Advances in ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Erigerontis Herba and its Chinese medicine prescriptions

Erigerontis Herba(EH),the dried whole plant of Erigeron breviscapus,is well-known for circulating blood,activating meridians to alleviate pain,expelling wind,and clearing away cold.It has been extensively utilized in southern China for the treatment of stroke hemiplegia,chest stuffiness and pains,rheumatic arthralgia,headache,and toothache.This review focuses on the botany,ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry,pharmacology and toxicity of EH and its related prescriptions to offer new insights for prospective research of EH.Relevant information about EH was retrieved from ancient records and books,PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Chinese Pharmacopoeia,Web of Science,Doctoral and Master’s Theses,and various electronic databases.EH is a member of Compositae family and is mainly grown in southern China.Traditional Chinese medicine records that EH has the effects of circulating blood and removing blood stasis,expelling wind,and removing cold,as well as relieving rigidity of muscle and relieving pain.By now,nearly 200 ingredients have been characterized from EH,including flavonoids,caffeoyls,aromatic acids,coumarins,pentacyclic terpenoids,volatile oil and other compounds.EH extracts,EH related prescriptions(Dengzhan Xixin injection,Dengzhan Shengmai capsules,etc.)or compounds(scutellarin,scutellarein,etc.)possessed obvious therapeutic effects of ischemic stroke,cerebral hemorrhage,myocardial infarction,Alzheimer’s disease,diabetes and its complications,gastric cancer,bone,and joint degenerative diseases.Scutellarin,the major active compound of EH,has been used as a quality marker.And no obvious toxicity of EH has been reported.According to its traditional applications,ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry,pharmacology,and toxicity,EH was applied as a valuable herb for clinical application in food and medicine fields.While several compounds have been shown to possess diverse biological activities,the underlying mechanisms of their actions remain elusive.To fully exploit the medicinal potential of EH,further studies on understanding the effective material basis and mechanisms are warranted.

气候变化对灯盏花(Erigeron breviscapus)在中国潜在适生区的影响

为了探讨气候变化对灯盏花潜在生态适宜区的影响,基于灯盏花(Erigeron breviscapus)分布数据、气候、土壤和地形等环境因子,运用MaxEnt模型模拟灯盏花在中国的潜在分布,采用刀切法筛选出影响灯盏花潜在分布的关键环境因子,并借助于ArcGIS软件中的空间分析工具分析气候变化对我国灯盏花潜在适生区的影响。结果表明:MaxEnt模型能够极好地模拟灯盏花的潜在分布,气温年较差、年均降水量和海拔是影响灯盏花潜在分布的关键环境因子;与基准气候(1970—2000年)相比,可持续发展路径(SSP126)情景和中间发展路径(SSP245)情景下灯盏花高适生区面积分别减少了21229.17、16053.47 km^(2),仅传统发展路径(SSP585)情景下中高适生区面积共增加27749.03 km^(2),SSP126和SSP245情景下灯盏花适生区的质心均向东南方向移动,仅SSP585情景下灯盏花适生区的质心向东北方向移动。综上所述,各气候情景下灯盏花适生区均主要分布于我国西南地区,但SSP126和SSP245情景下灯盏花在我国的潜在适生区面积缩减,仅SSP585情景有利于我国灯盏花的分布。

Glycosides from Erigeron breviscapus

A new glycoside, gamma-pyranone-3-O-beta-D-[6'-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethyoxybenzoyl)]-glucopyranoside (erigeside D, 2), together with nine known compounds, viz., erigeside I (1), erigeside A (3), erigeside B (4), erigeside II (5), scopolin (6), icariside B-2 (7), blumenol C glucoside (8), (+)-syringaresinol O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9) and scutellarein-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide methyl ester (10), was isolated from Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral evidence. According to the beta-glucopyranosyl moiety in 7, the absolute configuration of 7 was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 7, 8 and 9 were isolated for the first time from this genus, an compound 6 was first obtained from this plant.

Phenolic Compounds from Erigeron breviscapus (Compositae)

Five caffeoyl conjugates were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Erigeron breviscapus (Van.) Hand_Mazz for the first time. Along with them, nine other chemical constituents were also identified. One new caffeoyl conjugate, erigoster A (1) with a novel basic skeleton was mainly assigned by the using a combination of two_dimensional NMR techniques.

入侵植物加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron canadensis L.)生理生态适应初探

利用PEG-6000模拟根际干旱胁迫法,研究了入侵植物加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron canadensis L.)在水分胁迫下的生理生态变化.在干旱胁迫下,加拿大飞蓬体内的丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)酶活、超氧化物酶(SOD)酶活以及可溶性蛋白含量均发生了不同程度的变化.在不同胁迫强度下,MDA含量、Pro含量、可溶性蛋白含量和POD酶活均呈现上升趋势;在胁迫初期,加拿大飞蓬体内SOD酶活呈现上升趋势,胁迫中期出现下降趋势,后期又呈现出明显的上升趋势,表明其体内抗旱机制多种多样,能够适应多种生境.

短葶飞蓬(Erigeron breviscapus)的花部综合特征与繁育系统

通过野外观察，运用杂交指数、花粉．胚珠比、套袋实验等方法，对短葶飞蓬自然种群的开花状态及繁育系统进行研究。结果如下：短葶飞蓬具头状花序，由外围舌状花及中央的管状花构成。种群花期一般为4～7月份，一个花序的花期约为19～25d。管状花单花花期一般为7～10d，聚药雄蕊，先熟，药室内向开裂，成熟的花粉散于花药筒中。花开后花柱快速伸长，导致雄蕊伸出花冠，同时将药筒中的花粉粒“推”出药筒，形成花冠、药筒、柱头三者在空间上的分离。花序中不断有小花开放，同一花序内的小花间具相互传粉的机会。杂交指数≥4，判断繁育类型属于异交，部分自亲和，需要传粉者。P／O值约为1373，判断繁育类型属于兼性异交。套袋实验证明短葶飞蓬异花授粉，虫媒，蜂、蝶为主要传粉者。在自然状况下，短葶飞蓬结实率较低的原因可能是花粉竞争。此外，短葶飞蓬存在天然雄性不育植株，为遗传育种提供了材料。

灯盏细辛(Erigeron breviscapus)的含量测定方法研究

目的在分析现有方法局限性的基础上建立合理的灯盏细辛的含量测定方法。方法①高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(HPLC-DAD):Hypersil ODS2(250×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-水-磷酸(18∶82∶0.2)为流动相,流速0.8mL/m in,检测波长286nm,柱温40℃;②紫外分光光度法(UV)。结果①HPLC-DAD分析指出灯盏细辛的主要成分为咖啡酰衍生物和黄酮;②提出测定野黄芩苷的HPLC方法和以咖啡酸为对照品测定总酚的UV方法。结论将测定野黄芩苷和测定总酚相结合。

A New Glycoside from Erigeron Breviscapus

Erigeside I was isolated from Erigeron breviscapus. The structure elucidation and H-1. C-13 NMR. assignments were achieved by spectroscopic method.

Extraction(DSX) from Erigeron breviscapus modulates outward potassium currents in rat retinal ganglion cells

AIMTo investigate the effect of DSX, an active component extracted from Erigeron breviscapus, on the voltage-gated outward K+ channel currents in rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by using electrophysiological method, and to explore the possible mechanisms of DSX on optic nerve protection.METHODSOutward K+ currents were recorded by using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques on acutely isolated rat RGCs. Outward K+ currents were induced by a series of depolarizing voltage pulses from a holding potential of -70 mV to +20 mV in an increment of 10 mV.RESULTSExtracellular application of DSX voltage-dependently suppressed both the steady-state and peak current amplitudes of outward K+ currents in rat RGCs. Furthermore, DSX reversibly and dose-dependently inhibited the amplitudes of outward K+ currents of the cells. At +20 mV membrane potential DSX at the concentrations of 0.02 g/L and 0.05 g/L showed no significant effects on the currents. In contrast, DSX at higher concentrations (0.1 g/L, 0.2 g/L and 0.5 g/L) significantly suppressed the current amplitudes.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that DSX reversibly and dose-dependently suppress outward K+ channel currents in rat RGCs, which may be one of the possible mechanisms underlying Erigeron breviscapus prevents vision loss and RGC damage caused by glaucoma.

Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives extract of Erigeron multiradiatus alleviated acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats through inhibiting NF-kappaB and JNK activations

Erigeron multiradiatus(Lindl.)Benth.,has been used in Tibet folk medicine to treat various inflammatory diseases.The aim of this study was to investigate anti-myocardial ischemia and reperfusion(I/R)injury effect of caffeoylquinic acids derivatives of E.multiradiatus(AE)in vivo and to explain underling mechanism.AE was prepared using the whole plant of E.multiradiatus and contents of 6 caffeoylquinic acid determined through HPLC analysis.Myocardial I/R were induced by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 30 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion in rats.AE administration(10,20 and 40 mg·kg-1)inhibited I/R-induced injury as indicated by decreasing myocardial infarct size,reducing of CK and LDH activities and preventing ST-segment depression in dose-dependent manner.AE decreased cardiac tissue levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-αand IL-6 and attenuated leukocytes infiltration.AE was further demonstrated to significantly inhibit I-κB degradation,nuclear translocation of p-65 and phosphorylation of JNK.Our results suggested that cardioprotective effect of AE could be due to suppressing myocardial inflammatory response and blocking NF-κB and JNK activation pathway.Thus,caffeoylquinic acids might be the active compounds in E.multiradiatus on myocardial ischemia and be a potential natural drug for treating myocardial I/R injury.

Effect on multifocal electroretinogram in persistently elevated intraocular pressure by erigeron breviscapus extract

AIM: To observe the effect on multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) in persistently elevated intraocular pressure (TOP) by erigeron breviscapus extract (also named Dengzhanhua in Chinese) in rat models. METHODS: The rat models with persistently elevated TOP were established by the method of Akira. Then, erigeron breviscapus extract was given for one month to observe the effect on mfERG in persistently elevated TOP in rats. RESULTS: As elevated TOP went on, the mfERG changes were mainly in weaken of reaction density with progressive development. After intervention of erigeron breviscapus extract, the total peak latency of 131 wave had recovered to some extent and the difference was significant when compared with control group (P <0.05); the total response density and P1 wave response density in second circle had risen noticeably, which had significant differences than those of control group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Erigeron breviscapus extract can improve the impaired visual function of persistently elevated TOP in rats, suggesting that this extract is the effective part of erigeron breviscapus for optic neuroprotection.

The Effect of Erigeron Breviscapus on Proliferation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells in Hypoxic Porcines

In order to study the effect of Erigeron Breviscapus (EB) on proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) in hypoxic porcines, immunohistochemical and MTT methods were employed to measure the proliferation of PASMC. It was found that the proliferation of PASMC in porcines was obvious, and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was significantly high within 48 h after exposure to hypoxia. The EB could inhibit the proliferation and the expression of PCNA in PASMC under hypoxia, but it had no effect on the proliferation and expression of PCNA in PASMC under normal condition. The EB could inhibit the proliferation and the expression of PCNA in PASMC induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an agonist of PKC in normal and hypoxic conditions. It was concluded that the hypoxia could enhance the proliferation and expression of PCNA in PASMC. The EB can inhibit the proliferation and expression of PCNA in PASMC under hypoxia through PKC-signal way. The EB may be used in treating the pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting the proliferation of PASMC and the pulmonary vascular remodeling.

Effects of erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz pretreatment on pathology and oxyradical level following spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits

Objective To investigate the effects of erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz (erigeron breviscapus) pretreatment on pathology and oxyradical level in the spinal cord after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods A total of 40 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation group with 10 rabbits treated with only abdominal aorta exposure without occlusion,control group with 15 rabbits that underwent ischemia for 50 minutes and treated with matched saline,and experimental group with 15 rabbits that underwent ischemia for 50 minutes and treated with erigeron breviscapus (9mg/kg) injection before ischemia. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the spinal cord were examined at 6 and 24 hours after I/R,respectively. The morphological changes and the number of the spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons were observed and counted under the light microscope and electron microscope,respectively. Results The level of MDA was markedly decreased and SOD activity was increased in the experimental group compared with those in the control group (P<0.01). Compared with that in the control group,the number of motor neurons in the experimental group significantly increased at 24h after I/R (P<0.01) and the morphous of the motor neurons improved. Conclusion Erigeron breviscapus can reduce oxyradical production and the apoptosis of nerve cells,and protect nerve tissue structure and function after spinal cord I/R.

Research Progress on the Invasion Mechanism of Erigeron annuus

Erigeron annuus(L.)Pers.,an alien species,is widely distributed in most areas of China.It was included in the third batch of invasive alien species list by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China,and it is a first-level malignant invasive plant.Due to its great reproducibility with a mass of seeds,power adaptability to the external environment and strong allelopathy,it has highly invasive and adaptability,and has affected the development of the agriculture and forestry,the diversity of local species and the ecosystem.In this paper,we summarized the current invasion situation,invasion and adaptation mechanism of E.annuus,and prospected further research on E.annuus invasion mechanism,hoping to provide a reference for realizing its effective management.

New Eudesmenes from Erigeron annus

Chemical investigation of Erigeron annus afforded two new eudesmenes, which were identified as 1β, 5α-dihydroxyeudesma-4(15)-en (1) and 1β, 7α-dihydroxyeudesma-4(15)-en (2). Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR experiments.

Two New Butenolide Derivatives from Erigeron acer

Two new butenolide derivatives, named as erigeracerin A and efigeracefin B, which are a pair of epimers, were isolated from Erigeron acer. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS.

A new lipophilic monosaccharide from Erigeron annuus

A new lipophilic monosaccharide, erigearide A （1）, was isolated from the aerial parts of Erigeron annuus （Lima.） Pers. Its structure was elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic evidence.

Effects of Water Extract of Erigeron canadensis L. on Seed Germination of Plants

[Objective] The paper was to explore the effect of water extract of Erigeron canadensis L. on seed germination of plants. [Method] Using constant temperature culture method, the effects of water extracts of roots, stems and leaves of E. canadensis on seed germination of 14 species of test plants （crops and weeds） were studied. [Result] Water extracts of roots, stems and leaves of E. canadensis had obvious inhibition effect on seed germination of test plants. The water extract of leaves had the strongest inhibition effect, which could completely inhibit the seed germination of Crepis tectorum L., Amaranthus tricolor L. and Chrysanthemum coronarium L. under the lower concentrations of 0.050 and 0.075 g/ml, and completely inhibit seed germination of all the plants under the concentration of 0.400 g/ml except Zea maize L. and Allium fistulosum L.; followed by water extract of stems, and the water extract of roots had the lowest the inhibition effect, except for completely restraining seed germination of Lycopersicum esculentum L. under the concentration of 0.300 g/ml, it still could not completely restrain seed germination of the other plants under the highest concentration of 0.500 g/ml. The inhibition effect of water extract of E. canadensis on seed germination of plants had obvious selectivity, which had more obvious effect on dicotyledonous plants than monocotyledonous plants. [Conclusion] The study provided reference for screening and utilization of allelochemicals of E. canadensis and research on its allelopathy mechanism.

Effects of the Mixture of <i>Erigeron floribundus</i>(<i>Asteraceae</i>) and <i>Tragia benthamii</i>(<i>Euphorbiaceae</i>) on the Growth and Architecture of Estrogen-Sensitive Sexual Organs

The mixture of Erigeron floribundus and Tragia benthamii (AEMEFTB) is traditionally used against pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and female sexual dysfunctions. In a recent study, we showed that the aqueous extract of the mixture of AEMEFTB suppresses the endometrium growth in rats with experimental endometriosis. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of AEMEFTB on estrogen’s sensitive sexual organs growth and architecture. Immature gonado-intact female rats were randomly distributed into 7 groups of 5 animals each and daily treated during one week with either distilled water (10 ml/kg), refined palm oil (1 ml/kg) or 17β-estradiol (1 μg/day). Plant extract groups received aqueous extract of AEMEFTB at 130 or 260 mg/kg. The remaining groups were co-administered with 17β-estradiol (1 μg) plus 130 or 260 mg/kg of the plant mixture. Moreover, thirty-five immature female rats were bilaterally ovariectomized, then left and treated as before. Five other females, considered as sham animals, orally received distilled water (10 ml/kg). The body weight of each animal was recorded daily and at the end of the treatment (day 8), animals were sacrificed under anesthesia, and the vaginas, uteruses and ovaries (if any) were collected for analysis. Treatment with AEMEFTB did not affect the ovarian weight and architecture in gonado-intact immature female rats. However, a moderate increase of the uterine weight was recorded in animals treated with plant mixture at the high dose (260 mg/kg). On the contrary, a drop in the uterine growth index and total plasmatic proteins was observed in immature females co-administered with the extract and estradiol. Results from this work showed that the mixture of Erigeron floribundus and Tragia benthamii possesses a weak but observable estrogen-mimetic potential.

灯盏菊(Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand-mazz)单株组培工厂化生产种苗技术研究

筛选了药用植物灯盏菊愈伤组织诱导、增殖及生根培养基配方 ,首次用单一灯盏菊植株外植体进行诱导产生的愈伤组织转移诱导出灯盏菊芽 .完成了该种植物组培苗生根和入土栽培的整套技术研究 ,为灯盏菊的人工栽培和育种提供了一个新的途径 .