Electric Potential in a Dielectric Sphere Head Produced by a Time-Harmonic Equivalent Current Dipole

A time-harmonic equivalent current dipole model is proposed to simulate EEG source which deals with the problem concerning the capacitance effect. The expressions of potentials in both homogeneous infinite dielectric medium and dielectric sphere on the electroquasistatic condition are presented. The potential in a 3-layer inhomogeneous spherical head is computed by using this model. The influences on potential produced by time-harmonic character and permittivity are discussed. The results show that potentials in dielectric sphere are affected by frequency and permittivity.

TIME-TEMPERATURE-STRESS EQUIVALENCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS

Stress-dependence of the intrinsic time of viscoelastic materialsis investigated. The influence of stress level on the intrinsic timeis considered to be similar to that of temperature, pressure, solventcon- centration, damage and physical aging. Thetime-temperature-stress equivalence principle is proposed, byemploying which, the creep curves at different temperatures andstress level can be shifted into a master curve at referencetemperature and stress level.

Research for time-temperature equivalence effect of rock(Ⅰ):Theory research

In order to know about the rheological properties of rock in a long range of the time scale,method of increasing temperature was brought forward to accelerate the rheological process of rock,which could extend the time scale of experimental test data.Firstly,based on the generalized linear viscoelastic constitutive equation with temperature variable,the creep behavior of rock was divided into three types according to the different strain dependences of the time,that is,Hookean deformation,Newtonian flow,and retarded elasticity.Then the general equivalence relationship between time parameter and temperature parameter was derived for each type of strain.Finally,the relation between time parameter and temperature parameter in the whole creep was considered and the general theory of time-temperature equivalence effect(TTEE) of rock was established.This research reveals: ①The temperature effect on the instantaneous strain could be modified through vertical shift.②The key point of the TTEE of Newtonian flow depends on whether in the study of linear viscoelastic behavior of rock change of temperature is completely equivalent to a shift of the logarithmic time scale or not.③By plotting the results of a creep experiment performed at different temperatures and comparing the curves obtained,one can decide whether the rock considered have TTEE.④The TTEE of the whole creep should satisfy that the horizontal shift function of Newtonian flow and retarded elasticity is consentaneous.

Research for time-temperature equivalence effect of rock(Ⅱ):Experimental research

With the creep test data of granite taken from Three Gorges,the existence of time-temperature equivalence effect(TTEE) of granite is investigated.Based on the creep test data at different temperatures,which are 20 ℃,60 ℃,80 ℃,100 ℃,200 ℃,300 ℃,four-component viscoelastic Burgers model is presented to characterize the creep curves.The parameters of elasticity modulus and viscosity coefficient in the constitutive model at different temperatures and their functional dependences on temperature are obtained.Then,according to the basic theory of TTEE presented in research(I),the TTEE of granite is investigated through modifying the compliance curves with vertical shift function and checking the coincidence of the modified curves with horizontal shift functions.It is concluded that:① Burgers model could appropriately characterize the creep property of granite in a short time scale.② Both elastic modulus and viscosity coefficient in the Burgers model decay exponentially with temperature.③ The coincidence of the curves at different temperatures after vertical shift modification and horizontal shift is fine,which indicates the existence of TTEE of granite.④The master curves which reflect the long time scale test data at temperatures 20 ℃,100 ℃,200 ℃ are obtained.

The Residual Deformation and Equivalent Source of the Lancang-Gengma Earthquake

In this paper,the equivalent force inside the source which produces a large area deformation field is calculated by using the records of residual deformation,S wave radiation of shear dislocation source and Green function of the Lancang-Gengma earthquake.Under the action of equivalent force whose intensity was 1.103×1013 N,the crust derm of northeast segment of seismic fault had finished the upraise and formed permanent irrecoverable deformation within 20.46 min after the major earthquake occurred.The authors indicate that the residual deformation would split into 2 deformation fields with different propagation velocities and different directions in the Song-distance propagation process.

Discussion of Influences on Snow Water Equivalent at Utah Snow Courses

Snow data collection systems in the western United States were originally designed to forecast water supply and may be subject to several sources of bias. In addition to climate change and weather modification effects, site-specific effects may be introduced from vegetation changes, site physical changes, measurement technique, and sensor changes. This paper examines changes in Utah＇s snowpack conditions over the past decade compared with all previous measurement years, focusing on the 15 snow courses with the longest observational record within the state of Utah. Although patterns in snowpack data consistent with those that would be expected due to temperature h as greater declines at lower elevations and latitudes--were not identified, snow water equivalent decreased at sites with significant increases in vegetation coverage. Additionally, we provide a list of 22 snow courses in Utah that are best-suited for long-term climate analysis.

Study and Application of Horizontal Well Productivity Formula with Continuous Time-Varying Considered

The horizontal well technology has been widely applied to enhanced oil recovery for low permeability and heavy oil reservoir. It is the important basis for designing and optimizing horizontal well to determine the productivity. The productivity determination of horizontal wells in offshore oil fields is mainly based on the actual productivity data of producing directional wells in the similar reservoirs nearby. Considering pressure drop and oil layer thickness to calculate the productivity, this method lacks certain theoretical basis and requires rich working experience for reservoir engineers. The other method is Joshi Formula which needs the known horizontal well control radius to be known. But the control radius is man-made at certain degree. In order to address the shortcomings of existing methods, a new reservoir engineering method was proposed to determine the horizontal well productivity formula, horizontal flow pattern and control radius based on the principle of equivalent flow resistance and conformal transformation. This method has overcome the disadvantage of determining on person. It provided some theoretical basis for getting the horizontal well productivity and is of some guiding meaning for evaluating the productivity of adjustment wells and development wells.

On Universal Space and Time

In earlier papers [1]-[4], it was shown that the consistency of the concept of time with motion requires time and distance to be of the same dimension, and thus measured by the same unit. The arising reduced system of units revealed that mass and energy were only different facets of one entity, and resulted in the well-known mass-energy equivalence formula as a natural consequence. The physical space can be identified with any inertial frame, but when it comes to comparing the results of measurements in two frames, or more, only one frame, say S, can be taken stationary and identified with the physical space, whereas all other inertial frames are moving relative to S. The equivalence of inertial frames as sites of one physical world implies that an intrinsic units system of length, time, mass and charge should be defined in terms of basic constituent physical blocks that have the same identity in all inertial frames. A basic feature of the universal space and time theory (UST) is that the same one time prevails in all inertial frames. The scaling transformations (STs) that relate the geometric distances in two frames, S (s) when chosen the stationary frame, are derived, and applied to explain the Doppler’s effect. The time distance between a moving object in S and an observer depends on its state of motion;and the Euclidean form of the STs is employed to explain arrival of some meta-stable at the earth’s surface despite its short lifetime. The quantitative predicted Doppler’s effect, which is in a striking agreement with the Ives-Stilwell experimental results, coincides with the relativistic prediction for longitudinal motion, but yet predicts a complete absence of a transverse effect at a right angle. In coming parts of this work it will be shown that the UST explains elaborately the drag effect, stellar aberration, and produces naturally the relativistic mechanics. The UST will also be completed through deriving the scaling transformations of the second type, by which the null results of Michelson and Morley experiment, Michelson and Gale experiment, and the Sagnac effect are explained. The current work and our intended future works in UST are new versions containing basic conceptions and visions that didn’t appear in earlier versions [1]-[6].

Embedding-Based Sliding Mode Control for Linear Time Varying Systems

In this paper, a novel strategy using embedding process and sliding surface is proposed. In this method, a state trajectory starting from a given initial point reaches a definite point on a sliding surface in the minimum time, and then tends to the origin along the sliding surface (SS). In the first, a SS is designed, then using an appropriate measure, an embedding is constructed to solve a time optimal control problem such that the system trajectory reaches the SS in minimum time, after that a control is designed such that the system trajectory tends to the origin along the SS. It is well-known that the main disadvantage of the use of sliding mode controls (SMCs) is a phenomenon, the so-called chattering. The proposed SMC here is piecewise continuous and chattering free. Some numerical examples is presented to illustrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method.

Gravitational Time Dilation inside the Solid Sphere

Gravitational time dilation directly reflects the difference between gravitational potentials at different altitudes in the gravitational field. At the same time this phenomenon is expected to obey the Einstein’s equivalence principle, one of two pillars (apart from general covariance) of general relativity. The experiments aimed at detecting the gravitational time dilation are therefore described as the tests of general relativity or, alternatively, the tests of equivalence principle. When applied to the exterior of a solid sphere, these two interpretations are fully compatible both theoretically and experimentally. However, when applied to the interior of a solid sphere (e.g., to the interior of Earth), they seem to contradict each other. Namely, a strict dependence of the gravitational time dilation on the gravitational potential inside the sphere proves to be at odds with the equivalence principle. This paper reveals this problem and provides solution to it. As a consequence, it is concluded that, contrary to the current belief, the Earth’s center is older, not younger, than the Earth’s surface. Since all the previous experiments have been performed either on or above the Earth’s surface, an experiment performed below the Earth’s surface is proposed.

基于STFT-AOK的星箭力学环境等效频谱分析

星箭力学环境的频谱特性研究对于力学试验环境条件设计非常重要。工程上通常基于冲击响应谱变换获得力学环境参数等效频谱,然而该方法受稳态放大系数Q取值的影响较大。为此,文章提出一种基于短时傅里叶变换–自适应优化核函数(STFT-AOK)融合技术的星箭力学环境等效频谱分析方法。研究结果表明:STFT-AOK方法可在AOK准确定位频率成分和瞬态特征时频区域的基础上,结合STFT的准确幅值,构造出频率分辨率高且幅值准确的时频分布,实现力学环境等效频谱的有效获取,适用于各种复杂瞬态星箭力学环境参数的频谱分析。

Was Polchinski Wrong? Colombeau Distributional Rindler Space-Time with Distributional Levi-CivitàConnection Induced Vacuum Dominance. Unruh Effect Revisited

The vacuum energy density of free scalar quantum field in a Rindler distributional space-time with distributional Levi-Cività connection is considered. It has been widely believed that, except in very extreme situations, the influence of acceleration on quantum fields should amount to just small, sub-dominant contributions. Here we argue that this belief is wrong by showing that in a Rindler distributional background space-time with distributional Levi-Cività connection the vacuum energy of free quantum fields is forced, by the very same background distributional space-time such a Rindler distributional background space-time, to become dominant over any classical energy density component. This semiclassical gravity effect finds its roots in the singular behavior of quantum fields on a Rindler distributional space-times with distributional Levi-Cività connection. In particular we obtain that the vacuum fluctuations have a singular behavior at a Rindler horizon . Therefore sufficiently strongly accelerated observer burns up near the Rindler horizon. Thus Polchinski’s account doesn’t violate the Einstein equivalence principle.

滚动轴承局部故障时变刚度系统动力学分析

针对滚动轴承局部故障动力学建模问题,通过分析各滚动体在进入、退出载荷区和陷入故障时的变化情况,基于Hertz接触理论,定义了接触变形保留因子,提出了滚动轴承等效时变刚度函数,建立了局部故障滚动轴承单自由度时变刚度动力学模型,并进行了理论分析和试验研究。研究结果表明:当滚动体进入或退出载荷区时,载荷区中承载滚动体数量增加或减少,引起系统等效时变刚度的小幅增加或减小;当滚动体陷入故障时,因接触变形保留因子的不同使得其有效接触刚度不同程度降低而导致系统等效时变刚度的减小。系统等效时变刚度的变化引起载荷区中其他滚动体的接触变形和接触力产生不同幅度的变化,从而平衡外部径向载荷,对载荷区中心附近的滚动体的影响较为明显,但不影响各滚动体的有效接触刚度。系统等效时变刚度发生突变,导致系统振动。当外环故障时,等效时变刚度等幅变化;当内环故障时,等效时变刚度的变化受到内环旋转的调制而幅值不同。提出的单自由度时变刚度动力学模型与实际更加吻合。

基于时程分析法的中美隔震设计对比研究

介绍了中国《建筑隔震设计标准》(GB/T 51408—2021)(以下简称《隔标》)和美国Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures(ASCE 7-16)隔震设计的相关要求,并针对基于《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)(2016年版)(以下简称《抗规》)设计的某9度区近场隔震结构,进行了两国规范的设计对比。按《抗规》设计的隔震结构,仍然能满足《隔标》的设计要求。ASCE 7-16对于隔震支座考虑了老化和环境、测试、制造等因素引起的性能参数变化,并按隔震支座的上限及下限属性进行了结构设计。基于相同地震概率水准(50年超越概率2%)的设计对比研究表明,ASCE 7-16的等效侧力法计算值高于《隔标》,按ASCE 7-16要求选择的地震波反应谱明显高于《隔标》,其时程分析结果也大于中国规范,对隔震支座的性能要求更高。

光伏型红外焦平面探测器NETD的理论计算和测试分析

噪声等效温差(NETD)是表征红外焦平面探测器灵敏度的重要参数,除了器件本身的因素以外,与实际应用条件及测试条件密切相关。从红外焦平面探测器NETD的测试方法和流程出发,对光伏型红外焦平面探测器NETD的理论计算公式进行了推导,分析了影响器件NETD的主要因素,对典型红外焦平面探测器在不同积分时间、不同电荷存储量、不同F数及半阱输出条件下的背景限NETD进行了理论计算及分析。在固定背景温度下,通过理论公式可从某一温差的NETD推算出不同温差的NETD,选择典型器件进行验证,从常规NETD测试结果推算出的一组NETD与相应温差下的实测结果符合较好,其中1 K温差的NETD推算结果已非常接近实际情况,可为热像仪系统应用提供参考。

特种车辆多维载荷谱加速方法及在振动环境模拟试验中的应用

目的 解决车辆多轴轴耦合台架试验耗时长、花费大以及振动环境模拟精度低等问题。方法 将雨流投影方法运用到多维载荷加速处理中,利用传统雨流滤波法和多轴雨流投影滤波方法分别对特种车辆部件实际所受的多轴载荷进行加速处理,对加速后的多维载荷信号开展基于时域波形再现的振动环境模拟,以更有效地利用轮式车多轴轴耦合试验台开展加速疲劳试验。结果 对比加速前后的多维载荷信号,在时域、频域、损伤域基本一致的前提下,多维载荷信号时间压缩了50%,多轴振动环境的模拟精度大于80%。结论 采用该方法开展车轮加速疲劳试验,能够精确再现被试件的实际振动环境。通过实际试验验证,可以很好地再现故障出现的时间和形式,与实际野外路试结果十分吻合。

基于等价输入干扰的不确定离散时间系统预见重复控制

针对一类具有外部干扰的不确定线性离散系统,提出一种基于等价输入干扰(equi-valent input disturbance,EID)补偿的预见重复控制设计方法。首先,为了在提高系统跟踪精度的同时对外部干扰进行主动抑制,提出一种前向通道包含预见和重复控制器、反馈通道包含EID补偿的多自由度系统结构。然后,利用T阶差分算子,获得包含目标信号预见信息、重复控制器输出以及重构干扰的增广离散系统。于是,设计控制器的问题,变成了离散系统在二次性能指标下的稳定性问题。进一步,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论和线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequality,LMI)处理技巧,得到系统稳定性条件,进而获得控制器参数化方法。最后,数值仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。

矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒风振特性研究

随着风电资源优势区开发逐渐饱和,风电开发的重心开始向风资源条件相对恶劣的低风速地区转移,分布式、大功率、高塔筒和长叶片已经成为风电行业发展趋势。基于此提出了一种新型的矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒,该塔筒由矩形钢管混凝土束拼接而成,具有强度高、刚度大和耗能能力强的优点。为研究该塔筒结构的风振响应特性,选用Kaimal脉动风速功率谱,采用谐波合成法模拟风荷载时程曲线,对其进行了动力时程分析,并计算了风振系数及等效静力风荷载。结果表明:该新型塔筒在额定风速下位移塔顶位移最大值为911.84 mm,对应的水平位移角为1/154,符合规范要求。塔筒各构件的强度较好,且具有较大的安全富余度。基于位移等效的阵风荷载因子法计算得到的风振系数值较低;在惯性风荷载法计算得到的等效静力风荷载作用下,结构位移、基底剪力与结构随机振动分析得到的基本一致。

保持主导振荡模态的双馈风电场动态聚合等值方法

针对风电场详细建模出现的“维数灾”问题,计及双馈风电机组各控制环节与系统振荡模态的关系,以保持等值前后主导振荡模态一致为目标,提出考虑风电机组多时间尺度级联特性的风电场站等值聚合方法。首先考虑风电机组多控制环节级联建立风电场状态空间模型;其次,利用振荡能量级判别系统主导振荡模态,并基于参与因子分析不同模态的关键影响因素;在此基础上,以主导振荡模态的关键影响因素为分群指标,结合自编码器进行数据降维处理,经改进聚合算法聚类和拓扑变换获取等值参数等环节后得到等值模型。最后,在Matlab平台分别搭建单机模型和含24台双馈风电机组的风电场模型,验证了所提等值方法的有效性。

考虑SSI效应的带地下室RC框架结构抗震性能研究

土-结构相互作用效应(Soil-Structure Interaction,SSI)是带地下室钢筋混凝土(Reinforced Concrete,RC)框架结构抗震性能分析的重要因素。基于模态和动力时程分析,通过有限元分析软件系统探究了地下室顶板嵌固、基础顶面嵌固和考虑SSI效应地下室周围土体嵌固等3种不同嵌固方式的RC框架结构抗震性能。结果表明:考虑SSI效应带地下室RC框架结构的自振周期明显延长,其中心柱剪力、各层加速度和层间位移角均有所减小;基础顶面嵌固模型未考虑SSI效应,其计算结果较为保守;SSI效应对带地下室RC框架结构会产生较大的减震影响。