Application of LINGO to the Solution of the Water Supply System′s Optimal Operation Model

In this research, LINGO is used successfully to solve the water supply system′s optimal operation model. Firstly, the language of LINGO and the using method were studied intensively, on the basis of which the model was transformed to LINGO form and solved successfully. Secondly, the research on the interface between LINGO and the popular office software was made. The optimization software was developed, which had Excel as the workspace and LINGO as the core of computation. Through practice, this software was found stable, easy to use and suitable for the application to the water supply corporations.

PERVAPORATION PROPERTIES OF PDMS MEMBRANES CURED WITH DIFFERENT CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS FOR ETHANOL CONCENTRATION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Ethanol perm-selective PDMS/PVDF composite membranes were prepared by curing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with various cross-linking reagents,such as tetraethoxylsilane(TEOS),γ-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane(APTEOS), phenyltrimethoxylsilane(PTMOS) and octyltrimethoxylsilane(OTMOS) as well.The cross-linking density and surface properties of the PDMS active layer were adjusted by varying cross-linking reagents.The pervaporation performance of PDMS membranes cured with different cross-linking reagents was investig...

An Analytical Solution for One-Dimensional Water Infiltration and Redistribution in Unsaturated Soil

Soil infiltration and redistribution are important processes in field water cycle, and it is necessary to develop a simple model to describe the processes. In this study, an algebraic solution for one-dimensional water infiltration and redistribution without evaporation in unsaturated soil was developed based on Richards equation. The algebraic solution had three parameters, namely, the saturated water conductivity, the comprehensive shape coefficient of the soil water content distribution, and the soil suction allocation coefficient. To analyze the physical features of these parameters, a relationship between the Green-Ampt model and the algebraic solution was established. The three parameters were estimated based on experimental observations, whereas the soil water content and the water infiltration duration were calculated using the algebraic solution. The calculated soil water content and infiltration duration were compared with the experimental observations, and the results indicated that the algebraic solution accurately described the unsaturated soil water flow processes.

Modified (2+1)-dimensional displacement shallow water wave system and its approximate similarity solutions

Recently, a new （2＋1）-dimensional shallow water wave system, the （2＋1）-dlmenslonal displacement shallow water wave system （2DDSWWS）, was constructed by applying the variational principle of the analytic mechanics in the Lagrange coordinates. The disadvantage is that fluid viscidity is not considered in the 2DDSWWS, which is the same as the famous Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation and Korteweg-de Vries equation. Applying dimensional analysis, we modify the 2DDSWWS and add the term related to the fluid viscidity to the 2DDSWWS. The approximate similarity solutions of the modified 2DDSWWS （M2DDSWWS） is studied and four similarity solutions are obtained. For the perfect fluids, the coefficient of kinematic viscosity is zero, then the M2DDSWWS will degenerate to the 2DDSWWS.

SELF-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS AND BLOW-UP PHENOMENA FOR A TWO-COMPONENT SHALLOW WATER SYSTEM

In this article, we consider a two-component nonlinear shallow water system, which includes the famous 2-component Camassa-Holm and Degasperis-Procesi equations as special cases. The local well-posedess for this equations is established. Some sufficient conditions for blow-up of the solutions in finite time are given. Moreover, by separation method, the self-similar solutions for the nonlinear shallow water equations are obtained, and which local or global behavior can be determined by the corresponding Emden equation.

Exact Traveling Wave Solutions for the System of Shallow Water Wave Equations and Modified Liouville Equation Using Extended Jacobian Elliptic Function Expansion Method

In this work, an extended Jacobian elliptic function expansion method is proposed for constructing the exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. The validity and reliability of the method are tested by its applications to the system of shallow water wave equations and modified Liouville equation which play an important role in mathematical physics.

Exact solutions of a(2+1)-dimensional extended shallow water wave equation

We give the bilinear form and n-soliton solutions of a（2+1）-dimensional [（2+1）-D] extended shallow water wave（eSWW） equation associated with two functions v and r by using Hirota bilinear method. We provide solitons, breathers,and hybrid solutions of them. Four cases of a crucial φ（y）, which is an arbitrary real continuous function appeared in f of bilinear form, are selected by using Jacobi elliptic functions, which yield a periodic solution and three kinds of doubly localized dormion-type solution. The first order Jacobi-type solution travels parallelly along the x axis with the velocity（3k12+ α, 0） on（x, y）-plane. If φ（y） = sn（y, 3/10）, it is a periodic solution. If φ（y） = cn（y, 1）, it is a dormion-type-Ⅰ solutions which has a maximum（3/4）k1p1 and a minimum-（3/4）k1p1. The width of the contour line is ln■. If φ（y） = sn（y, 1）, we get a dormion-type-Ⅱ solution（26） which has only one extreme value-（3/2）k1p1. The width of the contour line is ln■. If φ（y） = sn（y, 1/2）/（1 + y2）, we get a dormion-type-Ⅲ solution（21） which shows very strong doubly localized feature on（x, y） plane. Moreover, several interesting patterns of the mixture of periodic and localized solutions are also given in graphic way.

Modelling of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) for Urban Water Management—Investment and Outscaling Implications at Basin and Regional Levels

This manuscript is an attempt to demonstrate effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS) and measures to reduce risk of flooding and environmental impact in urban settings. The nature-based solutions (NBS) were assessed as scenarios from experience of urban storm drainage and sewerage systems based on practices that improve urban water management through modelling using urban stormwater management model (SWMM). The model has been applied in a typical urban environment in the second city in Botswana, the City of Francistown, which has a population of more than one hundred thousand. By considering the 2-yr and 10-year storm events in a calibrated SWMM, NBS scenarios from a mix of low impact and drainage measures were considered. The considered NBS scenarios were used to determine their effectiveness in terms of reducing and controlling peak runoff, flood volumes, infiltration and evapotranspiration in the study area, which are vital in assessing the opportunity and challenge for sustainable management of water resources and associated tradeoff of investments in the urban contexts. The study demonstrates the usefulness of implementing effective measures for achieving NBS in urban context and possibility of outscaling at basin and regional levels.

Bifurcation analysis and exact traveling wave solutions for (2+1)-dimensional generalized modified dispersive water wave equation

We investigate (2+1)-dimensional generalized modified dispersive water wave (GMDWW) equation by utilizing the bifurcation theory of dynamical systems. We give the phase portraits and bifurcation analysis of the plane system corresponding to the GMDWW equation. By using the special orbits in the phase portraits, we analyze the existence of the traveling wave solutions. When some parameter takes special values, we obtain abundant exact kink wave solutions, singular wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, periodic singular wave solutions, and solitary wave solutions for the GMDWW equation.

On the Fifth-Order Stokes Solution for Steady Water Waves

This paper presents a universal fifth-order Stokes solution for steady water waves on the basis of potential theory. It uses a global perturbation parameter, considers a depth uniform current, and thus admits the flexibilities on the definition of the perturbation parameter and on the determination of the wave celerity. The universal solution can be extended to that of Chappelear （1961）, confirming the correctness for the universal theory. Furthermore, a particular fifth-order solution is obtained where the wave steepness is used as the perturbation parameter. The applicable range of this solution in shallow depth is analyzed. Comparisons with the Fourier approximated results and with the experimental measurements show that the solution is fairly suited to waves with the Ursell number not exceeding 46.7.

Activating solution gas drive as an extra oil production mechanism after carbonated water injection

Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods are mostly based on different phenomena taking place at the interfaces between fluid–fluid and rock–fluid phases.Over the last decade,carbonated water injection(CWI)has been considered as one of the multi-objective EOR techniques to store CO2 in the hydrocarbon bearing formations as well as improving oil recovery efficiency.During CWI process,as the reservoir pressure declines,the dissolved CO2 in the oil phase evolves and gas nucleation phenomenon would occur.As a result,it can lead to oil saturation restoration and subsequently,oil displacement due to the hysteresis effect.At this condition,CO2 would act as insitu dissolved gas into the oil phase,and play the role of an artificial solution gas drive(SGD).In this study,the effect of SGD as an extra oil recovery mechanism after secondary and tertiary CWI(SCWI-TCWI)modes has been experimentally investigated in carbonate rocks using coreflood tests.The depressurization tests resulted in more than 25%and 18%of original oil in place(OOIP)because of the SGD after SCWI and TCWI tests,respectively.From the ultimate enhanced oil recovery point of view,the efficiency of SGD was observed to be more than one-third of that of CWI itself.Furthermore,the pressure drop data revealed that the system pressure depends more on the oil production pattern than water production.

Prediction of Water Activity for Mixed Aqueous Solutions from the Data of Their Binary Constituent Solutions

The equation of Patwardhan and Kumar for water activities of mixed electrolyte solutions is extended to aqueous solutions containing non-electrolytes. This equation and the linear isopiestic relation are used to predict water activities of 56 ternary aqueous solutions in terms of the data of their binary subsystems. Both equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation can provide good predictions for water activities of the present 40 electrolyte solutions, and the linear isopiestic relation generally yields better predictions. The predictions of the extended equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation are in general quite reasonable for the present 8 ternary solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and the results of the linear isopiestic relation are usually better. The predictions of these two methods generally agree well with the experimental data for the 8 non-electrolyte mixtures being studied, and the linear isopiestic relation is better.

Hazard development mechanism and deformation estimation of water solution mining area

Based on the hazard development mechanism, a water solution area is closely related to the supporting effect of pressure-bearing water, the relaxing and collapsing effect of orebody interlayer, the collapsing effect of thawless material in orebody, filling effect caused by cubical expansibility of hydrate crystallization and uplifting effect of hard rock layer over cranny belt. The movement and deformation of ground surface caused by underground water solution mining is believed to be much weaker than that caused by well lane mining, which can be predicted by the stochastic medium theory method. On the basis of analysis on the engineering practice of water solution mining, its corresponding parameters can be obtained from the in-site data of the belt water and sand filling mining in engineering analog approach.

Sorption of Manganese （II） and Chromium （III） Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Water Hyacinth Biomass （Eichhornia crassipes）

The use of water hyacinth biomass as adsorbent for Cr3＋ and Mn2＋ ions from aqueous solution by means of batch-adsorption technique was investigated to determine the potential ability of the biomaterial for metal ion removal. The equilibrium isotherm study showed that the maximum monolayer coverage on the biomass surface was 0.933 mg·g-1 and 0.874 mg·g-1 for Mn2＋ and Cr3＋ ions respectively. The highest percentage of Cr3＋ and Mn2＋ ions adsorbed by the biomass was 86.4% and 82.6% at the optimum pH of 4.0 and 6.0 respectively. The results also showed that the highest percentage removal 82.5% and 78.3% was obtained at 30 and 20 minutes respectively for Cr3＋ and Mn2＋ ions. The sorption process was examined by means of the Langmuir model. The adsorption equilibrium data were found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model with high coefficients of determination （R2 = 0.990 and 0.999） for Cr＋ and Mn2＋ ions respectively. The adsorption capacity of water hyacinth showed that water hyacinth will be useful in recovering chromium （III） and manganese （II） ions from solution and their subsequent removal from industrial effluents.

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.

The universal characteristic water content of aqueous solutions

Raman measurements at room temperature reveal a characteristic concentration for a series of aqueous solutions of electrolytes, through which O–H stretching vibration of H2 O or dilute HDO obviously changes their concentration dependence. This characteristic concentration is very consistent with another, through which the solutions undergo an abrupt change in their glass-forming ability. Interestingly, the molar ratio of water to solute at these two consistent concentration points is almost solute-type independent and about twice the hydration number of solutes. We suggest that just when the concentration increases above this characteristic concentration, bulk-like free water disappears in aqueous solutions and all water molecules among closely-packed hydrated solutes exhibit the characteristics of confined water.

Low Mantle Perovskite:Solid Solution, Spin State of Iron and Water Solubility

Silicate perovskites（（Mg, Fe）SiO 3 and CaS iO 3） are believed to be the major constituent minerals in the lower mantle. The phase relation, solid solution, spin state of iron and water solubility related to the lower mantle perovskite are of great effect on the geodynamics of the Earth＇s interior and on ore mineralization. Previous studies indicate that a large amount of iron coupled with aluminum can incorporate into magnesium perovskite, but this is discordant with the disproportionation of（Mg,Fe）SiO 3 perovskite into iron-free MgS i O3 perovskite and hexagonal phase（Mg0.6Fe0.4）SiO 3 in the Earth＇s lower mantle. MnS iO 3 is the first chemical component confirmed to form wide range solid solution with Ca SiO 3 perovskite and complete solid solution with MgS i O3 perovskite at the P-T conditions in the lower mantle, and addition of Mn Si O3 will strongly affects the mutual solubility between Mg Si O3 and CaS iO 3. The spin state of iron is deeply depends on the site occupation of the Fe3＋or Fe2＋, the synthesis and the annealing conditions of the sample. It seems that the spin state of Fe2＋ in the lower mantle perovskite can be settled as high spin, however, the existence of intermediate spin or low spin state of Fe2＋ in perovskite has not been clarified. Moreover, different results have also been reported for the spin state of Fe3＋ in perovskite. The water solubility of the lower mantle perovskite is related with its composition. In pure Mg SiO 3 perovskite, only less than 500 ppm water was reported. Al–Mg Si O3 perovskite or Al–Fe–MgS iO 3 perovskite in the lower mantle accommodates water of 1100 to 1800 ppm. Further experiments are necessary to clarify the detailed conditions for perovskite solid solution, to reliably analyze the valence and spin states of iron in the coexisting iron-bearing phases, and to compare the water solubility of different phases at different layers for deeply understanding the geodynamics of the Earth＇s interior and ore mineralization.

Effects of different acclimations on high solution bacteria in coal-gas wastewater degradation

To make microbial community be applied more easily in practical biotreatment engineering,three acclimation processes were carried out in lab scale. Three kinds of mixed microorganism cultures with degradability for a gas-making plant wastewater were obtained. The degradation experiments results of coal-gas wastewater indicated that different acclimation processes had obviously impacted on degradability of microbial community,and under high sludge loading rate,mixed microorganism cultureⅠ(obtained by H.S.B as bacteria source and raw wastewater as alone carbon and energy source)presented stronger degradability for coal gasification wastewater than the others. COD removal rate of mixed cultureⅠcan reach 57.6% under very low MLSS when the influent COD is 900 mg/L. Meanwhile,the results of microscopic examination showed that Protozoa,mainly epistylis and Vorticella species,were stronger activity and larger quantities in mixed cultureⅠ.

The Exact Rational Solutions to a Shallow Water Wave-Like Equation by Generalized Bilinear Method

A Shallow Water Wave-like nonlinear differential equation is considered by using the generalized bilinear equation with the generalized bilinear derivatives D3,x and D3,t, which possesses the same bilinear form as the standard shallow water wave bilinear equation. By symbolic computation, four presented classes of rational solutions contain all rational solutions to the resulting Shallow Water Wave-like equation, which generated from a search for polynomial solutions to the corresponding generalized bilinear equation.

Numerical solution of a mathematical model for water wavesin large coastal areas

Based on the evolution equation for water waves, a mathematical model for wave propaga tion in large mild - slope areas is derived. The model is solved by the finite difference method with the staggered grid system. The computational results are in good agreement with experimental data and show that the model can obtain better results with relatively coarser grids. The model can be used to simulate water wave propagation in large coastal areas and can be efficiently solved without much programming effort.