The evolution of Chinese environmental policy and politics can be better understood in the broader context of institutional changes that have taken place since the late 1970s. In this study,an analytical framework was...The evolution of Chinese environmental policy and politics can be better understood in the broader context of institutional changes that have taken place since the late 1970s. In this study,an analytical framework was established to analyze how overall institutional changes were reflected in the roles of relationships between governmental and non-governmental actors engaged in environmental governance. Institutional changes were observed at three levels:informal institutions(cultural traditions, and political ideology); formal institutions(the polity,political system, property rights, and judiciary); and governing mechanisms(structures, regulatory approaches, and incentives). This analysis of interactions between institutional changes and the changing environmental process explained not only the drives and constraints behind China's environmental policy evolution so far but also shed light on future challenges and opportunities.展开更多
Since the conception of sustainable development was advanced. its basic meaning has been extensively accepted. Sustainable development is a focus that all social circles pay close attention to In general, sustainable ...Since the conception of sustainable development was advanced. its basic meaning has been extensively accepted. Sustainable development is a focus that all social circles pay close attention to In general, sustainable development is to satisfy the needs of contemporary era. but not to damage the requirement of later generations. It is quite evident that we should correctly handle the issues of interera retationship. In this paper, the authors have made a preliminaly approach to the inter-ere fair by calculating the coordinated degree of a city and accounting the resources' depletion.展开更多
A major role of ecological risk assessment(ERA)has been to provide scientific guidance on whether a future human activity will cause ecological harm,including such activities as release of a genetically modified organ...A major role of ecological risk assessment(ERA)has been to provide scientific guidance on whether a future human activity will cause ecological harm,including such activities as release of a genetically modified organism(GMO),exotic species,or chemical pollutant into the environment.This requires the determination of the likelihoods that the activity:would cause a harm,and would not cause a harm.In the first case,the focus is on demonstrating the presence of a harm and developing appropriate management to mitigate such harm.This is usually evaluated using standard hypothesis analysis.In the second case,the focus is on demonstrating the absence of a harm and supporting a decision of biosafety.While most ERA researchers have focused on finding presence of harm,and some have wrongly associated the lack of detection of harm with biosafety,a novel approach in ERA would be to focus on demonstrating directly the safety of the activity.Although,some researchers have suggested that retrospective power analysis can be used to infer absence of harm,it actually provides inaccurate information about biosafety.A decision of biosafety can only be supported in a statistically sound manner by equivalence tests,described here.Using a 20%ecological equivalence standard in GMO examples,we illustrated the use of equivalence tests for two-samples with normal or binomial data and multi-sample normal data,and provided a spreadsheet calculator for each.In six of the eight examples,the effects of Cry toxins on a non-target organism were equivalent to a control,supporting a decision of biosafety.These examples also showed that demonstration of equivalence does not require large sample sizes.Although more relevant ecological equivalence standards should be developed to enable equivalence tests to become the main method to support biosafety decision making,we advocate their use for evaluating biosafety for non-target organisms because of their direct and accurate inference regarding safety.展开更多
基金jointly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(MOST)and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences(KNAW)(grant number.2016YFE0103100),the "Sustainable Resource Management for Adequate and Safe Food Provision(SURE+)"
文摘The evolution of Chinese environmental policy and politics can be better understood in the broader context of institutional changes that have taken place since the late 1970s. In this study,an analytical framework was established to analyze how overall institutional changes were reflected in the roles of relationships between governmental and non-governmental actors engaged in environmental governance. Institutional changes were observed at three levels:informal institutions(cultural traditions, and political ideology); formal institutions(the polity,political system, property rights, and judiciary); and governing mechanisms(structures, regulatory approaches, and incentives). This analysis of interactions between institutional changes and the changing environmental process explained not only the drives and constraints behind China's environmental policy evolution so far but also shed light on future challenges and opportunities.
文摘Since the conception of sustainable development was advanced. its basic meaning has been extensively accepted. Sustainable development is a focus that all social circles pay close attention to In general, sustainable development is to satisfy the needs of contemporary era. but not to damage the requirement of later generations. It is quite evident that we should correctly handle the issues of interera retationship. In this paper, the authors have made a preliminaly approach to the inter-ere fair by calculating the coordinated degree of a city and accounting the resources' depletion.
文摘A major role of ecological risk assessment(ERA)has been to provide scientific guidance on whether a future human activity will cause ecological harm,including such activities as release of a genetically modified organism(GMO),exotic species,or chemical pollutant into the environment.This requires the determination of the likelihoods that the activity:would cause a harm,and would not cause a harm.In the first case,the focus is on demonstrating the presence of a harm and developing appropriate management to mitigate such harm.This is usually evaluated using standard hypothesis analysis.In the second case,the focus is on demonstrating the absence of a harm and supporting a decision of biosafety.While most ERA researchers have focused on finding presence of harm,and some have wrongly associated the lack of detection of harm with biosafety,a novel approach in ERA would be to focus on demonstrating directly the safety of the activity.Although,some researchers have suggested that retrospective power analysis can be used to infer absence of harm,it actually provides inaccurate information about biosafety.A decision of biosafety can only be supported in a statistically sound manner by equivalence tests,described here.Using a 20%ecological equivalence standard in GMO examples,we illustrated the use of equivalence tests for two-samples with normal or binomial data and multi-sample normal data,and provided a spreadsheet calculator for each.In six of the eight examples,the effects of Cry toxins on a non-target organism were equivalent to a control,supporting a decision of biosafety.These examples also showed that demonstration of equivalence does not require large sample sizes.Although more relevant ecological equivalence standards should be developed to enable equivalence tests to become the main method to support biosafety decision making,we advocate their use for evaluating biosafety for non-target organisms because of their direct and accurate inference regarding safety.
