Improving efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells via ethanolamine-doped PEDOT:PSS as hole transport layer

In order to fabricate high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells(Pe SCs), an appropriate hole transport layer(HTL) is essential since it will affect the hole extraction at perovskite/HTL interface and determine the crystallization quality of the subsequent perovskite films. Herein, a facile and simple method is developed by adding ethanolamine(ETA)into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS) as HTL. The doping of a low-concentration ETA can efficiently modify the electrical properties of the PEDOT:PSS film and lower the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) level, which is more suitable for the hole extraction from the perovskite to HTL. Besides, ETA-doped PEDOT:PSS will create a perovskite film with larger grain size and higher crystallinity. Hence, the results show that the open-circuit voltage of the device increases from 0.99 V to 1.06 V, and the corresponding power conversion efficiency(PCE)increases from 14.68% to 19.16%. The alkaline nature of ethanolamine greatly neutralizes the acidity of PEDOT:PSS, and plays a role in protecting the anode, leading the stability of the devices to be improved significantly. After being stored for2000 h, the PCE of ETA-doped PEDOT:PSS devices can maintain 84.2% of the initial value, which is much higher than67.1% of undoped devices.

Crystal Structure of Ethanolamine 5-Nitrosalicylic Acid Organic Adduct

The title adduct (C18H24N4O12, Mr = 488.41) crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 4.0514(19), b = 25.193(11), c = 10.751(5) ?, β = 95.070(8)o, V = 1093.0(9) ?3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.484 g/cm3, F(000) = 512, μ(MoKα) = 1.26 cm-1, T = 293 K, the final R = 0.0593 and wR = 0.0862 for 956 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The compound is a 1:1 adduct of ethanolamine and 5-nitrosalicylic acid. The nitrogen atom of ethanolamine is protonated. In this crystal there exist a number of hydrogen bonds which link the ethanolamine and 5-nitrosalicylic acid molecules to form a three-dimensional infinite network structure.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Organic Adduct Nonlinear Optical Material: 3,5-Dinitrobenzonic Acid·ethanolamine (3,5-DNBEA)

The title compound （C2H7NO·C7H4N2O6） has been obtained by the reaction of ethanolamine with 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid in deionized water at room temperature. The crystal crystallizes in orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a = 6.048（2）, b = 9.146（3）, c = 21.955（7） A^°, C9H11N3O7, Mr = 273.21, Z = 4, V= 1214.3（7） , A^°3, Dc = 1.494 g/cm^3, F（000） = 568,μ（MoKα） = 0.131 mm^-1, R1 = 0.0338 and wR2 = 0.0497. The new organic adduct is composed of one ethanolamine and one 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, which are linked up by O-H…O and N-H…O types of hydrogen bonds to form a nine-membered ring and an eleven-membered ring, extending into a one-dimensional network structure.

Protective Effect of Ethanolamine on Hepatic Preneoplastic Alterations Induced by the Administration of <i>N</i>-Nitrosodiethylamine in Rats

The effects of exogenously administered ethanolamine (Etn) on the N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDA)-induced formation of hepatic lesions in rats were investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered NDA (100 mg/kg body weight) at 7-day intervals, and the animals were allowed free access to water containing Etn (15 or 50 mg/L) for 35 days. NDA-induced hepatic lesions were assessed according to the number of nodules detectable on the liver surface, areas of clear cell foci observed on histopathological thin sections, hydroxyproline levels in liver homogenates, and blood biochemical marker levels. Compared with those from control rats that were not administered Etn, livers from Etn-exposed rats had significantly fewer surface nodules and smaller areas of clear cell foci, indicating that Etn prevented or delayed the formation of preneoplastic cell alterations. Hydroxyproline levels in livers were significantly lower in Etn-treated rats, indicating that the chemical prevented the formation of fibrotic alterations. The protective effects of Etn on NDA-induced hepatic lesions were demonstrated by changes in blood biochemical marker levels. These results suggest that Etn can protect against cellular alterations induced by a carcinogenic chemical, possibly by enhancing hepatic phospholipid synthesis.

Studies of Oxide Layers Grown at 260&deg;C on A106 B Carbon Steel in Aqueous Medium with Ethanolamine or Morpholine

The water chemistry of the secondary coolant in the majority of Nuclear Power Plants is controlled by AVT (All Volatile Treatment), wherein volatile amines are used to maintain the alkaline pH required for minimizing the corrosion of structural materials which one of them is Carbon Steel. In this treatment, ammonia, morpholine and ethanolamine are commonly used as conditioning reagents. In this context, experiments were carried out by exposing carbon steel A106 B samples in a simulated secondary coolant in order to study the nature of the oxide films. The tests were performed in a static autoclave at 260&deg;C using two media: I) hydrazine + morpholine and II) hydrazine + ethanolamine during different exposure periods up to &asymp;1020 h. The oxide film characterization was mainly studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray diffraction. A chemical descaling procedure was used to obtain the material weight loss (W) of samples, the adherent and released oxide. The XRD analyses, for all exposures studied, showed that magnetite was the corrosion product formed in the films grown in both media. The material weight loss, after descaling, could be fitted by a law of the type W = ktn, up to 1020 h of exposure tested, resulting in n = 0.42, k = 6.24 for films grown in medium I) and n = 0.39, k = 6.08 for films grown in medium II) respectively (W is in mg/dm2 and t in h). The higher corrosion product release measured in the medium with morpholine could be important in power plant operation.

Enhancement of Selectivity in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis by Adding Ethanolamines or Ethylamines in the Running Buffer

Mono-, di-, tri-ethanolamines and di-, tri-ethylamines were used to prepare phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 and shown to be capable of enhancing the separation selectivity of chiral drug pinacidil and melittin in bee venom in capillary zone electrophoresis. The reason is due to the reduction of the average apparent mobilities of the analytes.

Influence of Ethanolamine on Corrosion of Alloy 690 in Simulated Secondary Water

Effect of ethanolamine （ETA） on Alloy 690 in simulated pressurized water reactor （PWR） secondary cooling water was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, potentiodynamic polarization, atomic force microscopy （AFM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance （FTIR-ATR）, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer （XPS） and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry （ToF-SIMS）. The results show that moderate addition of ETA can enhance the corrosion resistance of Alloy 690 in high-temperature pressurized water and the optimum additive value is 2 mg/L. The addition of ETA contributes to the formation of oxide rather than hydroxide in the film on the surface of Alloy 690. The corrosion resistance of Alloy 690 at 320 ℃ with the addition of ETA is better than that at 280 ℃.

Combustion synthesis and stability of nanocrystalline La_2O_3 via ethanolamine-nitrate process

Pure nanocrystalline La2O3 powders were successfully prepared by the combustion method.The effect of ethanolamine-to-nitrate ratio on phase composition and crystallite size of the combustion products was systematically investigated.Pure hexagonal La2O3 powders were almost formed in stoichiometric reaction（ψ=1.15）,while metallic La phase was obtained in fuel-rich conditions（ψ≥3.0）.The as-synthesized hexagonal La2O3 was found to be chemically unstable in ambient air since a complete transformation to hexagonal La（OH）3 was detected after 24 h exposure to air.The resulting hexagonal La（OH）3 showed an excellent ability to remove water pollutant and could nearly remove 100% of the Congo red at room temperature with a removal capacity of 143.5 mg Congo red/g.The phosphate adsorption data on hexagonal La（OH）3 agreed well with the Langmuir model with the estimated maximum adsorption capacity of 57.8 mg/g.

Emergency balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of ruptured gastric varices

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of emergency balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration(BRTO) for ruptured gastric varices.METHODS: Emergency BRTO was performed in 17 patients with gastric varices and gastrorenal or gastrocaval shunts within 24 h of hematemesis and/or tarry stool.The gastric varices were confirmed by endoscopy,and the gastrorenal or gastrocaval shunts were identified by contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CE-CT).A 6-Fr balloon catheter(Cobra type) was inserted into the gastrorenal shunt via the right internal jugular vein,or into the gastrocaval shunt via the right femoral vein,depending on the varices drainage route.The sclerosant,5% ethanolamine oleate iopamidol,was injected into the gastric varices through the catheter during balloon occlusion.In patients with incom plete thrombosis of the varices after the first BRTO,a second BRTO was performed the following day.Patients were followed up by endoscopy and CE-CT at 1 d,1 wk,and 1,3 and 6 mo after the procedure,and every 6 mo thereafter.RESULTS: Complete thrombosis of the gastric varices was not achieved with the first BRTO in 7/17 patients because of large gastric varices.These patients underwent a second BRTO on the next day,and additional sclerosant was injected through the catheter.Complete thrombosis which led to disappearance of the varices was achieved in 16/17 patients,while the remaining patient had incomplete thrombosis of the varices.None of the patients experienced rebleeding or recurrence of the gastric varices after a median follow-up of 1130 d(range 8-2739 d).No major complications occurred after the procedure.However,esophageal varices worsened in 5/17 patients after a mean follow-up of 8.6 mo.CONCLUSION: Emergency BRTO is an effective and safe treatment for ruptured gastric varices.

Preparation of the Thermoplastic Starch/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by Melt-intercalation

In this paper, the conception of melt-intercalation was introduced into the natural polymer field, and the thermoplastic starch/ethanolamine-activated montmorillonite (TPS/EMMT) nanocomposites were prepared by extruding the composites of EMMT and TPS, plasticized with ethanolamine/formamide. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that TPS was intercalated into the layers of EMMT successfully and formed the intercalation nanocomposites with EMMT. When EMMT content was wt.10%, the mechanical testing indicated that the tensile stress of the nanocomposites reached 9.69 MPa, and the tensile strain reached 74.07%, Youngs modulus increased from the 47.23 MPa of TPS to 184.11 MPa of TPS/EMMT nanocomposites, and breaking energy increased from 1.34 N·m to 2.15 N·m after they had been stored at RH25% for 14 days.

<i>In Vivo</i>Evaluation of Anti-Mycobacterial Activity of a Phytomedicine “MATHESIA” on <i>Mycobacterium ulcerans</i>: Influence of Alkalinity on the Activity of Antibiotics Used in the Treatment of Buruli Ulcer

The present study reports the in vivo anti-Mycobacterial Activity of a Phytomedicine “MATHESIA” on Mycobacterium ulcerans. It also explores the influence of ethanolamine (alkali agent) on the in vivo activity of some antibiotics (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol) used in the treatment of Buruli ulcers in DR Congo. Experiments were conducted on adult white Wistar rats of both sexes with the weights comprising between 110 - 165 g. The result obtained have shown that the phytomedicine MATHESIA (pH 10) has a good in vivo activity on M. ulcerans and the duration for wounds healing and total cicatrization was 6 days;whereas this duration was 10, 12, 14, and 16 days respectively for Rifampicin (IV, pH 10), Kibadi’s solution (X, pH 10), Ethambutol (VIII, pH 10) and Isoniazid (VI, pH 10). The result also showed that the use of the ethanolamine as alkali compounded in the treatment of wounds due to Buruli ulcer along with other antibiotics reduced considerably the duration of complete healing comparatively to their solutions at pH bellow or equal to 7.

Apropos:critical analysis of molluscicide application in schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil

Schistosomiasis is a snail-transmitted infectious disease affecting over 200 million people worldwide.Snail control has been recognized as an effective approach to interrupt the transmission of schistosomiasis,since the geographic distribution of this neglected tropical disease is determined by the presence of the intermediate host snails.In a recent Scoping Review published in Infectious Diseases of Poverty,Coelho and Caldeira performed a critical review of using molluscicides in the national schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil.They also described some chemical and plant-derived molluscicides used in China.In addition to the molluscicides described by Coelho and Caldeira,a large number of chemicals,plant extracts and microorganisms have been screened and tested for molluscicidal actions against Oncomelania hupensis,the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in China.Here,we presented the currently commercial molluscicides available in China,including 26%suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide(MNSC),25%suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt(SCNE),50%niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder(WPN),4%niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder(NESP),5%niclosamide ethanolamine salt granule(NESG)and the plant-derived molluscicide“Luowei”.These molluscicides have been proved to be active against O.hupensis in both laboratory and endemic fields,playing an important role in the national schistosomiasis control program of China.Currently,China is transferring its successful experiences on schistosomiasis control to African countries.The introduction of Chinese commercial molluscicides to Africa,with adaptation to local conditions,may facilitate the progress towards the elimination of schisosomiasis in Africa.

Interface and bulk controlled perovskite nanocrystal growth for high brightness light-emitting diodes [Invited]

Halide perovskites have attracted great attention due to their high color purity, high luminance yield, low non-radiative recombination rate, and solution processability. Although the external quantum efficiency of perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs) is comparable with that of the organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs) and quantum-dots light-emitting diodes(QLEDs), the brightness is still low compared with the traditional OLEDs and QLEDs. Herein, we demonstrate high brightness and high-efficiency Cs Pb Br3-based Pe LEDs using interface and bulk controlled nanocrystal growth of the perovskite emission layer. The interface engineering by ethanolamine and bulk engineering by polyethylene glycol led to highly crystallized and cubic-shaped perovskite nanocrystals with smooth and compact morphology. As a result, Pe LEDs with a high brightness of 64756 cd/m2 and an external quantum efficiency of 13.4% have been achieved.

Selective derivatization of oxime-blocked tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate

A selective reaction of cyclohexanone oxime-blocked tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate（2,4-TDI）with amino siloxane was observed,in which amines were capable of discriminating two reactive groups in the 2,4-TDI molecule.Thus,tolylene-2-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxyethyl carbamide-4-cyclohexanone oxime carbamate was synthesized and its precise structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.Moreover,it was found that oxime-blocked isocyanate could react selectively with the–NH2group with the–OH group unprotected in ethanolamine.

Stereoselective Synthesis of （R）-Salmeterol via Asymmetric Cyanohydrin Reaction

The authors described a short and highly enantioselective route to （R）-salmeterol involving asymmetric synthesis of cyanohydrin followed by nucleophilic substitution with 6-（4-phenylbutoxy） hexyl methanesulfonate.