In this paper,the basic equations of two-phase liquid metal flow in a magnetic field are de- rived,and specifically,two-phase liquid metal MHD flow in a rectangular channel is studied,and the expres- sions of velocity...In this paper,the basic equations of two-phase liquid metal flow in a magnetic field are de- rived,and specifically,two-phase liquid metal MHD flow in a rectangular channel is studied,and the expres- sions of velocity distribution of liquid and gas phases and the ratio K_0 of the pressure drop in two-phase MHD flow to that in single-phase are derived.Results of calculation show that the ratio K_0 is smaller than unity and decreases with increasing void fraction and Hartmann number because the effective electrical conduc- tivity in the two-phase case decreases.展开更多
Donkey hides are used in a form of Traditional Chinese medicine called ejiao, the demand for ejiao is currently so high the global donkey population is currently in decline. Africa’s donkey population is considered a...Donkey hides are used in a form of Traditional Chinese medicine called ejiao, the demand for ejiao is currently so high the global donkey population is currently in decline. Africa’s donkey population is considered a key source for the trade, with Kenya being highlighted as being particularly affected. In Kenya donkeys play a vital contribution to people’s livelihoods;this study aimed to explore the potential impact of the donkey hide trade on small holder farmer’s livelihoods. The study was conducted in five counties in Kenya;data was collected using household survey questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. When household survey participants (n = 421) were asked if the number of donkeys in their herd had decreased within the last two years 34.2% (n = 144) reported a decrease, of those 43.8% (n = 63) reported the selling of donkeys as the primary cause of reduction in herd size. Increased money spent on the transportation of farm produce, water and firewood was the most frequently reported effect of the loss of donkeys (62.5%, n = 263). Some focus group discussion participants said that they had previously sold their donkeys to raise money for school fees, likewise 43% (n = 97) of focus group discussion participants said that they would sell their donkeys to pay medical bills. Results from the study suggest that small holder farmers are choosing to sell their donkeys for an instant boost in income, but long-term this is unlikely to be a sustainable livelihood option.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to compare two protocols of Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) that can be used to diagnose Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). Different volumes of reagents and support for agar gel were use...The aim of the present study was to compare two protocols of Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) that can be used to diagnose Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). Different volumes of reagents and support for agar gel were used, as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Equidae sera samples (n = 1000) were tested using a national commercial kit and different volumes (i.e. 25 μL—MAPA and 50 μL—OIE) of reagents and standard sera. Antigen was used as recommended by MAPA. The results were assessed by two operators, 48 hours after beginning the test. At the end of the experiment, a Kappa index of 1 was obtained by the operators, for the interpretation of the results and for the different volumes of reagents used. Similar results of agreement (Kappa index = 1) were obtained when using slides or Petri dishes as support for the agar gel. In both cases, an almost perfect agreement was achieved, suggesting that the use of different supports does not affect the results. These findings indicate that both protocols (MAPA and OIE) can be used to diagnose EIA.展开更多
为研究伊犁马是否存在Ⅷ群神经致病型马疱疹病毒1型(EHV-1)的感染,并分析其遗传进化特征,本研究采集新疆伊犁昭苏县某马场93份伊犁马流产胎儿肺组织样品,经PCR鉴定为EHV-1阳性后,将部分EHV-1阳性的肺组织研磨上清液接种MDBK细胞,盲传3代...为研究伊犁马是否存在Ⅷ群神经致病型马疱疹病毒1型(EHV-1)的感染,并分析其遗传进化特征,本研究采集新疆伊犁昭苏县某马场93份伊犁马流产胎儿肺组织样品,经PCR鉴定为EHV-1阳性后,将部分EHV-1阳性的肺组织研磨上清液接种MDBK细胞,盲传3代,待出现细胞病变时收集细胞及培养上清,通过PCR及透射电镜对EHV-1进行鉴定,并对其进行不同基因的遗传进化分析。结果显示,93份临床样品中有43份样品呈EHV-1阳性。将其中11份阳性样品接种MDBK细胞盲传3代后,有4份出现细胞病变,电镜观察可见疱疹病毒典型的形态特征,且均经PCR检测到EHV-1 g B基因,表明分离到4株EHV-1,分别命名为XJ-YLZS-21、XJYLZS-22、XJ-YLZS-29和XJ-YLZS-31。同源性分析结果显示,4株EHV-1分离株gB基因序列与EHV-1参考株Ab4相应基因序列的同源性为100%。ORF30基因序列分析结果显示,4株分离株第2 254位均为鸟嘌呤(G),编码天冬氨酸(D),表明4株EHV-1分离株为神经致病型EHV。ORF68基因及其编码氨基酸序列的遗传进化分析结果显示,4株EHV-1分离株的核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性均为100%,并处于独立的进化分支,将其划分为Ⅷ群神经致病型EHV-1。本研究首次在国内鉴定并分离到Ⅷ群神经致病型EHV-1,丰富了EHV-1的流行病学数据库,为EHV-1感染所致马流产的防控奠定了流行病学基础。展开更多
基金The Project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In this paper,the basic equations of two-phase liquid metal flow in a magnetic field are de- rived,and specifically,two-phase liquid metal MHD flow in a rectangular channel is studied,and the expres- sions of velocity distribution of liquid and gas phases and the ratio K_0 of the pressure drop in two-phase MHD flow to that in single-phase are derived.Results of calculation show that the ratio K_0 is smaller than unity and decreases with increasing void fraction and Hartmann number because the effective electrical conduc- tivity in the two-phase case decreases.
文摘Donkey hides are used in a form of Traditional Chinese medicine called ejiao, the demand for ejiao is currently so high the global donkey population is currently in decline. Africa’s donkey population is considered a key source for the trade, with Kenya being highlighted as being particularly affected. In Kenya donkeys play a vital contribution to people’s livelihoods;this study aimed to explore the potential impact of the donkey hide trade on small holder farmer’s livelihoods. The study was conducted in five counties in Kenya;data was collected using household survey questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. When household survey participants (n = 421) were asked if the number of donkeys in their herd had decreased within the last two years 34.2% (n = 144) reported a decrease, of those 43.8% (n = 63) reported the selling of donkeys as the primary cause of reduction in herd size. Increased money spent on the transportation of farm produce, water and firewood was the most frequently reported effect of the loss of donkeys (62.5%, n = 263). Some focus group discussion participants said that they had previously sold their donkeys to raise money for school fees, likewise 43% (n = 97) of focus group discussion participants said that they would sell their donkeys to pay medical bills. Results from the study suggest that small holder farmers are choosing to sell their donkeys for an instant boost in income, but long-term this is unlikely to be a sustainable livelihood option.
文摘The aim of the present study was to compare two protocols of Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) that can be used to diagnose Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). Different volumes of reagents and support for agar gel were used, as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Equidae sera samples (n = 1000) were tested using a national commercial kit and different volumes (i.e. 25 μL—MAPA and 50 μL—OIE) of reagents and standard sera. Antigen was used as recommended by MAPA. The results were assessed by two operators, 48 hours after beginning the test. At the end of the experiment, a Kappa index of 1 was obtained by the operators, for the interpretation of the results and for the different volumes of reagents used. Similar results of agreement (Kappa index = 1) were obtained when using slides or Petri dishes as support for the agar gel. In both cases, an almost perfect agreement was achieved, suggesting that the use of different supports does not affect the results. These findings indicate that both protocols (MAPA and OIE) can be used to diagnose EIA.
文摘为研究伊犁马是否存在Ⅷ群神经致病型马疱疹病毒1型(EHV-1)的感染,并分析其遗传进化特征,本研究采集新疆伊犁昭苏县某马场93份伊犁马流产胎儿肺组织样品,经PCR鉴定为EHV-1阳性后,将部分EHV-1阳性的肺组织研磨上清液接种MDBK细胞,盲传3代,待出现细胞病变时收集细胞及培养上清,通过PCR及透射电镜对EHV-1进行鉴定,并对其进行不同基因的遗传进化分析。结果显示,93份临床样品中有43份样品呈EHV-1阳性。将其中11份阳性样品接种MDBK细胞盲传3代后,有4份出现细胞病变,电镜观察可见疱疹病毒典型的形态特征,且均经PCR检测到EHV-1 g B基因,表明分离到4株EHV-1,分别命名为XJ-YLZS-21、XJYLZS-22、XJ-YLZS-29和XJ-YLZS-31。同源性分析结果显示,4株EHV-1分离株gB基因序列与EHV-1参考株Ab4相应基因序列的同源性为100%。ORF30基因序列分析结果显示,4株分离株第2 254位均为鸟嘌呤(G),编码天冬氨酸(D),表明4株EHV-1分离株为神经致病型EHV。ORF68基因及其编码氨基酸序列的遗传进化分析结果显示,4株EHV-1分离株的核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性均为100%,并处于独立的进化分支,将其划分为Ⅷ群神经致病型EHV-1。本研究首次在国内鉴定并分离到Ⅷ群神经致病型EHV-1,丰富了EHV-1的流行病学数据库,为EHV-1感染所致马流产的防控奠定了流行病学基础。
