Verschueren's Theory of Adaptation argues that the process of using language is the result of the language users consciously make continuous linguistic choices and adapt to the contexts, consciously or unconscious...Verschueren's Theory of Adaptation argues that the process of using language is the result of the language users consciously make continuous linguistic choices and adapt to the contexts, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal and/or language-external reasons. The contextual adaptation well explains the characteristics of dynamic contextual development in diplomatic escort interpreting. It is helpful for interpreters to understand that the choice-making was constrained by different contexts in diplomatic interpreting. In addition, interpreters should adapt to the various factors of the context thus can make flexible and appropriate choices in delivering target language in order to promote the quality of interpretation and achieve the satisfactory communicative effect.展开更多
The professionalization of translation has been discussed by many scholars in recent years,which has inspired the intense discussion of translation ethics.Drawing upon Chesterman’s models on translation ethics,this p...The professionalization of translation has been discussed by many scholars in recent years,which has inspired the intense discussion of translation ethics.Drawing upon Chesterman’s models on translation ethics,this paper intends to examine the ethical problems in MTI students’escort interpreting for Vanuatu Sport Technical Assistance Project for the Pacific Mini Games in 2017 and China-ASEAN International Capacity Cooperation Forum in 2016.The data was collected by the methods of participant observation and informal interviews in the process of the two interpreting projects,especially the six-month assistance project.The ethical problems in the escort interpreting and the reasons that caused the problems were analyzed through case study.It is found that the major ethical problems that occurred are related to the ethics of communication,the norm-based ethics,and the ethics of commitment.These ethical problems were mainly related to the student escort interpreters’language proficiency,professional qualities,and intercultural/interpersonal communication competence.Some solutions are suggested based on Chesterman’s models on translation ethics.It is hoped that the research findings can provide some references to the implementation of the similar interpreting programs in the future,and enhance interpreting teaching and training programs.展开更多
This article attempts to take the formation of the Persian Gulf Escort Coalition after the oil tanker attack and detention as the starting point to discuss the bottom-line thinking of the parties involved in and the d...This article attempts to take the formation of the Persian Gulf Escort Coalition after the oil tanker attack and detention as the starting point to discuss the bottom-line thinking of the parties involved in and the dilemma of US“maximum pressure”.The“maximum pressure”is the product of zero-sum thinking.In the case of"maximum pressure",the allies may predict the worst outcome out of bottom-line thinking,which will change their support for the US,resulting in not only being unable to isolate their opponents,but also isolating the US itself.And in the case of"maximum pressure",the opponent will also prepare for the worst out of bottom-line thinking,which will easily make the contradictions more intensified and cause unnecessary strong backlash from the opponent.Under the guidance of bottom-line thinking,out of consideration of history or other factors,allies or opponents may make choices that are different from expectations,leading to the risk of strategic-misjudgment.In summary,the formation of the Escort Coalition in the Persian Gulf was an unsuccessful act of"maximum pressure",and the"maximum pressure"strategy that time did not achieve the expected results because of the bottom-line thinking of the allies.展开更多
Colleges and universities across China usually find crowds of first-year students swarming through their gates in late August and early September. part of this process is for parents to escort their children, a phenom...Colleges and universities across China usually find crowds of first-year students swarming through their gates in late August and early September. part of this process is for parents to escort their children, a phenomenon that is an annual topic of debate across China. Many people think that parents escorting their children to colleges and展开更多
Only a small number of cells in adult tissues （the stem cells） possess the ability to self-renew at every cell division, while producing differentiating daughter cells to maintain tissue homeostasis for an organism...Only a small number of cells in adult tissues （the stem cells） possess the ability to self-renew at every cell division, while producing differentiating daughter cells to maintain tissue homeostasis for an organism＇s lifetime. The Drosophila ovary harbors three different types of stem cell populations （germline stem cell （GSC）, somatic stem cell （SSC） and escort stem cell （ESC）） located in a simple anatomical structure known as germarium, rendering it one of the best model systems for studying stem cell biology due to reliable stem cell identification and available sophisticated genetic tools for manipulating gene functions. Particularly, the niche for the GSC is among the first and best studied ones, and studies on the GSC and its niche have made many unique contributions to a better understanding of relationships between stem cells and their niche. So far, both the GSC and the SSC have been shown to be regulated by extrinsic factors originating from their niche and intrinsic factors functioning within. Multiple signaling pathways are required for controlling GSC and SSC self-renewal and differentiation, which provide unique opportunities to investigate how multiple signals from the niche are interpreted in the stem cell. Since the Drosophila ovary contains three types of stem cells, it also provides outstanding opportunities to study how multiple stem cells in a given tissue work collaboratively to contribute to tissue function and maintenance. This review highlights recent major advances in studying Drosophila ovarian stem cells and also discusses future directions and challenges.展开更多
In the present communication, we have obtained the optimum probability distribution with which the messages should be delivered so that the average redundancy of the source is minimized. Here, we have taken the case o...In the present communication, we have obtained the optimum probability distribution with which the messages should be delivered so that the average redundancy of the source is minimized. Here, we have taken the case of various generalized mean codeword lengths. Moreover, the upper bound to these codeword lengths has been found for the case of Huffman encoding.展开更多
Introduction: Patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) have variable stress and anxiety and therefore commonly receive medications as sedative-anxiolytics. These medications have small but significant risk...Introduction: Patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) have variable stress and anxiety and therefore commonly receive medications as sedative-anxiolytics. These medications have small but significant risks. To possibly make procedures safer and to increase patient satisfaction, this study aimed to measure the effects of allowing an accompanying person (AP) to be present in the endoscopy suite during EGD. Patients and Methods: Forty-two patients were randomly divided into two groups who would either be or not be offered to have an AP during endoscopy. Spielberger’s well-validated state and trait anxiety evaluations were administered to patients before and after EGD. APs also completed questionnaires as to their reactions after EGD. Results: 84.2% of the patients after EGD recommended accompaniment. Patients who underwent EGD with an AP tended (p < 0.06) to have decreased measurable anxiety compared to patients who were not offered an AP. The benefit was significant for persons with higher levels of anxiety prior to EGD (p < 0.04). Patients undergoing EGD for the first time had significantly more anxiety than those with previous EGD experience (p < 0.034). There was no significant reduction in sedative dosage when APs were present. Conclusions: Offering to permit the presence of an accompanying person during EGD was often shown to improve patient satisfaction and reduce anxiety.展开更多
The first Chinese naval fleet joining an international antipira- cy patrol began its mission after arriving in the Gulf of Aden off Somalia on January 6. Four Chinese cargo vessels, including one from Hong Kong, were ...The first Chinese naval fleet joining an international antipira- cy patrol began its mission after arriving in the Gulf of Aden off Somalia on January 6. Four Chinese cargo vessels, including one from Hong Kong, were the first to be escorted by Chinese warships. The fleet, consisting of two destroyers and one supply ship, will protect Chinese and foreign vessels passing through the area on request and without charge for a three-month period. The fleet will also help ships carrying humanitarian relief for international organizations. Here cargo ships sail off the coast of Somalia under the escort of destroyer Wuhan (first left) of the Chinese Navy.展开更多
In the Drosophila ovary, escort cells (ECs) extrinsically control germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance and progeny differentiation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study,we identif...In the Drosophila ovary, escort cells (ECs) extrinsically control germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance and progeny differentiation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study,we identified 173 EC genes for their roles in controlling GSC maintenance and progeny differentiation by using an in vivo systematic RNAi approach. Of the identified genes, 10 and 163 are required in ECs to promote GSC maintenance and progeny differentiation, respectively. The genes required for progeny differentiation fall into different functional categories, including transcription, mRNA splicing, protein degradation, signal transduction and cytoskeleton regulation. In addition, the GSC progeny differentiation defects caused by defective ECs are often associated with BMP signaling elevation, indicating that preventing BMP signaling is a general functional feature of the differentiation niche. Lastly, exon junction complex (EJC) components, which are essential for mRNA splicing, are required in ECs to promote GSC progeny differentiation by maintaining ECs and preventing BMP signaling. Therefore, this study has identified the major regulators of the differentiation niche, which provides important insights into how stem cell progeny differentiation is extrinsically controlled.展开更多
Self-consistency in nonextensive statistical mechanics is studied as a recourse to parameter transformation,where different nonextensive parameters are presented for various theoretical branches.The unification betwee...Self-consistency in nonextensive statistical mechanics is studied as a recourse to parameter transformation,where different nonextensive parameters are presented for various theoretical branches.The unification between the first and third choices of the average definition and that between the normal and escort distributions are both examined.The problem of parameter inversion in the generalized H theorem is also investigated.The inconsistency between the statistical ensemble pressure and molecular dynamics pressure can be eliminated.This work also verifies the equivalence of physical temperature and gravitational temperature in nonextensive statistical mechanics.In these parameter transformations,the Tsallis entropy form is observed to remain invariant.展开更多
文摘Verschueren's Theory of Adaptation argues that the process of using language is the result of the language users consciously make continuous linguistic choices and adapt to the contexts, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal and/or language-external reasons. The contextual adaptation well explains the characteristics of dynamic contextual development in diplomatic escort interpreting. It is helpful for interpreters to understand that the choice-making was constrained by different contexts in diplomatic interpreting. In addition, interpreters should adapt to the various factors of the context thus can make flexible and appropriate choices in delivering target language in order to promote the quality of interpretation and achieve the satisfactory communicative effect.
文摘The professionalization of translation has been discussed by many scholars in recent years,which has inspired the intense discussion of translation ethics.Drawing upon Chesterman’s models on translation ethics,this paper intends to examine the ethical problems in MTI students’escort interpreting for Vanuatu Sport Technical Assistance Project for the Pacific Mini Games in 2017 and China-ASEAN International Capacity Cooperation Forum in 2016.The data was collected by the methods of participant observation and informal interviews in the process of the two interpreting projects,especially the six-month assistance project.The ethical problems in the escort interpreting and the reasons that caused the problems were analyzed through case study.It is found that the major ethical problems that occurred are related to the ethics of communication,the norm-based ethics,and the ethics of commitment.These ethical problems were mainly related to the student escort interpreters’language proficiency,professional qualities,and intercultural/interpersonal communication competence.Some solutions are suggested based on Chesterman’s models on translation ethics.It is hoped that the research findings can provide some references to the implementation of the similar interpreting programs in the future,and enhance interpreting teaching and training programs.
文摘This article attempts to take the formation of the Persian Gulf Escort Coalition after the oil tanker attack and detention as the starting point to discuss the bottom-line thinking of the parties involved in and the dilemma of US“maximum pressure”.The“maximum pressure”is the product of zero-sum thinking.In the case of"maximum pressure",the allies may predict the worst outcome out of bottom-line thinking,which will change their support for the US,resulting in not only being unable to isolate their opponents,but also isolating the US itself.And in the case of"maximum pressure",the opponent will also prepare for the worst out of bottom-line thinking,which will easily make the contradictions more intensified and cause unnecessary strong backlash from the opponent.Under the guidance of bottom-line thinking,out of consideration of history or other factors,allies or opponents may make choices that are different from expectations,leading to the risk of strategic-misjudgment.In summary,the formation of the Escort Coalition in the Persian Gulf was an unsuccessful act of"maximum pressure",and the"maximum pressure"strategy that time did not achieve the expected results because of the bottom-line thinking of the allies.
文摘Colleges and universities across China usually find crowds of first-year students swarming through their gates in late August and early September. part of this process is for parents to escort their children, a phenomenon that is an annual topic of debate across China. Many people think that parents escorting their children to colleges and
文摘Only a small number of cells in adult tissues （the stem cells） possess the ability to self-renew at every cell division, while producing differentiating daughter cells to maintain tissue homeostasis for an organism＇s lifetime. The Drosophila ovary harbors three different types of stem cell populations （germline stem cell （GSC）, somatic stem cell （SSC） and escort stem cell （ESC）） located in a simple anatomical structure known as germarium, rendering it one of the best model systems for studying stem cell biology due to reliable stem cell identification and available sophisticated genetic tools for manipulating gene functions. Particularly, the niche for the GSC is among the first and best studied ones, and studies on the GSC and its niche have made many unique contributions to a better understanding of relationships between stem cells and their niche. So far, both the GSC and the SSC have been shown to be regulated by extrinsic factors originating from their niche and intrinsic factors functioning within. Multiple signaling pathways are required for controlling GSC and SSC self-renewal and differentiation, which provide unique opportunities to investigate how multiple signals from the niche are interpreted in the stem cell. Since the Drosophila ovary contains three types of stem cells, it also provides outstanding opportunities to study how multiple stem cells in a given tissue work collaboratively to contribute to tissue function and maintenance. This review highlights recent major advances in studying Drosophila ovarian stem cells and also discusses future directions and challenges.
文摘In the present communication, we have obtained the optimum probability distribution with which the messages should be delivered so that the average redundancy of the source is minimized. Here, we have taken the case of various generalized mean codeword lengths. Moreover, the upper bound to these codeword lengths has been found for the case of Huffman encoding.
文摘Introduction: Patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) have variable stress and anxiety and therefore commonly receive medications as sedative-anxiolytics. These medications have small but significant risks. To possibly make procedures safer and to increase patient satisfaction, this study aimed to measure the effects of allowing an accompanying person (AP) to be present in the endoscopy suite during EGD. Patients and Methods: Forty-two patients were randomly divided into two groups who would either be or not be offered to have an AP during endoscopy. Spielberger’s well-validated state and trait anxiety evaluations were administered to patients before and after EGD. APs also completed questionnaires as to their reactions after EGD. Results: 84.2% of the patients after EGD recommended accompaniment. Patients who underwent EGD with an AP tended (p < 0.06) to have decreased measurable anxiety compared to patients who were not offered an AP. The benefit was significant for persons with higher levels of anxiety prior to EGD (p < 0.04). Patients undergoing EGD for the first time had significantly more anxiety than those with previous EGD experience (p < 0.034). There was no significant reduction in sedative dosage when APs were present. Conclusions: Offering to permit the presence of an accompanying person during EGD was often shown to improve patient satisfaction and reduce anxiety.
文摘The first Chinese naval fleet joining an international antipira- cy patrol began its mission after arriving in the Gulf of Aden off Somalia on January 6. Four Chinese cargo vessels, including one from Hong Kong, were the first to be escorted by Chinese warships. The fleet, consisting of two destroyers and one supply ship, will protect Chinese and foreign vessels passing through the area on request and without charge for a three-month period. The fleet will also help ships carrying humanitarian relief for international organizations. Here cargo ships sail off the coast of Somalia under the escort of destroyer Wuhan (first left) of the Chinese Navy.
基金supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2016YFE0113700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571320, 31872818, and 31801079)
文摘In the Drosophila ovary, escort cells (ECs) extrinsically control germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance and progeny differentiation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study,we identified 173 EC genes for their roles in controlling GSC maintenance and progeny differentiation by using an in vivo systematic RNAi approach. Of the identified genes, 10 and 163 are required in ECs to promote GSC maintenance and progeny differentiation, respectively. The genes required for progeny differentiation fall into different functional categories, including transcription, mRNA splicing, protein degradation, signal transduction and cytoskeleton regulation. In addition, the GSC progeny differentiation defects caused by defective ECs are often associated with BMP signaling elevation, indicating that preventing BMP signaling is a general functional feature of the differentiation niche. Lastly, exon junction complex (EJC) components, which are essential for mRNA splicing, are required in ECs to promote GSC progeny differentiation by maintaining ECs and preventing BMP signaling. Therefore, this study has identified the major regulators of the differentiation niche, which provides important insights into how stem cell progeny differentiation is extrinsically controlled.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11405092。
文摘Self-consistency in nonextensive statistical mechanics is studied as a recourse to parameter transformation,where different nonextensive parameters are presented for various theoretical branches.The unification between the first and third choices of the average definition and that between the normal and escort distributions are both examined.The problem of parameter inversion in the generalized H theorem is also investigated.The inconsistency between the statistical ensemble pressure and molecular dynamics pressure can be eliminated.This work also verifies the equivalence of physical temperature and gravitational temperature in nonextensive statistical mechanics.In these parameter transformations,the Tsallis entropy form is observed to remain invariant.
