Changes in the activities of key enzymes and the abundance of functional genes involved in nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil under different aerated conditions

Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in rhizosphere soil aerated using three different methods(continuous flooding(CF), continuous flooding and aeration(CFA), and alternate wetting and drying(AWD)). The abundances of amoA ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB), nirS, nirK, and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, ammonia oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were measured at the tillering(S1), heading(S2), and ripening(S3) stages. We analyzed the relationships of the aforementioned microbial activity indices, in addition to soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), with the concentration of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. The abundance of nitrogen function genes and the activities of nitrogen invertase in rice rhizosphere soil were higher at S2 compared with S1 and S3 in all treatments. AWD and CFA increased the abundance of amoA and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and decreased the abundance of nirS and nirK genes and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, with the effect of AWD being particularly strong. During the entire growth period, the mean abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were 2.9, 5.8, and 3.0 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the nirS and nirK genes, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were 73.6, 84.8, 10.3 and 36.5% lower in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were significantly and positively correlated with the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and the abundances of the nirS and nirK genes were significantly positively correlated with the activities of nitrate reductase. All the above indicators were positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN. In sum, microbial activity related to nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil was highest at S2. Aeration can effectively increase the activity of most nitrogen-converting microorganisms and MBN, and thus promote soil nitrogen transformation.

Effects of Grain Protein Content Selection on Protein Content and Key Enzyme Activity Involved in Nitrogen Metabolism in Progenies Derived from a Rice Cross

Two japonica rice parents （Tong 769 and Xixuan 1） and their progenies, significantly different in protein content of grains, were investigated to reveal the activities of proteinase in leaves and glutamine synthetase in grains, as well as the dynamic changes of soluble protein content in grains during rice grain filling. The results showed that the parents were very similar in protein content, however, advanced lines with different protein contents in grains and varied activities of proteinase and glutamine synthetase were acquired by consecutively directional selection of the grain protein content in their progenies. Moreover, the enzyme activity and the protein content in grains exceeded their parents during grain filling. The protein content in grains was positively related with the proteinase activity, and the soluble protein content was negatively related with the glutamine synthetase activity in grains to some extent.

Effects of Sodium Nitroprussiate on the Metabolites and Key Enzyme Activities of Carbon-nitrogen Metabolism from Seed Germination to Seedling Period of Cherry Tomato

This study was conducted to elucidate the regulating mechanism of sodium nitroprussiate on seed germination and seedling growth of cherry tomato. After the treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside, the effects on the metabolites and key enzyme activities in carbon-nitrogen metabolism of cherry tomato cuhivar Zhuyun as an experimental material were investigated. The results showed that from seed germination to seedling period, the contents of starch and total nitrogen decreased, but the contents of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose and soluble protein increased firstly and then decreased; and free amino acids content increased gradually. Sodium nitroprusside made the contents of starch, sucrose and free amino acids higher than CK. From seed germination to seedling period in cherry tomato, the activities of amylase, glutamine synthetase （GS） and sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） decreased; the activities of nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） increased at first and decreased then; and the CK and the 0.25 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside treatments exhibited de- creased sucrose synthase （SS） activity, and the trend was increasing at first and decreasing then after the treatment with 0.50 and 1.00 mmol/L sodium nitroprus- side. Sodium nitroprusside treatment improved amylase activity; and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the CK increased at first and decreased then, while the values of other treatments tended to decrease. In addition, sodium nitroprusside did not affect seed germination potential and germination rate, but significantly improved biomass accumulation, root length and height of seedlings. These data suggest that sodium nitroprusside could affect the conversion of starch and sugar accumulation, delay the decomposition of total nitrogen and soluble protein, and achieve the effects of accelerating the accumulation of free amino acids, and promoting seed germination and seedling growth, and 0.50 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside has the best effect.

Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen Additions on Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Enzyme Activities Under Rice Straw Returning

The effects of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources on the soil microbial biomass carbon,dissolved organic carbon and related enzyme activities were studied by the simulation experiment of rice straw returning to the field,and the mechanism of the decomposition of rice straw returning to the field was discussed.Completely randomized experiment of the two factors of the three levels was designed,and a total of nine treatments of indoor soil incubation tests were conducted.Full amount of rice straw was applied to the soil in this simulation experiment and different amounts of brown sugar and urea were added in the three levels of 0(no carbon source and nitrogen source),1(low levels of carbon and nitrogen sources)and 2(high levels of carbon and nitrogen sources),respectively.The results showed that the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to the rice straw could increase the soil carbon content.Compared with T0N0,the microbial biomass carbon of T2N2 was increased significantly by 170.48%;the dissolved organic carbon content of T1N2 was significantly increased by 58.14%and the free humic acid carbon contents of T0N2,T1N1 and T2N0 were significantly increased by 56.16%and 45.55%and 47.80%,respectively;however,there were no significant differences among those of treatments at later incubation periods.The addition of different carbon and nitrogen sources could promote the soil enzyme activities.During the incubation period,all of the soil enzyme activities of adding sugar and urea were higher than those of T0N0 treatment.Therefore,the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to rice straw returning could improve soil microbial biomass carbon content,dissolved organic carbon and soil enzyme activities.

Soil Microbial Activity During Secondary Vegetation Succession in Semiarid Abandoned Lands of Loess Plateau

To show the vegetation succession interaction with soil properties, microbial biomass, basal respiration, and enzyme activities in different soil layers （0-60 cm） were determined in six lands, i.e., 2-, 7-, 11-, 20-, and 43-year-old abandoned lands and one native grassland, in a semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the successional time and soil depths affected soil microbiological parameters significantly. In 20-cm soil layer, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN）, MBC/MBN, MBC to soil organic carbon ratio （MBC/SOC）, and soil basal respiration tended to increase with successional stages but decrease with soil depths. In contrast, metabolic quotient （qCO2） tended to decrease with successional stages but increase with soil depths. In addition, the activities of urease, catalase, neutral phosphatase, β-fructofuranosidase, and earboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） enzyme increased with successional stages and soil depths. They were significantly positively correlated with microbial biomass and SOC （P 〈 0.5）, whereas no obvious trend was observed for the polyphenoloxidase activity. The results indicated that natural vegetation succession could improve soil quality and promote ecosystem restoration, but it needed a long time under local climate conditions.

Effects of continuous nitrogen addition on microbial properties and soil organic matter in a Larix gmelinii plantation in China

Continuous increases in anthropogenic nitrogen（N） deposition are likely to change soil microbial properties, and ultimately to affect soil carbon（C） storage.Temperate plantation forests play key roles in C sequestration, yet mechanisms underlying the influences of N deposition on soil organic matter accumulation are poorly understood. This study assessed the effect of N addition on soil microbial properties and soil organic matter distribution in a larch（Larix gmelinii） plantation. In a 9-year experiment in the plantation, N was applied at100 kg N ha-1 a-1 to study the effects on soil C and N mineralization, microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and C and N in soil organic matter density fractions, and organic matter chemistry. The results showed that N addition had no influence on C and N contents in whole soil. However,soil C in different fractions responded to N addition differently. Soil C in light fractions did not change with N addition, while soil C in heavy fractions increased significantly. These results suggested that more soil C in heavy fractions was stabilized in the N-treated soils. However,microbial biomass C and N and phenol oxidase activity decreased in the N-treated soils and thus soil C increased in heavy fractions. Although N addition reduced microbial biomass and phenol oxidase activity, it had little effect on soil C mineralization, hydrolytic enzyme activities, d13 C value in soil and C–H stretch, carboxylates and amides, and C–O stretch in soil organic matter chemistry measured by Fourier transform infrared spectra. We conclude that N addition（1） altered microbial biomass and activity without affecting soil C in light fractions and（2） resulted in an increase in soil C in heavy fractions and that this increase was controlled by phenol oxidase activity and soil N availability.

The effects of phenolic acid on nitrogen metabolism in Populus 3 euramericana ‘Neva’

The declines in soil fertility and productivity in continuously cropped poplar plantations axe related to phenolic acid accumulation in the soil. Nitrogen is a vital life element for poplar and whether the accumulation of phenolic acid could influence nitrogen metabolism in poplar and thereby hinder continuous cropping is not clear. In this study, poplar cuttings of Populus × euramericana ‘Neva＇ were potted in vermiculite, and phenolic acids at three concentrations （032, 0.5X and 1.0X） were added according to the actual content （1.0X） in the soil of a second-generation poplar plantation. Each treatment had eight replicates. We measured gas exchange parameters and the activities of key enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism in the leaves. Leaf photosynthetic parameters varied with the concentration of phenolic acids. The net photosynthetic rate （PN） significantly decreased with increasing phenolic acid concentration, and non-stomatal factors might have been the primary limitation for PN- The activities of nitrate reductase （NR）, glutamine synthetase （GS） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT）, as well as the contents of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and total nitrogen in the leaves decreased with increasing phenolic acid concentration. This was significantly and positively related to PN （P 〈 0.05）. The low concentration of phe- nolic acids mainly affected the transformation process of NO3- to NO2-, while the high concentration of phenolic acids affected both processes, where NO3- was transferred to NO2- and NH4＋ was transferred to glutamine （Gln）. Overall, phenolic acid had significant inhibitory effects on the photosynthetic productivity of Populus x euramericana ＇Neva＇. This was probably due to its influence on the activities of nitrogen assimilation enzymes, which reduced the amount of amino acids that were translated into protein and enzymes. Improving the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by plants could help to overcome the problems caused by continuous cropping.

Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on Biological Activity of Reclaimed Soil

As per randomized block design, the research had different fertilizer treatments, and the organic matter, respiration, enzyme activity and microbial carbon and nitrogen in reclaimed soil were studied. Fertilization schemes were as follows： The treatment without fertilizers（CK）, the treatment with chemical fertilizers（C）, the treatment with chemical fertilizers and bacterial fertilizer（CB）, the treatment with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers（CM）, and the treatment with chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizer and bacterial fertilizer（CMB）. The results showed： Four fertilization treatments could improve the content of soil organic matter. CMB, CM and CB could significantly improve the soil respiration. Organic fertilizer and fertilizer could significantly improve soil enzyme activity, In different growth stages the CMB treatment had highest urease and phosphatase.The most significant in the treatment content of sucrose was CM. Organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer can significantly improve the microbial carbon and nitrogen in soil. For the microbial biomass carbon, the CMB treatment increased by 11%-34% than CB treatment, and 35%-63% than C treatment. In terms of microbial nitrogen CMB, CM respectively increased by 31%-51% than CB treatment, and 52%-100% compared with C. In the process of land reclamation, we should combine the organic fertilizer, microbial fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. Only in this way can soil biological activity be accelerated, soil microbial environment improved, and the ripening increased soil nutrient and soil cultivation be enhanced.

不同施氮水平对黑钙土花生碳氮代谢相关酶活性、产量和品质的影响

为探讨黑钙土花生适宜施氮量,本研究以吉花25为试验材料,共设置6个氮肥水平,分别为施用纯氮0、112.5(传统施肥,N1)、90(减氮20%)、79.5(减氮30%)、159(增氮40%)、225 kg/hm^(2)(增氮100%),研究了氮肥对花生碳氮代谢相关酶的活性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥会提高硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,但过量施用氮肥会抑制NR、GS、GDH、SS和SPS活性。各施氮处理产量均高于对照,在传统施肥的基础上减氮施肥20%(施氮量90 kg/hm^(2))时,花生产量最高,与对照相比增产9.21%,相较于传统施肥增产1.57%,说明减氮20%即可既满足花生生长发育的氮肥需求,同时又能保证叶片中碳氮代谢相关酶的活性,增强了花生对氮素的吸收与利用的能力,并通过降低单株秕果数和单株单果数,提高单株双果数、百果重和百仁重,最终提高花生产量。

不同遮荫处理对杉木幼苗生长及土壤碳氮代谢酶活性的影响

遮荫是苗木培育的关键措施,它可以通过影响根系向土壤释放分泌物的量改变土壤碳氮酶活性,进而影响土壤碳氮循环过程。然而,有关遮荫对土壤碳氮酶活性的影响及其与苗木生长之间的关系如何,研究较为缺乏。以杉木1年生幼苗“洋061”为研究对象,设置五个不同遮荫处理:不遮荫(CK)光强1157.82μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)、30%遮荫(T1)光强856.31μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)、55%遮荫(T2)光强542.68μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)、70%遮荫(T3)光强382.08μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)、85%遮荫(T4)光强219.56μmol m^(-2)s^(-1),比较不同遮荫处理对杉木幼苗生长、土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量和土壤碳氮代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)杉木苗高、不同器官生物量、根冠比和苗木质量指数均随光强减弱呈先升后降的趋势,除苗高和根冠比分别在T3和T1时最大,其余指标均在T2时最大,而地径则随光强的减弱逐渐变小;(2)土壤SOC含量对遮荫响应存在差异,T3处理下SOC含量显著低于CK,而在T4时显著高于CK,遮荫不同程度降低土壤TN含量,但不同处理间不存在显著差异;(3)土壤碳氮代谢酶对不同遮荫处理的响应存在一定的差异。与CK相比,不同遮荫处理显著改变土壤酶活性,其中土壤纤维素酶(S-CL)、土壤蔗糖酶(S-SC)、土壤酸性转化酶(S-AI)、土壤木质素过氧化物酶(S-LiP)活性在T4处理时最高;土壤过氧化氢酶(S-CAT)、土壤β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(S-NAG)、土壤几丁质酶(S-C)则在T3达到最大值;土壤多酚氧化酶(S-PPO)活性在T1处理下最大;T2遮荫强度时,土壤淀粉酶(S-AL)、土壤亚硝酸转化酶(S-NiR)活性最高;但遮荫还不同程度的降低了土壤脲酶(S-UE)、土壤硝酸转化酶(S-NR)活性。冗余分析发现,土壤酶活性对SOC、TN的解释度高达76.61%,表明S-LiP、S-AL、S-AI、S-PPO、S-CL与SOC具有较强的正相关关系,S-UE、S-NR对TN影响较大。综上所述,30%—55%遮荫即光照强度为542.68—856.31μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)是较适宜杉木幼苗生长的光照条件,这与该处理下提高土壤碳氮酶活性进而改善碳氮养分循环密切相关。

光氮互作对植物生长发育及氮素代谢影响的研究进展

光照和氮素等因素是影响植物生长发育的关键因子,植物光合作用依赖于光照提供的能量,其中光强、光质对植物生长发育、生理生化和氮代谢等方面起着重要作用.肥料为植物生长提供必要的营养条件,特别是氮肥,氮供应水平影响植物体内的生理特性,其在参与调控植物体生化反应中的酶及其辅基的合成方面必不可少.然而,植物生长发育往往受环境中多种因子的共同调控,光照和氮肥互作对植物的影响十分显著,本文综述了光照、氮素及光氮互作对植物生长发育指标的影响,阐述了光氮互作在植物生长发育中的重要性,有利于进一步了解植物生长过程中各影响要素之间的相互作用,为更好地提高植物特别是农作物生产效率及品质提供理论依据.

氮肥运筹对旱地胡麻氮代谢及氮肥利用的调控效应

为进一步提高西北旱区胡麻氮肥利用效率,降低化肥投入量,采用田间二因素裂区试验设计,以不施氮为对照,研究了3个施氮水平(N1:60 kg·hm^(-2);N2:120 kg·hm^(-2);N3:180 kg·hm^(-2))和3个施肥时期(T1:全部基施;T2:2/3基施+1/3现蕾初期追施;T3:1/3基施+1/3分茎初期追施+1/3现蕾初期追施)互作对旱地胡麻氮代谢及氮肥利用率的调控效应。结果表明:随氮肥施用量增加,胡麻叶片氮代谢酶活性、氮素积累、氮素转运及籽粒产量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,胡麻氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力则呈降低的趋势。从同一氮肥水平不同施肥时期来看,上述指标均表现为T2处理最高。氮肥综合运筹表现为N2T2处理的胡麻氮代谢酶(硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶)活性和氮素积累量分别较传统模式(N3T1)显著提高。其中,硝酸还原酶提高14.21%~34.93%,亚硝酸还原酶提高18.66%~29.27%,谷氨酰胺合成酶提高14.92%~55.82%,氮素积累量提高10.63%~36.74%;较不施氮对照分别显著提高22.75%~54.84%、23.62%~69.81%、43.61%~78.09%和23.33%~57.88%。籽粒产量、氮素籽粒生产效率、花前氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率均在N2T2处理较高,分别较其它处理平均提高14.35%、4.20%%、28.45%和17.37%。相关分析表明,胡麻氮素积累量与氮代谢酶活性、氮素转运、籽粒产量、氮肥利用效率呈极显著正相关关系。可见,120 kg·hm^(-2)氮肥按2/3基施+1/3现蕾初期追施可显著提高胡麻氮代谢酶活性和氮肥利用效率,可作为实现旱地胡麻高效生产的氮肥运筹模式。

马尾松根际碳氮利用效率对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

微生物元素利用效率在调节土壤碳(C)和氮(N)矿化过程中有重要作用,然而土壤微生物转化的有机碳(SOC)、N比例研究尚不充分。以千岛湖5年生、9年生、19年生、29年生、35年生马尾松林为研究对象,测定根际SOC、土壤总氮(TN)、土壤微生物量碳氮(MBC、MBN)、土壤C、N获得酶活性和土壤微生物群落结构,阐明土壤微生物C、N利用效率(CUE、NUE)和元素阈值比(TER)与微生物群落结构关系。结果表明:5年生马尾松根际SOC、TN均明显高于其它林分(P<0.05),其土壤微生物量C/N比则显著(除9年生)低于其它林分(P<0.05),证实了微生物CUE对底物养分状态敏感性较低。35年生马尾松根际微生物NUE均显著高于其它林龄(除19年生),说明土壤中大部分N转化为MBN,与35年生马尾松土壤微生物生物量显著高于其它林分一致。马尾松根际NUE和TER与土壤微生物总生物量及其组分生物量均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),说明土壤微生物生长繁殖受NUE影响。所有林龄马尾松TER均大于土壤C/N比,表示研究区域生态系统处于C或者能源限制,而非N限制;证实了土壤C/N比减少到TER以下时,土壤有机物获得C的成本高于获得N的成本。5年生马尾松微生物CUE和TER均最低,二者没有明显的相关关系,可能低龄马尾松林CUE和NUE有补偿性关系。研究强调了土壤根际微生物元素利用效率和微生物群落对土壤C和N循环过程的重要性,为亚热带森林生态系统土壤经营管理提供了依据。

山黧豆还田与氮肥减施对稻田土壤活性有机碳组分及酶活性的影响

为探明绿肥山黧豆(Lathyrus sativus)还田配施氮肥在改良土壤方面的效应,明确合适的绿肥配施氮肥比例,设置2×4双因素试验,研究绿肥的不同翻压量[15000(M_(1))、22500(M_(2))、30000(M_(3))、37500(M_(4))kg·hm^(−2)]和氮肥的不同施氮量[常规施氮量的60%(N_(1))和80%(N_(2))配比]对土壤活性有机碳库各组分、碳库管理指数和酶活性等指标的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥(CF)处理相比,翻压一定量的绿肥并配施减量氮肥能有效提升稻田总有机碳、活性有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳含量及碳库管理指数,提升效果随配施比例的不同存在差异,其中M_(4)N_(1)、M_(4)N_(2)处理提升效果最佳。在相同施氮水平下,有机碳各组分含量、碳库管理指数及总体酶活性均呈现出随翻压量增加而增加的趋势。与CF处理相比,翻压绿肥并配施氮肥对稻田土壤过氧化氢酶无显著影响(P>0.05),对纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和β-葡萄糖甘酶活性均具有显著影响(P<0.05)。总体酶活性均表现为M_(4)N_(2)>M_(4)N_(1)>M_(3)N_(1)>M_(3)N_(2)>M_(2)N_(1)>M_(2)N_(2)>M_(1)N_(1)>M_(1)N_(2)>CF>CK处理。各有机碳组分之间具有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关性,β-葡萄糖甘酶、纤维素酶与土壤活性有机碳各组分均呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。对土壤活性有机碳组分含量及土壤酶活性影响因素的灰色关联度综合分析结果表明,60%氮肥+37500 kg·hm^(−2)绿肥模式的综合评价效果最好。

施氮和灌溉处理对麦田土壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响

探讨不同水氮管理对麦田土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、SOC组分及土壤酶活性的影响,对促进SOC库提升和助力“双碳”目标实现具有重要作用。试验设置雨养和灌溉2个灌水处理及3个施氮水平(分别为0、180和360 kg/hm^(2),记为N0、N180和N360),共6个处理。于小麦收获期,测定0~40 cm土层SOC、易氧有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)含量,以及土壤脲酶(UA)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-BG)、蔗糖酶(IA)、过氧化氢酶(HPA)活性。结果表明:与雨养条件下相比,灌溉条件下会降低SOC含量,不利于维持SOC的稳定;N180处理下,与灌溉条件下相比,雨养条件SOC含量在0~20和20~40 cm土层中分别提高了6.3%和71.7%;并且在3个氮水平下,雨养条件下的EOC含量均高于灌溉条件。研究显示,施氮180 kg/hm^(2)结合适宜的水分管理有利于促进SOC积累。适宜农田水氮管理不仅是实现作物单产提升的重要途径,在促进SOC库提升和助力实现“双碳”目标方面也发挥着重要作用。

硫素水平对大豆叶片碳氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为了探究不同的硫素水平对大豆苗期和花期叶片碳氮代谢关键酶活性的影响,以大豆品种‘来豆2号’和‘合丰55号’为试材,用浇灌营养液的方法测大豆苗期和花期叶片碳代谢关键酶活性的数据。‘来豆2号’和‘合丰55号’的GOGAT和SS酶活性在160 mg/L处理下达最大值;‘来豆2号’GS酶活性在160 mg/L处理下酶活性峰值最强,‘合丰55号’苗期峰值是260 mg/L处理下达最大值,花期峰值是硫营养最低的20 mg/L处理下;‘来豆2号’SPS酶活性在40 mg/L处理下达最大值,而‘合丰55号’苗期峰值是硫营养较高的80 mg/L处理,花期峰值是硫素水平最高的260 mg/L处理。结果表明,谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的开花期酶活性显著大于苗期,品种间呈相同规律。

宁夏荒漠草原典型灌丛根际土壤酶活性及微生物代谢多样性

开展荒漠灌丛根际土壤酶活性和微生物代谢多样性研究,对于荒漠土壤的生态修复具有重要意义。运用可见分光光度法和Biolog微平板法,对宁夏白芨滩荒漠草原内柠条、沙冬青、毛刺和猫头刺4种典型的豆科灌丛不同发育期根际土壤酶活性及微生物代谢功能多样性进行了研究。结果表明:不同灌丛各发育期根际土壤的酶活性存在显著差异。从灌丛种类来看,沙冬青根际土壤脲酶活性均显著高于其他3种灌丛,毛刺根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性均显著低于其他灌丛。从发育期来看,营养期沙冬青根际土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他时期,柠条根际土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著低于其他时期;盛花期柠条根际土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性、沙冬青根际土壤蔗糖酶活性、猫头刺根际土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性显著高于其他时期;果实期沙冬青根际土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性最高,柠条根际土壤蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性最高;毛刺的盛花期和果实期根际土壤中酶活性普遍较低。不同灌丛各发育期根际土壤微生物群落代谢多样性大多存在显著差异。4种灌丛根际土壤平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)均随培养时间的延长而逐渐增加,碳源利用类型主要为碳水化合物、氨基酸和羧酸。柠条营养期根际土壤中微生物分布较均匀,代谢活性强,生长旺盛。主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)显示,营养期沙冬青、毛刺和猫头刺根际土壤微生物的碳源利用模式相似;盛花期柠条、沙冬青和猫头刺根际土壤微生物的碳源利用模式相似;果实期柠条和沙冬青、毛刺和猫头刺根际土壤微生物的碳源利用模式相似。随着发育期的变化,土壤微生物碳源利用模式发生不同程度的变化。冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)显示,酶活性和微生物代谢功能与土壤理化性质关系密切。脲酶与铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)正相关;碱性磷酸酶与土壤含水量(SWC)显著正相关;蔗糖酶与全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、土壤有机质(SOM)和全磷(TP)正相关,且与TN显著正相关;TN、有效磷(AP)、TP、速效钾(AK)和亚硝态氮(NO_(2)^(-)-N )显著影响脱氢酶活性。NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(2)^(-)-N 、TP、AP和NO_(3)^(-)-N是影响微生物代谢多样性的主要理化因子。该研究结果对于了解宁夏荒漠根际土壤微环境以及微生物群落对环境响应特征具有积极意义。

栽培基质pH和铵硝氮比对杉木木荷氮代谢酶及氮含量的影响

【目的】探究栽培基质pH和铵硝态氮配比对亚热带主要针叶树杉木和阔叶树木荷幼苗叶片氮代谢酶活性及植株氮含量的影响。【方法】设置栽培基质为2个pH水平(pH_(1)=4.5和pH_(2)=6.5)和3个铵硝态氮配比(NH_(4)^(+)-N∶NO_(3)^(-)-N分别为10∶0、0∶10、5∶5),分析和比较2个树种幼苗叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、硝酸还原酶(NR)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性及各器官氮含量差异。【结果】(1)与基质pH=6.5相比,pH=4.5抑制了杉木和木荷叶中氮代谢酶GS、GOGAT、NR和NiR的活性,增加了杉木根、茎、叶中的铵态氮含量,降低了杉木各器官中的硝态氮含量和总氮素积累量,降低了0∶10配比下木荷叶的氮素积累量。(2)10∶0配比显著增加杉木叶中的氮代谢酶活性和pH=4.5处理下木荷叶中的氮代谢酶活性、增加pH=6.5处理下木荷根和叶中的铵态氮含量、木荷根的硝态氮含量及杉木茎叶及总的氮素积累量。5∶5配比显著增加pH=4.5处理下木荷根中硝态氮含量。0∶10配比显著增加pH=4.5处理下杉木叶中的铵态氮含量,增加pH=6.5处理下木荷叶的NiR活性,木荷茎叶和总氮积累量。(3)在同一处理下,杉木叶中的氮代谢酶活性均低于木荷,表明木荷具有比杉木更强的同化氮素的能力。(4)相关性分析表明,杉木总氮素积累量与氮代谢酶活性、根的硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与器官铵态氮含量呈显著负相关,木荷总氮素积累量与叶铵态氮含量呈显著负相关。【结论】栽培基质pH为4.5的栽培环境不利于杉木和木荷幼苗对氮素的吸收,铵态氮添加可促进杉木的氮素积累,而硝态氮添加可促进木荷的氮素积累。故在生产中应综合考虑栽培基质的pH和树种特性等因素选择适宜的铵硝态氮比例进行杉木和木荷幼苗及林地的氮素营养管理。

2种杀菌剂对茉莉根际土壤酶活性和微生物碳源代谢多样性的影响

本研究在人工温室大棚条件下,以白绢病染病茉莉植株根际土壤为材料,分析比较2种杀菌剂(氟啶胺和戊唑醇)处理对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物群落碳源代谢多样性的影响。结果表明:在2种不同浓度杀菌剂处理前后,茉莉根际土壤理化性质各项指标具有显著差异。50%氟啶胺处理后,土壤pH和有机质含量分别降低14.8%和18.8%,而50%戊唑醇处理后,有机质含量则显著增加,增幅高达76.8%;50%戊唑醇对土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾的影响最为显著,其中,全氮最高增幅为77.8%;有效磷最高增加了1.3倍;速效钾最高增幅达2.1倍。杀菌剂对茉莉根际土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性具有显著影响。50%氟啶胺处理后,蔗糖酶活性显著降低92.8%;50%戊唑醇处理后,脲酶活性显著降低,较喷施前减少41.9%;杀菌剂处理后酸性磷酸酶活性均呈递增的变化趋势。比较2种杀菌剂处理后土壤微生物群落的碳源代谢多样性发现,CK的平均每孔颜色变化率(AWCD)最低,2种杀菌剂处理后,AWCD均降低,且戊唑醇对AWCD的抑制作用最显著。总体上,杀菌剂处理后,土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)与McIntosh均匀度指数(U)均呈下降趋势,各处理间的Simpson优势度指数(D)无显著差异;土壤微生物群落对6类碳源的代谢能力具有一定的抑制作用。土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力的主成分分析表明,氨基酸类和碳水化合物2类碳源的利用率相似,多聚物类和羧酸类相似。本研究结果可为评估杀菌剂处理后茉莉根际土壤微生物的生态功能提供科学依据。

Effects of elevated ozone and nitrogen addition on leaf nitrogen metabolism in poplar

Aims Ozone(O_(3))pollution and nitrogen(N)deposition/fertilization often simultaneously affect plant growth.However,research of their interactive effects on leaf N metabolism is still scarce.We investigated their interactive effects,aiming to better understand plant N metabolism processes and biogeochemical cycles under high 03 pollution and N deposition/fertilization.Methods Poplar saplings were exposed to two O_(3)levels(NF,non-filtered ambient air;NF60,NF+60 ppb O_(3))and four N treatments(NO,no N added;N50,NO+50 kg N ha^(-1)yr^(-1);N100,NO+100 kg N ha^(-1)yr^(-1);N200,NO+200 kg N ha^(-1)yr^(-1)in open-top chambers for 95 days.The indicators related to leaf N metabolism were analyzed,including the activities of N-metabolizing enzymes and the contents of total N,NO_(3)^(-)-N,NH_(4)^(+)-N,total amino acid(TAA)and total soluble protein(TSP)in the leaves.Important Findings NF60 stimulated the activities of nitrate reductase(NR)by 47.2%at August relative to NF,and stimulated glutamine synthetase(GS)by 57.3%when averaged across all N treatments and sampling times.In contrast,O_(3)did not significantly affect TSP and even reduced TAA content in August.Relative to NO,N200 significantly increased light-saturated rate of CO_(2)assimilation(Asat)by 24%,and increased total N content by 70.3%and 43.3%in August and September,respectively,while it reduced photosynthetic N-use efficiency by 26.1%in August.These results suggest that the increase in Asat and total N content are uncoupled,and that the surplus N is not used to optimize the capacity for carbon assimilation under high N treatment.Simultaneously,high N treatment significantly promoted leaf N metabolism by increasing NO_(3)^(-)-N contents,NH_(4)^(+)-N contents,TAA contents and the activities of NR and GS.There was no significant interaction between O_(3)and N for all variables.