack closure and crack filling depth decrease with increasing content of the ground granulated blast-furnace slag（GGBS）. The mineral admixtures have no influence on the composition of deposits.

Features of Clay Minerals in the YSDP102 Core on the Continental Shelf of the Southeast Yellow Sea

Ninety-eight clay mineral samples from the YSDP102 core were analyzed by x-ray diffractometer to study the four clay minerals: illite, chlorite, kaolinite and smectite. Twenty-eight samples had been analyzed on the laser particle-size analyzer to reveal the particle features of the sediments. Distribution of the clay minerals and the particle characteristics in the YSDP102 core show that the core experienced three different depositional periods and formed three different sedimentary intervals due to different sediment sources and different depositional environments. Features of the clay minerals and the heavy minerals in the YSDP102 core indicate that coarse-grained sediments and fine-grained sediments result from different sources. The Yellow Sea Warm Current has greatly influenced the sedimentary framework of this region since the current’s formation.

A preliminary study on ore-forming environments of Xianglushan-type iron deposit and the weathering mineralization of Emeishan basalt in Guizhou Province, China

Xianglushan-type iron deposits are one of the new types of iron deposits found in the Weining Area of Western Guizhou. The iron-bearing rock system is a paleo-weathered crustal sedimentary(or accumulating) stratum between the top of the Middle-Late Permian Emeishan basalt formation and the Late Permian Xuanwei formation. Iron ore is hosted in the Lower-Middle part of the rock system. In terms of the genesis of mineral deposit, this type of deposit should be a basalt paleo-weathering crustal redeposit type, very different from marine sedimentary iron deposits or continental weathering crust iron deposits. Based on field work and the analytical results of XRD Powder Diffraction, Electron Probe, Scanner Electron Microscope, etc., the geological setting of the ore-forming processes and the deposit features are illustrated in this paper. The ore-forming environment of the deposit and the Emeishan basalt weathering mineralization are also discussed in order to enhance the knowledge of the universality and diversity of mineralization of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province(ELIP), which may be a considerable reference to further research for ELIP metallogenic theories, and geological research for iron deposits in the paleo-weathering crust areas of the Emeishan basalt,Southwestern, China.

A Reconstruction and Discussion of the Effect of Diagenetic Environment on Hydrocarbon Generation Based on Diagenetic Mineral Assemblage in Mudstone

Inorganic minerals in mudstone are composed of clay minerals,carbonate and detrital minerals.Detrital minerals(such as quartz and feldspar)are mainly original deposit.However,clay minerals(kaolinite,illite,and chlorite)and carbonate(calcite and dolomite)are mostly diagenetic minerals.Furthermore,conversion of the four kinds of clay minerals are common.The formation of clay minerals and carbonate is controlled by temperature,pressure,p H,Eh and type of cations during diagenesis.Therefore mineral assemblage can indicate the characteristics and change of diagenetic environment.In addition to inorganic minerals,there are also organic matter of different sources and chemical properties in mudstone.Traditionally,it is considered that evolution of organic matter is controlled by thermal effect.Now studies show that inorganic and organic matter can interact with each other and form clay-organic complexes.This suggest that attention should be paid to the influence of diagenetic mineral assemblage and diagenetic environment on the evolution of organic matter* Samples of mudstone from 1500-4500m of the Palaeogene in the Dongying Depression,China,were collected to investigate the changes of mudstone diagenetic environment.XRD,thin section and SEM were used to detect diagenetic minerals and assemblage characteristics.Results showed that content of detrital minerals,which are floating in mud matrix or preserved as silt laminae,is basically unchanged from shallow to deep strata.Clay minerals which are gathered as argillaceous matrix or preserved as argillaceous laminae have growth and decline relation to carbonate which mainly appear as micropoikilitic ferriferous calcite and ferriferous dolomite.All these characteristics indicate that detrital minerals are exogenetic,whereas carbonate is diagenetic minerals.Based on the SEM analysis of the clay minerals,it was found that smectite present honeycomb and reticulate structure,while illite present filiform and schistose structure and there are growth and decline relationship between them.Nevertheless,hexagonal tabular and stratified kaolinite has the highest content from 2400m to3300m.Rosette and stratified chlorite shows increase trend when the burial depth is deeper than 3300m.These characteristics indicated that clay minerals are diagenetic minerals and there are conversions among the four types.Therefore form shallow to deep,three diagenetic mineral assemblage zones can be divided based on the characteristics of carbonate and clay minerals in mudstone.Namely,smectite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2000-2500m;kaolinite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2500-3300m and illite+chlorite+carbonate zone below 3300m.Previous studies showed that kaolinite is stable under acidic conditions,while other clay minerals and carbonate are stable under alkaline conditions.Hence according to mineral assemblages feature,it was inferred that diagenetic environment of mudstonehasundergonethechangeof alkaline-acid-alkaline.For the organic matter with different chemical properties in mudstone,the hydrocarbon generation will be different in the acidic and alkaline diagenetic environment even if the conditions of temperature and pressure are the same.Therefore,for hydrocarbon generation we should not only focus on thermal effect,but also pay more attention to the differences of diagenetic environment which have great significance for the understanding of hydrocarbon generation,hydrocarbon expulsion and reservoir formation in mudstone.

Formation,evolution,reconstruction of black shales and their influence on shale oil and gas resource

Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.

非岩浆后生热液矿床构造—流体耦合成矿作用研究现状综述

构造—流体耦合成矿作用是矿床学研究的核心问题之一。本文聚焦非岩浆后生热液矿床成矿系统的构造—流体耦合成矿作用研究成果,从构造对流体作用、流体对构造作用两个方面,总结了构造活动与流体作用同步进行且相互影响的机制。通过典型实例分析,认为构造—流体耦合成矿作用研究要从时间、空间、物质方面的耦合关系阐明构造与流体成矿作用过程及其“矿源—输运—聚集”过程,揭示构造活动与流体成矿作用机理。在此基础上,提出了构造—流体耦合成矿作用研究的主要方向及发展趋势。该研究对丰富热液矿床成因理论研究和成矿规律的认识具有重要意义。

关键带中天然半导体矿物光电子的产生与作用

在地球上最不均匀和最复杂的区域——关键带这一极为复杂的开放系统中,矿物与微生物无时无刻不在发生着人们尚未充分认识到的自然作用。文中总结了作者十余年来在矿物与微生物交互作用研究领域,侧重在半导体矿物与微生物协同作用研究方向上所取得的研究成果,重点简述了自然界中半导体矿物特征、半导体矿物光电子特性、矿物光电子促进生命起源与演化、微生物利用矿物光电子——光电能微生物的发现以及土壤矿物光电子与微生物协同固碳作用等研究工作。矿物与微生物之间电子转移和能量流动是关键带中最为重要的动力机制之一,探讨关键带中大量存在的天然半导体矿物如何转化太阳能为化学能或者生物质能的微观作用,可为揭示关键带中多个圈层之间交互作用如何影响地球物质演化、生物进化与环境演变的宏观过程提供理论依据,充满着科学发现与理论突破的机遇。

云南金顶超大型铅锌矿区镉的地球化学特征及其环境效应

云南金顶铅锌矿是镉元素富集区，采矿活动导致镉元素释放出来进入地表环境造成镉污染。矿区不同岩石中镉分布差异比较大，围岩中镉含量范围在50×10^-6-650×10^-6之间，平均310×10^-6，原生矿中镉含量范围14×10^-6-2800×10^-6，平均767×10^-6，氧化矿中镉含量范围110×10^-6-8200×10^-6，平均1661×10^-6，其平均值最高。氧化矿是镉元素的主要载体和释放源。淋滤实验表明矿石易氧化而释放出镉等有害元素，滤出元素可以迅速发生沉淀或被沉淀物包裹，其能力表现为Zn〉Pb〉Cd。研究结果表明，矿区下游江河段水体中隔的平均值为15.7μg/L，悬浮物中镉平均值为49.3 mg/kg，沉积物中镉平均值为203.7 mg/kg。矿区富镉岩石和矿物的自然风化是造成江水体和沉积物中镉污染的直接原因，对流域水生态环境造成潜在危害。

铅锌矿床中镉的表生地球化学研究现状

铅锌矿床是镉主要来源,在其开采过程中,镉等重金属有毒元素会产生次生富集,同时不可避免向环境大量释放,严重影响周围环境。本文介绍了铅锌矿的表生地球化学研究现状,提出应加强镉等重金属元素在表生风化作用下活化-迁移-富集机理及影响因素,定量地描述镉等重金属元素的释放过程等地球化学研究,以揭示镉等有害元素在铅锌矿山表生风化过程中的活化、迁移、次生富集的规律及机理,探讨其通过岩(矿)石-水-土壤-植物影响环境和人类健康过程,这不仅对于铅锌矿山环境有重要意义,而且也将揭示一些矿床中镉高度富集机理,从而在理论上丰富镉的地球化学内容,对研究铅锌矿床中元素循环、矿山修复、环境评价及生态效应等具有重要意义。

天然有机质与矿物间的吸附及其环境效应的研究进展

本文综述了天然有机质与矿物间吸附行为的研究进展。具体介绍了天然有机质与矿物间的吸附机理,包括配位交换、范德华力、静电引力、疏水作用、离子交换及阳离子桥;阐述了不同分子大小及亲疏水性组分的天然有机质在矿物上的吸附行为;讨论了影响吸附行为的环境条件(pH,离子强度)及天然有机矿物体系对全球碳循环、重金属和有机污染物产生的环境效应,并提出了研究展望。

美国矿床环境研究动态及建议

通过收集美国地质调查局近几年公开出版物及其网站上发布的资料,总结了美国在环境矿床学研究方面的最新成果,内容涉及32种矿床的地质—环境模型、矿床的环境地球化学背景或基准值、流域性矿床—环境综合研究和特殊矿床的环境效应等方面。结合美国的研究成果和我国国情,建议我国地质调查局现阶段在该领域研究首先集中在矿床的地质—环境模型和用于战略性资源评价中的矿床环境评价指标等战略性研究上。

云南金顶超大型铅锌矿区镉的水地球化学研究

云南金顶铅锌矿是镉(Cd)元素富集区,采矿活动导致Cd释放出来进入地表环境造成Cd污染。矿区水体中出现较高含量的Cd,高出天然河流中Cd含量的50～100倍。矿区架崖山、北厂和跑马坪等采矿区水体中Cd浓度范围在15～30μg/L之间。矿区水体中Cd含量水平表现为:矿山浅层地下水>矿山溪流水>江河水。研究结果表明,矿区江下游河段水体明显受Cd污染,其中水体中Cd的平均含量为15.7μg/L,悬浮物中Cd含量为49.3mg/kg,沉积物中Cd含量为203.7mg/kg。矿区载Cd岩石和矿物的自然风化是造成矿区水环境中Cd污染的直接原因。

胶东金矿集中区岩石圈结构与深部成矿作用

利用胶东及其邻区 1∶2 0万重力异常和 1∶10万航磁异常探测资料 ,结合地震各向异性研究成果 ,解析其三维岩石圈结构 .在此基础上 ,综合深部结构和矿床地质特征 ,探讨深部作用与成矿动力学 ,深化矿床成因认识 ,为科学找矿提供决策依据 .研究表明 ,壳幔结构的不均一性制约着成矿系统物质和能量的交换 ,反映在其结构、构造和演化等多个方面 .矿集区为地幔隆起带的坳陷区 ,幔坳与幔隆接触部位成矿强度大 ,幔隆区的局部隆起部位成矿强度小 ;金矿床主要分布于花岗岩变薄部位与变质岩的接触带上 ;印支中晚期郯庐断裂带深切上地幔 ,通过壳 -幔相互作用 ,将含矿流体系统输运到更高的层位 ,发生蚀变、矿化作用 .艾山岩体所处构造部位的特殊性 ,反映了它可能是壳幔岩浆对流侵位中心 .

伊犁盆地蒙其古尔铀矿床含矿砂岩成岩蚀变特征及其有机-无机流体成岩成矿效应

伊犁盆地蒙其古尔铀矿床为典型的层间氧化带型铀矿床,虽然前人对该区铀矿的成矿流体进行了较为系统的研究,但对其成矿流体来源依然存在较大的分歧,尤其对该区成矿流体与蚀变特征、铀成矿的内在联系研究较少。本文为了研究蒙其古尔铀矿床成矿流体来源及其与成岩蚀变、铀成矿的内在联系,综合地应用了偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针等手段,对其含矿目的层砂岩成岩蚀变进行系统的分析,并对蚀变矿物高岭石H—O同位素、碳酸盐胶结物C—O同位素及黄铁矿S同位素进行了研究。研究表明:与砂岩型铀矿有关的成岩蚀变类型主要有黏土化、碳酸盐化、硅化及金属矿化;成矿流体中水δD_(H_2O,V-SMOW)为-48.3‰^-93‰,δ^(18)O_(H_2O,V-SMOW)为-10.3‰^-5.1‰,碳酸盐胶结物δ^(13)C_(V-PDB)为-10.9‰^-7.2‰,δ^(18)O_(V-SMOW)为17.6‰~24.9‰,黄铁矿δ^(34)S_(V-CDT)为-17.3‰~1.2‰,上述特征揭示蒙其古尔铀矿床成矿流体是由大气降水性质的地表水(无机)和煤系地层有机质脱羟基及热降解作用产生的有机酸及CH_4等还原性气体(煤层气)(有机)两部分组成;成岩蚀变和铀成矿效应皆是有机—无机流体及流体与周围砂岩相互作用的结果。

金属矿集区地球化学环境累积效应的理论与工作方法

在参阅国内外有关环境累积效应文献的基础上,总结和提出了金属矿集区地球化学环境累积效应的概念、影响因素、类型和工作方法。将矿集区地球化学环境累积效应划分为时间拥挤、空间拥挤等8种类型,识别土壤环境重金属累积效应背景值的方法有对比法和地球化学基线法,累积效应的研究内容包括累积因子、累积速率等8个方面。研究成果对于开展矿山地质化学环境累积效应具有借鉴和指导意义。

矿产资源开发利用的环境效应研究进展

矿产资源开发利用的环境效应是指当一次矿产资源开发行动与过去、现在以及可合理预见的将来行动结合在一起时,所产生的对环境的累加影响。对矿产资源开发利用的环境效应研究的思想渊源、中外研究现状进行了系统梳理,提出了关于该领域未来研究的方向和建议。

矿物光电子-微生物体系重金属离子价态调控及其环境效应研究进展

本文综述了典型污染区重金属离子赋存状态与环境风险评价、环境微生物多样性等环境质量因子的关系及其对土壤功能的影响;重点介绍了微生物源电子、半导体矿物光电子对重金属离子的价态调节双向控制;总结了电子穿梭体、空穴捕获剂等小分子有机物对光电子还原重金属离子的影响及机制,以及半导体矿物光电子、重金属价电子协同微生物对重金属离子的还原氧化效率与价态调控;分析了微生物及其表面基团对重金属离子的矿化与转化作用,以及微生物界面固定转化在土壤重金属污染修复中的作用。本综述可为进一步研究微生物和半导体矿物光电子协同作用对重金属离子的定向调节、电子转移途径、晶相转化机制提供指导,对深入探讨光-半导体矿物-重金属离子-微生物多相复杂体系的交互作用具有重要的环境学意义。

关于环境变迁和矿业工程环境效应的讨论

进入新世纪 ,特别是西部大开发战略进入实施阶段后 ,资源开发利用与生态环境保护的矛盾似乎更加突出 ,因而人们对环境问题给予了前所未有的关注 ,同时也暴露出一些值得进一步商榷的问题。本文提出 ,环境变迁与地质灾变属于正常的地质作用过程 ;矿业工程对生态环境既有负效应又有正效应 ,不能将矿区环境恶化完全归咎于矿产资源的开发 ;通过科学地评估引起矿区环境问题的各种因素 ,“对症下药” ,建立健全法制体系和强有力的监管机制 ,研究推广能有效减少和控制地质灾变的“环保型”开采方法及“绿色矿区”建设的关键技术 ,矿业工程的负效应是完全可以控制的。