Study on the Environmental Quality Evaluation of Waterscape Resources Area

The environmental quality of a region is co-determined by diversified factors among which there are always dominant ones or restrictive ones that play a significant role in the evolution of environmental quality.The quality of waterscape environment surely is correlated with water,the core element in waterscape.Taking Huangguoshu Scenic Area for an example,restrictive factors of the waterscape environmental quality were analyzed in this study,and basic approaches to evaluate the environmental quality of waterscapes were put forward.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Present Situation of Environmental Quality in the Sea Area near the Aojiang Estuary in Wenzou

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality in the sea area near the Aojiang estuary in Wenzou during 2010-2012,the present situation of environmental quality in the sea area was analyzed and evaluated. The results show that p H,DO,CODMn,petroleum,and heavy metals( Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As and Cr) in the sea area near the Aojiang estuary did not exceed the second-class standard of Seawater Quality Standard( GB 3097-1997),but both inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the sea area exceeded the second-class standard seriously,and the water quality of the sea area was in an eutrophic state; domestic sewage and fertilizer loss were the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. The standard index of most evaluation factors of sediment quality except for Zn was smaller than 1,meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

A Comparative Study of Different Methods on Quality Assessment of Soil Environment Polluted by Zinc in Agricultural Production Areas——A Case Study in Shulan City of Jilin Province

[Objective] The aim was to explore evaluated precision on quality of soil environment polluted with zinc in agricultural production areas and to provide references for verification of production area.[Method] In Shulan City in Jilin Province,soils were sampled and analyzed in a laboratory using single-factor pollution index and GIS based spatial interpolation.The quality of environment polluted with zinc was assessed and related methods were compared according to Environment Quality Standard of Green Food Production Area.[Result] Spatial interpolation of zinc in soils based on GIS proved more precise than traditional methods;cokriging method with co-factors was higher in precision than common cokriging;cokriging method with zinc and organic matter was higher in precision than cokriging with zinc alone.[Conclusion] Quality assessment on environment polluted with zinc based on GIS interpolation is more scientific and reasonable than traditional methods.

Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Environmental Quality of Irrigation Water in Vegetable Farmlands of Shandong Province

[Objective] The aim was to evaluate heavy metal environmental quality of irrigation water in vegetable farmlands of Shandong Province. [Method] Heavy metal contents including Hg,Cd,As,Cr (+6),Pb,Cu and Zn in irrigation water of main vegetable farmlands of Shandong Province were investigated by randomly sampling,and the environmental quality conditions of these heavy metals were evaluated by methods of single quality index and complex quality index. [Result] The results showed that the average contents of heavy metals in irrigation water of Shouguang,Laiyang,Jinxiang and Zhangqiu were all far lower than the limit values prescribed by 'Farmland Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Edible Agricultural Products' (HJ332-2006),and no heavy metal was found beyond the limit value in every sample. The single quality indices of the 7 elements in the studied 4 places were all lower than 0.5. The comprehensive quality index of the seven elements was 0.317 8 in Shouguang,0.320 4 in Laiyang,0.232 6 in Jinxiang,and 0.260 7 in Zhangqiu. The environmental quality of irrigation water in the studied four places were all set at the first class. [Conclusion] The environmental quality of irrigation water in the 4 places belonged to clean level and were fit for the plantation of no pollution vegetables.

Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality evaluation of shallow groundwater in Suxian mining area,Huaibei coalfield,China

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water environmental quality of shallow groundwater in the Suxian mining area of Huaibei coalfield,China.The natural formation process of shallow groundwater in Suxian is explored using Piper trilinear charts and Gibbs diagrams,and by examining the ratios between the major ions.United States Salinity Laboratory(USSL)charts,Wilcox diagrams,and the water quality index(WQI)are further employed to quantify the differences in water quality.The results reveal that the main hydrochemical facies of groundwater are HC03-Ca,and that silicate dissolution is the main factor controlling the ion content in shallow groundwater.The USSL charts and Wilcox diagrams show that most of the water samples would be acceptable for use in irrigation systems.The WQI results for each water sample are compared and analyzed,and the quality of groundwater samples around collapse ponds is found to be relatively poor.

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS结合多元统计方法的不同产地布渣叶药材质量评价

应用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)技术,结合多元统计分析对不同产地的布渣叶药材进行质量差异分析,为布渣叶的产地判别和质量评价提供依据。采用UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS对不同产地的布渣叶样品进行全成分分析,应用主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)及聚类分析(CA)对云南昆明、广西玉林和广东阳江3个产地共18批次布渣叶药材进行多元统计分析,以变量重要性投影(VIP>1)和t检验结果(P<0.05)为筛选标准,确定不同产地布渣叶药材中具有显著差异的化学成分。从不同产地布渣叶药材中共鉴定出53个化学成分,以黄酮类、原花青素类、有机酸和生物碱等类型化合物为主,其中N-反式香豆酰酪胺、N-反式阿魏酰酪胺为首次在布渣叶药材中报道。不同产地布渣叶的化学成分差异明显,共鉴定出17个差异化学成分,其含量在不同产地呈现不同的变化规律,可作为产地鉴别的依据。

Evaluation on Soil Heavy Metal Pollution of Agricultural Habitat Environment in Xi'an City

[Objective] This study aimed to understand and grasp the soil heavy metal pollution status of agricultural habitat environment in Xi＇an City. [Method] The soil heavy metal pollution status of pollution-free agricultural products-producing areas in 9 counties （districts） of Xi＇an City was investigated. A total of 609 soil samples were collected, and their Cd, Hg, As, Pb and Cr contents were determined. In addition, the heavy metal pollution status of the collected soil samples was evaluated by Nemerow index method. [Result] The pollution in Baqiao, Chang＇an; Gaoling, Lan- tian, Lintong and Yanliang was of grade I, belonging to clean level; the pollution in Hu County, Weiyang and Zhouzhi was of grade II, near the warning line, belong to relatively clean level. There was no large-area soil heavy metal pollution overall. The investigated areas could be used as production bases of pollution-free agricultural products and even high-quality agricultural products. However, the heavy met- als contents in some individual areas exceeded relevant soil environmental quality standards, and they should be avoided or forbidden during regional planning and selection of production area. [Conclusion] Soil heavy metal pollution of agricultural habitat environment in Xi＇an City is generally at good status. Targeting at the future development plan of Xi＇an City, feasible and scientific suggestions are put forward.

环青海湖地区不同饲用燕麦品种生产性能和营养品质综合评价

【目的】探讨10个燕麦品种在环青海湖地区的适应性,筛选适宜该区种植的高产、优质燕麦品种,为该区及类似区域高产、优质饲草生产提供数据支撑。【方法】以青海地区普遍种植的青海444(Avena sativa cv.Qinghai No.444)、白燕7号(A.sativa cv.Baiyan No.7)、青燕4号(A.sativa cv.Qingyan No.4)、青莜3号(A.nuda cv.Qingyou No.3)、青引2号(A.sativa cv.Qingyin No.2)、青燕3号(A.sativa cv.Qingyan No.3)、林纳(A.sativa cv.Lena)、青海甜燕麦(A.sativa cv.Qinghai)、青燕1号(A.sativa cv.Qingyan No.1)和陇燕1号(A.sativa cv.Longyan No.1)10个燕麦品种为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,各品种3个重复,共30个小区,小区面积3 m×5 m,小区间距1 m,区组间距3 m。人工条播种植,行距为25 cm,播深为3—4 cm。根据各品种的千粒重、纯净度和发芽率,按675万株/hm2保苗数计算各品种的播量。以150 kg·hm^(-2)磷酸二铵和75 kg·hm^(-2)尿素作基肥。大田试验分别于2022年5月16日和2023年5月19日播种,分别于2022年9月23日和2023年9月26日进行野外观测及样品采集。分析不同燕麦品种的生产性能和营养品质,采用分段结构方程模型探讨品种、种植年份及其交互作用对燕麦营养品质的影响过程及其路径系数,并采用TOPSIS-多准则决策模型对供试品种的生产性能和营养品质进行综合评价。【结果】青燕3号的株高(89.4—92.5 cm)显著最高,酸性洗涤纤维(34.8%—34.9%)和中性洗涤纤维含量(51.8%—53.4%)均显著最低;青燕4号的分蘖数(2.7—3.6枝/株)显著最高,粗灰分(10.9%—11.3%)含量显著最低;青燕4号和青燕3号干草产量、粗蛋白含量、相对饲用价值显著最高,而茎叶比显著最低;青燕1号粗脂肪含量(3.8%—3.9%)显著最高。皮尔森相关性分析结果显示,燕麦饲草产量与粗蛋白含量和相对饲用价值均呈显著正相关,与酸性洗涤纤维和粗灰分均呈显著负相关;茎叶比与酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量均呈显著正相关,与粗蛋白及相对饲用价值均呈显著负相关。结构方程模型分析表明,品种、种植年份及其交互作用对燕麦的营养品质形成均有直接效应,还通过影响株高、分蘖数、茎叶比和草产量间接影响燕麦的营养品质,其中,茎叶比的总效应值最高,为-0.37。【结论】青燕4号和青燕3号既能维持较高的生产性能,又具有较好的营养品质,是环青海湖地区的理想种植燕麦品种。

不同燕麦品种在三江源区的生产性能和营养品质综合评价

为筛选出适宜三江源区种植的优质高产燕麦品种,本研究以15个燕麦品种为对象,在班玛县和治多县开展引种评比试验,分析不同燕麦品种的农艺性状、产量性状和品质性状特征,采用分段结构方程模型探讨品种、种植区域及其交互作用如何通过影响农艺性状和产量性状进而影响营养品质,并采用TOPSIS-多准则决策模型对供试品种的各项指标进行综合评价,以筛选出适宜三江源区种植的优良燕麦品种,从而为该区的饲草生产提供数据支撑。结果表明:15个燕麦品种均不能实现籽粒成熟,无法完成整个生长周期。青燕2号、青燕5号和青引1号株高较高,为82.2~89.7 cm;青燕4号、青燕3号和青燕5号干草产量较高,为1012.3~1167.1 g·m^(-2);青引2号、陇燕1号和青燕5号的粗蛋白含量较高,为7.6%~8.1%;青燕5号的茎叶比、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量较低,而相对饲用价值较高。结构方程模型分析表明,品种、种植区域及其交互作用主要通过影响产量和株高间接影响燕麦的营养品质。TOPSIS-多准则决策模型分析表明,青燕5号和青燕3号既能维持较高的生产性能,又具有较好的营养品质,是三江源地区理想种植的燕麦品种。

15份小黑麦材料在甘南高寒牧区的生产性能及营养品质

【目的】筛选出适合高寒牧区种植的高产优质小黑麦品系。【方法】选用15份小黑麦品系为研究对象,以甘农2号小黑麦为对照,研究参试小黑麦材料在甘肃省合作市的生产性能与营养品质,并利用隶属函数法对参试小黑麦材料进行综合评价。【结果】TP17-66的株高最高,为167.27 cm,TP17-28的枝条数最多,为725×10^(4)/hm^(2),TP17-29的干草产量最高,为16.98 kg/hm^(2),TP17-37的粗蛋白含量最高的,为13.09%。【结论】TP17-68、TP17-28、TP17-66小黑麦在甘肃高寒牧区具有成为高产优质牧草的潜力。

不同烤烟品种在咸阳旬邑烟区的适宜性评价

为筛选出适宜旬邑烟区生态环境的烤烟新品种,为其优质烟叶生产和利用提供依据,于2022年以旬邑烟区主栽品种秦烟99为对照,采用大田试验方法,研究秦烟99、秦烟96、秦烟201、中烟100、豫烟13和Y2001这6个品种的大田生育期、植物学性状、农艺性状、田间自然发病率、经济性状、常规化学成分含量、烤后烟外观质量和感官质量的差异。结果表明,不同烤烟品种的生育期差异较小,为142~155 d;秦烟96和Y2001田间生长势强,抗病性强,产量、产值和中上等烟比例较高,外观质量和感官质量表现优异,化学成分协调性好,可作为旬邑烟区储备品种进行推广种植。

粤港澳大湾区职业教育产教融合质量评价体系研究

基于对粤港澳大湾区职业教育产教融合的全面梳理,建立相应的质量评价体系。从政府、行业、学校、企业、教师、学生等六大维度进行评价指标的初步筛选,采用德尔菲法进行两轮专家咨询,确定各评价指标的权重,通过案例分析验证所构建的指标体系。研究表明职业教育产教融合质量评价指标体系有助于建立产教融合理论与职业教学管理决策问题间的纽带,可为广大职业院校推进高水平的产教融合提供评价参考。

贵州省风景名胜区“三生”空间功能演化及生态效应

[目的]探索风景名胜区“三生”空间功能演化及生态效应,旨在为贵州省风景名胜区“三生”空间功能优化、生态环境保护提供参考和决策依据。[方法]以贵州省风景名胜区为例,基于2009,2021年土地利用现状数据构建“三生”空间分类体系,利用“三生”空间转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数和生态贡献率方法,分析2009—2021年“三生”空间功能演化及生态效应。[结果](1)2009—2021年,贵州省风景名胜区以生态空间为主,生活、生态空间增加,生产空间减少。(2)研究期内,贵州省风景名胜区生态环境质量整体上升,由0.59到0.61,空间上表现为“东高西低”,高质量、较高质量区增加明显。这主要与近年来贵州省实施的一系列生态保护修复工程,以及开展资源保护、林业改革等工作有关。(3)2009—2021年贵州省风景名胜区生态环境质量改善明显,其主要原因为农业生产用地和草地生态用地转为林地生态用地。[结论]贵州省风景名胜区生态环境质量明显改善。在后续规划管理中,建议严控建设用地增长,强化风景名胜区的生态环境优势。

云南昭通与环渤海湾等3个产区红富士苹果品质的比较

以云南昭通和环渤海湾、西北黄土高原、黄河故道4个苹果产区的11个主栽县(区)的红富士苹果为试材,测定其果实品质,检测了单果重、果面颜色、果形指数、硬度、弹性、花色苷含量、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、总糖含量、果糖含量、总酸含量等13个指标。通过方差分析和变异系数分析昭通与其他3个产区的红富士果实13个品质指标差异,用TOPSIS法综合评价昭通与其他3个产区红富士果实综合品质差异。结果表明:昭通与其他3个产区的红富士苹果多数品质指标差异较大,其中花色苷含量差异最大,13个品质指标中,除单果重、果形指数和维生素C含量3个品质指标外,其余10个品质指标间均存在显著性差异;4个产区红富士苹果果实品质的TOPSIS综合评分由高到低依次为昭通>西北黄土高原>黄河故道>环渤海湾。

乡村振兴背景下农村环境质量评价指标体系研究进展

在乡村振兴背景下,农村的生态文明建设扮演着重要角色。我国环境质量评价工作起步较晚,且主要针对较大尺度的城市、流域等区域,小尺度的乡村环境保护与评价工作相对缺乏。开展农村环境质量综合评价,一方面可以有针对性地解决农村建设过程中社会经济发展与生态环境保护不协调的问题,另一方面对农村环境质量进行科学评价并采取对应的改善措施也是整个乡村振兴蓝图规划的重点之一。笔者从指标体系、研究方法、发展建议3个方面总结了近年来农村环境监测与评价工作的研究方法和进展,并对农村环境质量评价指标体系的构建提出建议。

高寒地区不同饲草单播及混播综合效益评价

为筛选适合青海高寒牧区一年生饲用牧草品种及其种植模式,于2020年在青海巴卡台农牧场开展了不同品种蚕豆(Vicia faba)、饲用油菜(Brassica napus)单播及其与燕麦(Avena sativa)混播处理下的生产性能、营养品质、经济效益及土壤养分变化研究,并进行综合效益评价。结果表明,各处理饲草干草产量在1378.56~2836.46 g·m^(−2),与燕麦混播提高了干草产量,其中‘华油杂62’+燕麦混播、‘饲油2号’+燕麦混播处理干草产量最高,分别为2836.46和2668.76 g·m^(−2)。‘青海13号’单播、‘2005-00’单播处理饲草粗蛋白含量达20.13%和18.34%,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),与燕麦混播显著降低了饲草粗蛋白、粗灰分含量(P<0.05),提高了中性洗涤纤维含量,而对粗脂肪和相对饲用价值无显著影响(P>0.05)。蚕豆单播处理0-20 cm层土壤全氮、全磷、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷含量显著高于油菜单播草地(P<0.05),油菜与燕麦混播虽提高了草地0-20 cm层土壤总氮、总磷、硝态氮、铵态氮和有效磷含量,但仍低于蚕豆单播草地。‘青海13号’+燕麦混播处理净经济效益最高,‘2005-00’+燕麦混播处理次之,‘华油杂62’单播处理最低。综合分析结果表明,‘2005-00’蚕豆单播和‘青海13号’蚕豆单播处理综合表现较好,可进一步研究以在青海高寒地区推广应用。

一种农田土壤重金属影响评价的新方法:土壤和农产品综合质量指数法

现有的土壤重金属污染评价方法尚未将土壤和农产品元素含量紧密联系起来,其科学性和可靠性往往受到质疑。本文将农田土壤和农产品中重金属的含量有机地联系在一起,在污染评价中同时考虑了土壤环境质量标准、土壤元素背景值、农产品污染物限量标准和元素价态效应等,提出了适用于土壤重金属复合和单独影响的评价方法。主要步骤包括计算土壤相对影响当量(RIE)、土壤元素测定浓度偏离背景值程度(DDDB)、总体土壤标准偏离背景值程度(DDSB)、农产品品质指数(QIAP),然后在此基础上构建综合质量影响指数(IICQ),它为土壤综合质量影响指数(IICQS)和农产品综合质量指数(IICQAP)之和。同时,文中阐述了评价方法构建的依据和土壤环境质量状态描述与等级划分的建议,将在特定利用条件下的土壤环境质量状况划分为清洁(IICQ≤1)和污染两种状态。在污染中增加了亚污染的描述(土壤和农产品之一超标);而亚污染和污染可根据综合质量指数划分等级,当1<IICQ≤2时为轻微污染,2<IICQ≤3时为轻度污染,3<IICQ≤5时为中度污染,IICQ>5时为重度污染。

山东烟叶生产典型样区土壤质量评价

以山东3个主要植烟地区临沂、潍坊和日照的烟叶生产典型样区为研究对象,选取土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌作为植烟土壤肥力质量的评价指标,采用模糊隶属度函数模型对土壤肥力进行定量评价,选取土壤砷、镉、铬、汞、铅、镍、铜、锌全量作为植烟土壤环境质量的评价指标,采用内梅罗指数法进行定量评价。结果表明:临沂、潍坊和日照3地典型样区的土壤肥力质量综合指数分别为0.54、0.56和0.49,土壤肥力无明显差别,平均水平未达到良好等级,存在一定的改进空间。临沂、潍坊和日照3地典型样区的土壤环境质量综合指数分别为0.59、0.58和0.54,土壤环境质量无明显差别,均处于低风险状态,但个别元素存在超标的现象,汞应成为山东烟区土壤环境质量控制的重要关注点。综合两方面的评价结果,山东烟叶生产典型样区的土壤肥力质量良好,土壤环境质量清洁,为烟叶的品质和质量安全状况提供了可靠的保证。

基于不同标准的郑州市农产品产地土壤环境质量评价

以郑州市耕地土壤为例,对其表层重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As含量进行了测定分析,按照单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,分别根据有机农业生产基地环境质量标准、绿色食品产地环境质量标准、无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件标准进行了评价,同时应用克里格插值方法进行空间特征分析。结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属变异程度由大到小为:Hg、Cr、Pb、As、Cd;全区土壤环境质量完全满足无公害蔬菜产地环境条件的要求,北部和东南部大部分满足绿色食品产地环境质量的要求,而仅约半数的土壤适宜发展有机农业生产。可为农业生产发展规划和相关管理部门提供科学依据和辅助决策。

农产品产地土壤环境质量评价研究进展

农产品产地土壤环境质量评价的目的是为农产品产地认证和土地可持续利用提供依据。此文综述了农产品产地土壤环境质量评价在评价标准选取、评价指标选择和指标权重确定的研究进展,总结了传统方法和基于GIS方法在农产品产地土壤环境质量评价中的优缺点,最后对农产品产地土壤环境质量评价研究进行了展望。