Effect of N Fertilization on Yield, N Absorption and Utilization of Two Species of Super High-Yielding Summer Maize

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of N fertilizer on yield, N absorption and utilization of different cultivars of super high-yielding summer maize, in order to provide reference for reasonable N fertilization in accordance with different cultivars. [Method] Field experiment was conducted to study on effects of different N fertilizers on yield, N absorption and use efficiency of Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20, in order to learn the effect differences at different N fertilizer levels. [Result] After N was applied, yields of the two summer maize increased significantly. Zhengdan 958 achieved the highest in yield and proceeds at 12 051.18 kg/hm2 and 1 722.40 yuan/hm2, respectively in low N level. In contrast, Xundan 20 achieved the highest at 13 166.00 kg/hm2 and 1 343.92 yuan/hm2 in the above two aspects in high N level. Compared with Zhengdan 958, Xundan 20 increased by 9.90%, 5.20% and 12.00% in N levels of 0, 240, and 450 kg/hm2, respectively. When N fertilizers were applied, protein yield of Xundan 20 was significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958, so that higher N fertilizers contributed higher protein yield for Xundan 20. In high N level, N efficiency, N-fertilizer utilization and partial productivity of Xundan 20 were significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958. [Conclusion] Lower N-fertilizer was suitable for Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20 would get a good harvest if more N-fertilizers were applied. The results provided references for reasonable N fertilization.

Effects of Ratio of Row Spacing to Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Top Three Leaves of Super High-yielding Early and Late Rice

Using a split plot design, super high-yielding early rice ＆quot;Zhongjiazao 17＆quot;and ＆quot;Ganxin 203＆quot; and super high-yielding late rice ＆quot;Ganxin 688＆quot; and ＆quot;Wufengy-ouT025＆quot; were taken as materials with planting density the same at 312 000 hil s/hm2, to explore the effects of RS/IS （Ratio of row spacing to intrarow row spacing） on yield, top three leaves morphological features and its relationship of them in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that, whether early or late rice, biomass, accumula-tion and apparent utilizing rate of nitrogen were lower in RS/IS5.0 （40.0 cm ＆#215;8.0 cm） treatment, but yield of rice was higher in RS/IS2.0 （25.0 cm ＆#215;12.8 cm） treatment;grain numbers per spike of rice was more in RS/IS2.8 （30.0 cm＆#215;10.7 cm） treatment, and thousand-grain weight of rice was higher in RS/IS1.3 （20.0 cm＆#215;16.0 cm） treat-ment. For 4 varieties of early or late rice aforementioned, basal angle, opening an-gle and leaf area of 2nd leaf from top were larger in RS/IS5.0 treatment, and basal angle and opening angle were smal er in RS/IS2.0 treatment and leaf area smal er in RS/IS1.3 treatment.

Properties of Picosecond Fluorescence of Super High-Yield Hybrid Rice

Thylakoid membrane preparations of super high-yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.), Liangyoupeijiu (P9) and Shanyou 63 (SH 63) were used for investigating its spectral and time properties by using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectrum measuring system. The thylakoid membrane preparations of P9 and SH 63 were excited by an Ar+ laser with a pulse width of 120 ps, repetition rate of 4 MHz and wavelength of 514 nm. The time constants of the excited energy transfer in these two varieties at flowering stage and grain filling stage were calculated from the experimental data. Based on the comparative studies of the time and spectral properties of the excited fluorescence in these ultrafast dynamic experiments the following was found: at both the flowering stage and grain filling stage, the speed of the excitation energy transfer, in photosystem was faster than that in photosystem II in P9 variety; and the speed of the excitation energy transfer at grain filling stage was faster than those at flowering stage for both rice varieties; the experiments also implied that the components and assembly of pigments in SH 63, but not in P9, changed during the process from flowering stage to grain filling stage for in these two rice varieties.

Changes in the Activities of C4 Pathway Enzymes and Stable Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Flag Leaves of Super High-yield Hybrid Rice

Activities of several key enzymes of C-4 photosynthesis pathway and stable carbon isotope discrimination were investigated in flag leaves of a super high-yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Peiai 64S/E32 and a traditional hybrid rice cv. Shanyou 63 at different developing stages. Results show that the activity of PEP carboxylase (PEPCase) increased with age of flag leave; the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) increased and reached to a peak value at grain filling stage (68-75 d after transplanting), then fell down; the activity of NADP-MDH in cv. Peiai 64S/E32 was much higher than that in cv. Shanyou 63. Before ripening stage (95 d after transplanting), NADP-malic enzyme activity rose gradually. The level of stable carbon isotope discrimination (Delta(13)C) in flag leaves and grains at different developing stages were similar and exhibited a comparative high value at ripening stage. The average Delta(13)C in leaf of cv. Peiai 64S/E32 during different developing stages was 0.43parts per thousand more than that in cv. Shanyou 63.

Yield and tillering response of super hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu to tillage and establishment methods

Tillering is an important agronomic trait for rice grain production. To evaluate yield and tillering response, Liangyoupeijiu(super hybrid rice) was grown in Hunan, China during 2011–2012 under different methods of tillage(conventional and no-tillage system) and crop establishment methods(transplanting at a spacing of 20 cm × 20 cm with one seedling per hill and direct seeding at a seeding rate of 22.5 kg ha-1). Our results revealed that, at maximum tillering(Max.) and at maturity(MA) stages, direct seeding(DS) resulted in 22% more tillers than transplanting(TP) irrespective of tillage system. Tiller mortality reached a peak between panicle initiation(PI) and booting(BT) stages, and was 16% higher under conventional tillage(CT) than under no-tillage(NT). Transplanting required 29% more time for the completion of tillering and less for DS. Tillering rate was 43% higher in DS than TP under either CT or NT. There was a positive correlation between panicle number per m2and maximum tiller number per m2, but not panicle-bearing tiller rate. The panicle bearing tiller rate was higher under DS than TP and higher under NT than CT. Tiller dry weight gradually increased up to heading(HD) stage, and was 14% higher under TP than DS. Leaf area(cm2tiller-1) gradually increased from Max. to HD stage and then decreased by 34% in conventional tillage transplanting(CTTP) and 45% in no-tillage transplanting(NTTP) from 12DAH–24DAH(days after heading), but was similar(35%) under DS under either CT or NT. Grain yield was higher under CTTP owing to the larger sink size(heavier panicle, more spikelets in per cm length of panicle) than under DS.

Plant Ideotype at Heading for Super High-Yielding Rice in Double-Cropping System in South China

The newly released super high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and the super high-yielding conventional cultivars, Guangchao 3 and Shengtai 1, were grown in both early and late seasons. The morphological characters of each population were investigated at the heading stage, and the data were analyzed by using ANOVY and other statistic methods. The plant ideal morphological characters at the heading stage were established as follows： 1 ） for the early-season cropping, 90-105 cm plant height; 11-12 tillers per plant; 35-40 em length and 2.1-2.2 cm width of flag leaf; 46-50 cm length and 1.8-2.1 cm width of the second leaf from the top （L2）; 59-64 cm length and 1.4-1.9 cm width of the third leaf from the top （L3）; 7°-14°, 18° and 200-33° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively; 2） for the late-season cropping, 90-100 cm plant height; 9-15 tillers per plant; 30-41 cm length and 1.8-2.0 cm width of flag leaf; 53-61 cm length and 1.3-1.8 cm width of L2; 52-58 cm length and 1.2-1.5 cm width of L3; 9°-19°, 15°-37° and 16°-49° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively. The main physiological characteristics of these varieties were also analyzed.

Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index （LAI）, net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features： suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

超长结构构件非受力开裂防治分析与应用

本工程由于地下室没有设缝断开,属于超长结构。当地下室整体施工完成的第一个越冬期过程中,由于塔楼尚未封顶,使地下室内部受冬季寒冷天气的直接作用,混凝土收缩受拉,对结构的抗裂性能产生严重的影响,这对地下一层的影响会更大,因此应进行温度应力验算。本工程就环境温度作用和混凝土收缩效应对地下室结构带来的影响进行了分析,分析中温度后浇带已浇筑完成,整个地下室为一体,或预留后浇带,将地下室分块等情况进行计算。

小麦超高产创建影响因素探讨

近年来,我国小麦产量逐年增加,但仍满足不了人们对小麦的需求。开展小麦超高产创建对于满足人们对小麦的需求,保证我国粮食安全具有重要意义。本文从品种、气候、栽培模式等入手对小麦超高产创建的影响因素作了探讨。

南京纬三路过江通道超大直径泥水盾构始发关键技术研究

南京纬三路过江通道工程始发段具有覆盖土层薄、左右线间距小、始发进洞坡度大、曲线始发、始发井空间小等特点。通过相关工程经验比选,采用水泥搅拌桩加固和冻结加固,由于始发段不能在始发架上转弯,因而采用割线始发技术;始发进洞时,洞门密封钢环的密封方式与安装精度决定了始发阶段的密封效果,本文介绍了一种新型的洞门密封方式;由于始发井设计长度方向空间不够,将钢负环设计为常规管片的分块方式,采用管片拼装机进行拼装;针对南京纬三路工程地质情况,系统地介绍了始发泥水建压技术。采用以上关键技术,纬三路过江通道工程始发阶段盾构实际掘进姿态与设计姿态保持在规范允许范围内,始发架牢固可靠,钢负环拼装定位精确,密封钢环密封效果良好。

保腾高速与腾冲旅游新格局构建

腾冲地处我国西南边陲,旅游资源十分丰富,但可进入性差一直是制约腾冲旅游发展的主要瓶颈。保腾高速开通运营将给腾冲客源市场、旅游产品、区域空间地位等带来深远影响。因此新形势下从树立"大旅游"意识、优化旅游产品结构、加强旅游市场监管等方面入手探讨构建腾冲旅游新格局显得尤为重要。

基于大部制理念的高校机构设置构想

随着高校的合并与扩张,高校原有的传统科层制结构弊端日益显现,去科层化和职能综合化则成为高校机构改革的方向。通过比较分析高校机构改革和政府大部制改革的基本要素,将大部制理念融入高校机构改革的实践中,并根据高校机构设置的基本原则,尝试构建高校机构设置的理想模型。

新时期我国政府机构采用大部门体制的必要性探析

大部门体制的构想为我国今后的机构改革指明了方向,是我国未来政府机构设置形式的必要选择。当前需要依照大部门体制的思路制定政府机构改革总体方案,同时要完善相关的配套政策和设施,以确保大部门体制改革思路在我国未来的政府机构改革中能够发挥其应有的价值。

高校职能部门大部制改革的方案设置与有序度分析

在对大部制内涵进行简要介绍的基础上,分析了目前我国高校职能部门设置的典型方式,提出了高校职能部门大部制改革的一般设置方案,并进行了简单的对比分析。基于结构熵模型,对大部制改革前后职能部门的结构有序度进行了测算。结果表明,大部制改革有利于提高学校职能部门的有序度。这为人们认清大部制改革的预期效果提供了较为可靠的依据。

“亩产千斤子棉”群体结构建成的分析

2009年,国家棉花产业技术体系鄱阳湖综合试验站、江西省棉花研究所共同在湖口县实施的＂亩产千斤子棉＂创建项目,取得了单产子棉7 605.9 kg/hm2（＂1014.12斤/亩＂）的好成绩。通过分析＂亩产千斤子棉＂的群体结构和成铃规律,提出＂千斤棉＂群体结构为株型较紧凑,种植密度27 000株/hm2左右,株高120~125 cm,果枝数22~23层,单株总果节数为180个左右,成铃率40%以上,总铃数达到140万个/hm2;上、中、下部成铃分布均匀,同时确保第1~5果节有较高的成铃率,早发早熟不早衰,是获得棉花超高产的关键。

Relationship between leaf photosynthetic function at grain filling stage and yield in super high-yielding hybrid rice (Oryza sativa.L)

The characteristics of dry matter production before and after heading and tne relationships between photosynthesis of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation in panicles were investigated on super high-yielding rice cv. Xieyou 9308 (the yield of up to 12 t/ha) with rice cv. Xieyou 63 as a control. The results showed that (i) the capacity of dry matter production before and after heading in Xieyou 9308, i.e. biomass and daily dry matter production, was remarkably higher than that in Xieyou 63, especially after heading; (ii) CO2 assimilation capacity in flag leaves in Xieyou 9308, namely Leaf Source Capacity (LSC), was also significantly higher than that in Xieyou 63, and the supply of photosynthate in leaves and the demand of grain filling were completely synchronous in Xieyou 9308, but photosynthetic function in flag leaves in Xieyou 63 declined sharply 20 days after heading and it was not enough to meet the demand of grain filling. These results confirmed that high efficient photosynthetic function in leaves after heading and its complete synchronization with grain filling are the key approaches to super high yield of rice.

Proteomic Analysis of the Response of Liangyoupeijiu(Super High-Yield Hybrid Rice) Seedlings to Cold Stress

Liangyoupeijiu is a super high-yield hybrid rice. Despite its advantages with respect to yield and grain quality, it is sensitive to cold, which keeps it from being widely cultivated. We subjected Liangyoupeijiu seedlings to 4 ℃ cold treatment, then extracted the leaf proteins. After 2-D gel electrophoresis separation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis, a series of differentially displayed proteins were identified. Some metabolism-associated proteins were found among the downregulated proteins, such as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, transketolase 1, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The upregulated proteins included both stress-resistance proteins such as nucleoside diphosphate kinase I and proteins that are negative for rice growth, such as FtsH-like protein, plastid fusion and/or translocation factor （Pftf） and actin. Our results indicate that cold may inhibit Liangyoupeijiu growth through decreasing metabolic activity and damaging cell structure.

政府“大部制”面面观

任何事物都是一分为二的,大部制也不例外。大部制的优点主要有:有利于集中和整合资源,克服部门本位主义;为行政协调开辟了一条新的途径;化解职能交叉、"九龙治水"等矛盾;提高公共服务的效能;加强宏观调控,较为有效地应对现实的社会问题;有利于推动地方政府进行行政改革。但在推行大部制中应注意防范可能存在的负面效应,如:增加部内协调的负荷和难度;部门行政首长与其下属之间存在张力;加大条块矛盾;大部制改革的阻力大,可能使改革流于形式;加剧了机构重叠;盲目合并带来问题等。