Inflammatory bowel disease in Estonia:a prospective epidemiologic study 1993-1998a

INTRODUCTIONThe incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn,s disease (CD)in Estonia 1993-1998 was investigated prospectively .The mean annual incidence of UC was 1.7 per 100 000,and that of CD1.4 per 100 000.This population-based study showed much lower incidence of UC and CD than those reported for western and northern Europe .

Lactase non-persistence and milk consumption in Estonia

AIM： To define the frequency of the cfr-13910 variant associated with lactase persistence/non-persistence trait and to analyze the milk consumption of lactase non- persistent subjects in Estonia. METHODS： We genotyped 355 Estonians by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing, Milk consumption was analyzed by a questionnaire, specially developed to analyze milk consumption and abdominal complaints. RESULTS： The frequency of the genotype of the C/ C-13910 （lactase non-persistence） was found to be 24.8% in native Estonians. No other single nucleotide polymorphisms covering the region of 400 bp adjacent to the C/T-13910 variant were found. Lactase non- persistence subjects were found to consume less milk than lactase persistence subjects. CONCLUSION： The frequency of lactase non- persistence defined by the C/C-13910 genotype confirms the results of the previous studies based on indirect methods of determining hypolactasia, Milk consumption of lactase non-persistence subjects is consistent with previously reported figures of adult-type hypolactasia in Estonia, However, lactase non-persistence does not prevent the intake of milk in many adults.

Controlling and Corporate Social Responsibility： A Comparative Study of German and Estonian Controlling

This paper focuses on the functions of controlling in Estonia and Germany, The analysis based on the study carried out in Estonian enterprises in 2008. The study was conducted by the Estonian work group of the International Controller Association ICV （internationaler controller verein）. The methodology and controlling questionnaire were the same, which were used by the German work group of ICV in 2006. The mentioned questionnaire was also worked out in Germany by Otto Beisheim School of Management. The authors compared the results of both studies Cultural differences and their impact on the tasks of controllers were also scrutinized. The results of the research indicate that the tasks of Estonian controllers are strictly fixed with procedure documents, which leaves very lithe room lbr independence and initiative. Usually, they are not involved in the strategic planning and goal setting. The final conclusion is that the sustainability function of controlling is much more on the background compared to other functions of controlling, but in the future the role of this function is expected to increase

Management Accounting Problems and Perspectives in the Local Government of Estonia： An Analysis From the Viewpoint of Parsons＇ Paradigm

This case study focuses on the current and future needs of the management accounting within the Tallinn city government and their potential relationships with the sustainability reporting. This analysis is based on the study carried out within the city organizations in 2011. The questionnaire drawn up by the authors includes several questions about the current management accounting tools of the city and their development and support needs. The authors also add some questions related to the sustainability reporting, which is obligatory for the city as one of the members of the Aalborg Charter. The quantitative methodology was used. The authors＇ conclusion is that the level of the managerial accountability of the Estonian municipality is increasing and its sole economic focus is changing to a broader perspective. According to the findings of the study, the authors argue that both management accounting principles and sustainability principles are coming closer together. By using Talcott Parsons＇ adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency （AGIL） paradigm, the authors point out four critical components for implementing the sustainability reporting into a management accounting system. The results of this study highlight the role of values in the management accounting development, which is in harmony with the AGIL paradigm.

Benefits, Difficulties, and Success Factors of Three Different Quality Assessment Processes in Estonia

Quality assessment systems for business organisations and also for vocational schools were established in Estonia at the beginning of 2000s. Almost ten years later, corresponding systems were introduced also for higher education institutions （HEIs）. All these assessment systems are based on the European Foundation of Quality Management （EFQM） excellence model. The aim of this paper is to analyse benefits, difficulties, and success factors of quality assessment processes in Estonian business organisations, vocational schools, and HEIs. The study is based on the analysis of feedback questionnaire of 404 representatives from participating organisations （HEIs, vocational schools, and business enterprises） and assessors. Our analysis revealed that quality assessment processes including self-assessment reporting had a positive effect on organisation development and it has given the participants certain benefits and new challenges. As a consequence, knowledge about quality management as well as the self-assessment skills has been improved. The main difficulties were connected to limited time resources and with problems to recognize direct benefits of quality assessment. As substantial difficulties, limitations of analytical and report-writing skills were considered. As the biggest success factor, an involvement of managers on different levels decision making was recognized. The analysis revealed that there are a number of similar benefits and difficulties in the quality assessment systems of different organizations.

Estonia： The Prospects of Nuclear Energy

This paper details the prospects for a civil nuclear power station in Estonia. Due to its climate change commitments, Estonia needs a new source of electricity provision. There is little academic literature on Estonia, and this research builds upon previous work but is more detailed in its analysis with primary data included in the form of interviews with Estonian energy industry experts. All the conditions that have led to nuclear energy being considered as an option are assessed, along with why it represents the most strategic path for Estonia in terms of electricity provision. Through the interview analysis a framework is established and advanced for the successful initiation of a national nuclear power plant project. This research is therefore of high value for small EU countries who intend to consider nuclear energy as an option in their energy mix or have more advanced plans to develop a nuclear program.

Alcohol consumption patterns during transition and economic growth in Estonia: results from the 1996 and 2006 health interview surveys

Aims: To investigate alcohol consumption patterns in Estonia in 1996, which represents the transition period after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and in 2006, which is characterized by economic growth. Methods: Data from all 25 – 64 year olds from the nationally representative 1996 and 2006 Estonian Health Interview Surveys were analysed. The frequency of alcohol consumption and heavy episodic drinking (HED) were examined. The odds ratios of at least weekly alcohol consumption and HED according to socio-demographic characteristics were calculated using logistic regression models. Results: In comparison with 1996, at least weekly alcohol consumption was nearly twice as high among men in 2006. No association between HED and the study year was found. Alcohol consumption was lower among respondents in the oldest age group. Weekly alcohol consumption was lower among non-Estonian men in both study years. HED was higher among non-Estonian men and women in 1996 but this difference disappeared in 2006. Weekly alcohol consumption was lower among less educated men in 1996 but not in 2006. No clear tendency in weekly alcohol consumption by education was found among women. HED was higher among less educated men in both study years;however, this association was weaker in 2006. While HED was not associated with education among women in 1996, an inverse relationship was found in 2006. Conclusions: The study confirmed that rapid societal changes had an effect on alcohol consumption patterns in Estonia. Estonia needs the implementation of a comprehensive alcohol policy to decrease harmful alcohol consumption in the whole society.

爱沙尼亚高中生物学课程述评

通过对爱沙尼亚高中生物学课程的引介,论述了其在课程目标上强化科学实践、注重思维态度发展,在课程内容上优化学习主题、凸显学生学习表现,在课程实施上推进数字学习、采取多元化实施方式,在课程评价上注重形成性评价、达成可视多维诊断的特征。

爱沙尼亚个性化医疗领域项目进展与经验

个性化医疗的发展在国际社会中备受瞩目,已逐步成为新的研究热点之一。个性化医疗旨在利用健康行为、医学检测结果、症状、家族史、环境因素和基因组信息等个人医疗信息,实施一种新的医疗实践来诊断和治疗疾病,通过采用更个性化的方法、有针对性的筛查方案、早期干预和治疗来改善患者的健康状况,将医疗实践从反应性治疗转变为预防性保健。这种个性化的方法有助于提前发现和处理健康问题,而不是等到疾病出现后再进行治疗。爱沙尼亚作为国际精准医疗联盟(ICPerMed)成员国之一,在个性化医疗领域有着丰富的经验。自21世纪以来,爱沙尼亚政府大力发展医疗保健领域,为个性化医疗的发展奠定了基础。爱沙尼亚政府牵头在全国范围内发起了建立以人群为基础的生物样本库的行动,该生物样本库中包含各类疾病与其生物标志物,以及与患者生活方式的对应关系,为研究常见疾病和性状提供便利。本研究主要介绍爱沙尼亚最近十年在个性化医疗领域完成的项目及其经验,为我国精准医疗创新发展提供借鉴参考。

爱沙尼亚干酪根催化降解生烃过程及动力学研究

以爱沙尼亚油页岩干酪根为对象 ,利用热模拟实验方法和化工催化原理 ,考察了不同介质对干酪根热解生烃过程的影响 ,从热解生烃量、生烃组成特征及生烃动力学等方面进行了探讨。结果表明 :膏岩对干酪根的生烃具有明显催化作用 ,碳酸盐岩对干酪根的生烃具有一定反催化作用 ,各种盐类对干酪根的生烃量影响较小。干酪根热解动力学研究表明 ,生烃动力学参数表观活化能E与视频率因子A两者之间不是独立变化的 ,而是具有一定的关系 ,即 :E与lnA之间服从直线关系 (R =0 .99) ,这些认识对于深入探讨爱沙尼亚油页岩干酪根的化学结构、建立热解动力学模型具有一定的参考价值。

爱沙尼亚:教育成功转型的东欧小国

爱沙尼亚是一个东欧小国,在苏东巨变中转型。爱沙尼亚参与的四轮国际学生测评项目(Program for International Student Assessment,PISA)结果显示,爱沙尼亚教育质量超过了经济合作与发展组织、欧盟成员国的平均值,在全球名列前茅。本文揭示了爱沙尼亚教育成功转型发展的七大经验,也归纳了爱沙尼亚面临的四大挑战。

从英雄传说到民族史诗--爱沙尼亚《卡列维波埃格》简论

爱沙尼亚是东波罗的海国家,其民族史诗《卡列维波埃格》世界闻名。这是一部诞生于浪漫主义时代,典型的"以传统为导向"的英雄史诗,它由F.R.克列茨瓦尔德根据民俗资料,用古老诗体形式写成。史诗的主人公形象在编写过程中也经历了从森林巨人到文化英雄的转变。本文试图通过对这部史诗的产生时代、搜集整理过程以及文本内容与主题等方面加以概述,来揭示英雄传说史诗化的历程,并讨论史诗对于族群认同的重要意义。

爱沙尼亚与俄罗斯关系变迁:基于国家建构的初步考察

大约从18世纪起,爱沙尼亚人居住的区域经历了从沙皇俄国统治到独立、从成为苏联加盟共和国再到重新获得独立的过程。在此进程中,爱沙尼亚人一直同俄国人发生着千丝万缕的联系。在相当长的时期内,爱沙尼亚人的命运直接同俄国人的扩张意志和俄国的强弱相关。冷战结束后,爱沙尼亚境内的爱族人与俄罗斯族人的关系既存在排斥的因素,又有包容的一面。从发展态势看,爱沙尼亚两个最大的民族在不断努力实现融合,但双方关系仍很脆弱,对爱沙尼亚国家建构产生直接影响。而且,这种影响在俄罗斯与爱沙尼亚国家关系的互动中充分显现。相比政治民主化和经济市场化的成功转型来说,爱沙尼亚族群关系的理顺和融合仍有较长的路要走。

爱沙尼亚国家档案馆的工作特点评析及启示

论文基于文献研究、新闻案例和网络调研,将爱沙尼亚国家档案馆的工作特点归纳为:以主动姿态提升数字化高度、以学校教育为导向开展育人服务、以档案完整守护民族记忆,同时结合我国档案工作实际得出启示:档案数字转型注重顺势借力、教育功能的发挥注重融入学校课堂、资源建设突出国际视野。

“美至关重要:美的复兴” 2019塔林建筑双年展评析

2019年塔林建筑双年展于2019年9月11日在爱沙尼亚首都塔林开幕。本届双年展以“美至关重要:美的复兴”为主题,在经历了近80年的文化偏见之后,庆祝建筑的美学体验。双年展围绕主题举办了五项主要活动,包括:主题展、专题论坛会、愿景竞赛展、装置艺术展和国际建筑学校展。文章通过对历届塔林建筑双年展的回顾、策展主题的讨论和部分作品的分析,对本届双年展进行全面解读。

爱沙尼亚《劳动纪律处分法》述评

爱沙尼亚于1993年颁布《劳动纪律处分法》,该法共4章29条,内容包括劳动纪律处分的实施主体及其法律依据、劳动者应受劳动纪律处分的几种法定情形、用人单位给予劳动纪律处分的原则与程序保障、劳动纪律处分的撤销以及期日、时效规定等等。《爱沙尼亚劳动纪律处分法》以1992年颁布实施的《爱沙尼亚劳动合同法》为立法基础,与后者相辅相成,形成有机整体。我国《企业职工奖惩条例》废止后,劳动惩戒法制成为空白,爱沙尼亚劳动纪律惩戒法为我们构建相关立法提供了良好的范本。

跨时空框架下语言政策与规划的新尝试——《超国家语言政策》述评

该书以爱沙尼亚为例,系统展示了超国家语言主体如跨国公司、多语移民家庭和言语社区、学者、教师和公司职员等,在该国语言政策中所起到的作用。书中囊括了国家安全、多语主义、跨国机构语言、家庭语言政策与规划、地域语言变体等热点话题。通过语料库、案例分析和民族志等定量和定性研究方法,各章的系列研究结果表明,未来应更注重带有政治性和情感性的隐性语言政策。

爱沙尼亚和中国古典童话的比较研究

爱沙尼亚和中国虽在地域上远隔千里,但由于经济结构和历史背景的某些相似性,两国古典童话在母题类型、形象设置、故事结构方面都有相似之处,但两国各自不同的文化背景、宗教信仰和风俗习惯又使得他们的故事文本无论在结局的安排、动物形象的象征意味或是与外族文化交融方面都呈现出更大的差异。

社会变迀中的国家精神与自由意识——爱沙尼亚当代建筑观察

位于波罗的海的爱沙尼亚取得第二次国家独立,作为一个新兴国家面临着复杂的社会现实与发展可能。文章从历史和社会两个角度,探讨在社会变迁中的国家精神、自由意识和经济进步等因素推动下的爱沙尼亚当代建筑的发展和演变:通过对其代表性作品的解析,呈现爱沙尼亚当代建筑实践在建筑象征、人文精神、历史文脉、场所环境、更新改造及商业表现等方面所进行的尝试,以阐释爱沙尼亚当代建筑在背负沉重的历史包袱的同时所彰显的多元的创造性与独特的建筑品质。

爱沙尼亚露天博物馆及其乡土建筑保护的模式与经验

爱沙尼亚地处东北欧,位于波罗的海东岸,历史上多次遭受欧洲列强的侵略。爱沙尼亚露天博物馆的建立与其国家主体性和认同感的重塑密切相关,在对本民族文化载体——爱沙尼亚独立发展形成的乡土建筑类型谷仓房的搜集和保护中发挥重要作用。爱沙尼亚露天博物馆在建设过程和管理模式上,对我国建设村寨博物馆、保护乡土建筑和建筑群有借鉴意义。