To ensure the export quality of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract(ELE)and facilitate E.ulmoides leaf inclusion in the directory of traditional Chinese health foods,an overall safety assessment of ELE was performed,includ...To ensure the export quality of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract(ELE)and facilitate E.ulmoides leaf inclusion in the directory of traditional Chinese health foods,an overall safety assessment of ELE was performed,including genotoxicity and long-term toxicity,according to the national food safety standards of China.No variations in the reverse mutation number of the nominal bacterial strains were observed under ELE treatment in comparison with the solvent control.Additionally,the micronucleus rates of in vivo mammalian erythrocytes and in vitro mammalian cells under ELE treatment were equivalent to or significantly lower than those of the solvent control.The fold change in the trifluorothymidine resistance mutation frequency of the thymidine kinase gene under ELE treatment was less than three times in comparison with the solvent control,suggesting that ELE did not cause genotoxicity.Moreover,animal experiments showed that the growth performance of rats under ELE treatment was enhanced because the body weights of rats increased.No oxidative injury or inflammatory responses were induced and no histopathological lesions of tissues were detected under ELE treatment.In addition,plasma triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly decreased,and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly increased with ELE treatment,suggesting that ELE was health-promoting.Furthermore,moderate to excellent antimicrobial activities,a favorable anticancer capacity,and superior antioxidant abilities of ELE were found,implying ELE possesses good bioactivities.Therefore,we affirmed ELE is safe to consume as a traditional Chinese health food.展开更多
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate...Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate of E.ulmoides Oliv.is still very low,only bark has been used as medicine and other parts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.cannot be fully utilized,even the leaves have been well utilized in food products in Japan in the past decades.In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of E.ulmoides Oliv.,in this review,we summarized the varieties and contents of main active compounds,biological functions and pharmacological effects in different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.The findings suggest that other parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.could replace the bark of E.ulmoides Oliv.to some extent besides of their respective applications.The unique and extensive physiological functions between different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.indicate that the comprehensive utilization of E.ulmoides Oliv.has a wide space to develop,which is also an effective way to protect E.ulmoides Oliv.resources and improve its the utilization rate.展开更多
Background:Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is a medicinal plant native to China, with its bark (Eucommiae Cortex) traditionally being used for medicinal purposes. Previous research has shown that Eucommia male flowers can exe...Background:Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is a medicinal plant native to China, with its bark (Eucommiae Cortex) traditionally being used for medicinal purposes. Previous research has shown that Eucommia male flowers can exert anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, and other pharmacological effects, including immune regulation. This study explored the anti-inflammatory effects of the 70% ethanol extract of male flowers (EF) of E. ulmoides in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and LPS-administered mice.Methods:Cytotoxicity of EF for RAW 264.7 cells was investigated using Cell Counting Kit-8. The production of proinflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. IL-17, IL-23, and IL-10 mRNA levels were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway in RAW 264.7 cells was investigated via Western blotting. In vivo antiinflammatory effects of EF were studied in an LPS-induced acute inflammation mouse model by analyzing lung tissue histopathology, serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue.Results:EF showed no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations from 10 to 60 μg/mL (cell viability > 80%) in the CCK-8 cell viability assay. EF inhibited the RAW 264.7 cell proliferation (EF 60 μg/mL, 120 μg/mL, and 250 μg/mL vs. negative control: 87.31±2.39% vs. 100.00±2.50%, P=0.001;79.01±2.56 vs. 100.00±2.50%, P<0.001;and 64.83±2.50 vs. 100.00±2.50%, P<0.001), suppressed NO (EF 20 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL vs. LPS only, 288.81±38.01 vs. 447.68±19.07 μmol/L, P=0.004;and 158.80±45.14 vs. 447.68±19.07 μmol/L, P<0.001), TNF-α (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 210.20±13.85 vs. 577.70±5.35 pg/mL, P<0.001), IL-1β (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 193.30±10.80 vs. 411.03±42.28 pg/mL, P<0.001), and IL-6 (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 149.67±11.60 vs. 524.80±6.24 pg/mL, P<0.001) secretion, and downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-17 (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 0.23±0.02 vs. 0.43±0.12, P<0.001), IL-23 (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 0.29±0.01 vs. 0.42±0.06, P=0.002), and IL-10 (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 0.30±0.01 vs. 0.47±0.01, P=0.008) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. EF inhibited the LPS-induced NF-κB p65 (LPS+EF 20 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL vs. LPS only: 0.78±0.06 vs. 1.17±0.08, P<0.001;and 0.90±0.06 vs. 1.17±0.08, P=0.002) and inhibitor of kappa B (IκBα) phosphorylation (LPS+EF 20 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL vs. LPS only: 0.25±0.01 vs. 0.63±0.03, P<0.001;and 0.31±0.01 vs. 0.63±0.03, P<0.001), LPS+EF 30 μg/mL inhibited IκB kinase (IKKα/β) phosphorylation (LPS+EF 30 μg/mL vs. LPS only, 1.12±0.14 vs. 1.71±0.25, P=0.002) in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, EF 10 mg/kg and EF 20 mg/kg inhibited lung tissue inflammation in vivo and suppressed the serum TNF-α (LPS+EF 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg vs. LPS only, 199.99±186.49 vs. 527.90±263.93 pg/mL, P=0.001;and 260.56±175.83 vs. 527.90±263.93 pg/mL, P=0.005), and IL-6 (LPS+EF 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg vs. LPS only, 41.26±30.42 vs. 79.45±14.16 pg/ml, P=0.011;and 42.01±26.26 vs. 79.45±14.16 pg/mL, P=0.012) levels and MPO (LPS+EF 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg vs. LPS only, 3.19±1.78 vs. 5.39±1.51 U/g, P=0.004;and 3.32±1.57 vs. 5.39±1.51 U/g, P=0.006) activity in lung tissue.Conclusions:EF could effectively inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors and overactivation of neutrophils. Further investigation is needed to evaluate its potential for anti-inflammation therapy.展开更多
Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.(EuO),also known as Duzhong,native to China,has been reported to have antioxidative function,but its cellular mechanism is not fully examined yet.We investigated inhibitory effects of EuO leaf e...Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.(EuO),also known as Duzhong,native to China,has been reported to have antioxidative function,but its cellular mechanism is not fully examined yet.We investigated inhibitory effects of EuO leaf ethanol extracts on H2O2-induced apoptosis in rat osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and underlying mechanisms.Locally-grown Duzhong leaves were extracted with ethanol.MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with EuO (6.25,12.5,25,50,and 100 μg/ml) for 24 h,and then H2O2 (800 μmol/L) for an additional 24 h.Cell survival rate,percentage of apoptosis,and expressions of caspases 3,6,7,and 9 were examined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay,microscopic analysis,Western blotting,and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The final EuO leaf ethanol extract powder was detected to contain caffeotannic acid at 58 mg/g and geniposide at 3.45 mg/g by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).EuO remarkably restrained cell oxidative damage and increased cell survival rate in a dose-dependent manner: 0 μg/ml,0.21;6.25 μg/ml,0.28;12.5 μg/ml,0.31;25 μg/ml,0.48;50 μg/ml,0.54;and 100 μg/ml,0.66 (P<0.05),with the half-effective concentration being around 25 μg/ml.MTT results were confirmed by microscopic analysis.Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses showed that the expressions of caspases 3,6,7,and 9 were significantly decreased in the EuO-treated cells compared with the control (EuOand H2O2-free) (P<0.05),with the half-effective concentration of EuO ranging from 12.5 to 25 μg/ml.We conclude that the ethanol-extracted EuO leaf extracts promoted the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells,and suppressed the H2O2-induced apoptosis in a rat MC3T3-E1 osteogenic cell model,likely due to the inhibition of caspases’ activities.The results indicate that EuO is a potent antioxidant,which may contribute to its many cellular protective functions,including the promotion of bone growth.展开更多
The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), a...The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA) algorithms and normalization method based on the peak areas; the flavones in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were separated on an ODS column by gradient elution carried out with the flow phase consisting of water, methanol and phosphoric acid (0.1%), and their contents were quantitatively determined by standard curve method and diode array detection (DAD) at 362 nm. The results show that 68 and 73 compounds respectively from essential oils of the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are identified, and there are 33 mutual compounds among 108 compounds determined. The total contents of these volatile components of the two samples possess 92.9% and 97.75% of the gross of the relevant essential oils, respectively; the contents of the rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are 0.016 9, 0.003 6, 0.002 1 and 0.064 4, 0.030 2, 0.010 0 mg/g, respectively, and the determination recoveries are 95.2%-106.2%. The comparative analysis shows that for the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, there are significant differences in their components of the relevant essential oils and flavones.展开更多
The phytoene desaturase(PDS)encodes a crucial enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.Silencing or inhibiting PDS expression leads to the appearance of mottled,chlorosis,or albino leaves.In this study,the CDS se...The phytoene desaturase(PDS)encodes a crucial enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.Silencing or inhibiting PDS expression leads to the appearance of mottled,chlorosis,or albino leaves.In this study,the CDS sequence of EuPDS(Eucommia ulmoides Phytoene Desaturase)was first cloned and then PDS was silenced in Nicotiana benthamiana.Result showed the expression level of EuPDS in leaves was higher than that in the roots and stems.In N.benthamiana leaves,which were treated by Agrobacterium for 24 h,photo-bleaching was shown on the fresh leaves one week after injection and the transcript level of PDS was down-regulated during the period of emersion.This suggested that EuPDS could silence PDS of N.benthamiana,so as to cause the phenotype of leaf whitening.PDS is the main reporter gene involved in virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).This study offered molecular evidence for identifying PDS gene involved in Carotenoid’s biosynthesis pathway and the regulation networks in E.ulmides.It also laid a useful foundation for study on leaf discoloration mechanism of other woody plants.展开更多
Adventitious root formation poses a major constraint on the tissue culture and genetic transformation of Eucommia ulmoides.Micrografting offers a new method for the transplantation of genetic transformation,and its su...Adventitious root formation poses a major constraint on the tissue culture and genetic transformation of Eucommia ulmoides.Micrografting offers a new method for the transplantation of genetic transformation,and its success depends on the formation of graft unions.This study used transgenic rootless test-tube seedlings as scions and seedlings from seed as rootstocks during micrografting to avoid the rooting issues that occur during tissue culture and to investigate the role of the EuEG1 gene in the graft healing process.We found that the EuEG1 gene is a vital regulator of graft,and its overexpression contributes to the survival of Eucommia ulmoides micrografting.The EuEG1 gene transgenic plants(TP)used as scions for micrografting presented a significantly higher survival rate than the wild type(WT)and empty vector(EV)regenerated scions.During the grafting healing process,the expression of the EuEG1 gene was higher during the period of callus proliferation,suggesting that the EuEG1 gene was involved in the graft healing process.Histological observation revealed that more calluses tissue appeared at the junction of transgenic scions,and the connection with the rootstock was stronger,which benefits wound healing.These results provide new insights into Eucommia ulmoides micrografting and indicate that the EuEG1 gene can promote wound healing and improve the micrografting survival rate.展开更多
Objective:To study the influenceof eucommia polysaccharide on the mice' liver damaged by clophasphamidecy (CY).Methods:Injecting CY build mice liver damage model,eucommia polysaccharide given different doses, meas...Objective:To study the influenceof eucommia polysaccharide on the mice' liver damaged by clophasphamidecy (CY).Methods:Injecting CY build mice liver damage model,eucommia polysaccharide given different doses, measured blood serum ALT,AST and the liver's SOD,MDA. Results:After the injection CY,blood serum ALT,AST and the MDA of liver rise and the SOD of liver reduce comparedwith the blank group. The eucommia polysaccharide can improve these index.Conclusion:The Eucommia polysaccharide may protect the mice' liver damaged by CY.展开更多
Substitutes of feed antibiotics have been a key research topic in the new stage of animal husbandry.Chinese veterinary medicine refers to decoction pieces and their preparations processed from natural plants,animals,a...Substitutes of feed antibiotics have been a key research topic in the new stage of animal husbandry.Chinese veterinary medicine refers to decoction pieces and their preparations processed from natural plants,animals,and minerals and used for animal disease prevention and improvement of animal production performance under the guidance of Chinese veterinary pharmacy theory.Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract has many active functional components such as chlorogenic acid,E.ulmoides polysaccharides and flavonoids,which have many biological properties such as antibacterial,antioxidant,immune-regulation,sugar ester-and bone metabolism-regulation effects.This paper explored active ingredients and biological properties of E.ulmoides leaf extract,as well as its role and effects in livestock and poultry breeding,providing a scientific basis for the use of E.ulmoides leaves in livestock and poultry breeding.展开更多
A novel Eucommia antifungal peptide,named EAFP3,was isolated from the bark of Eucommia ul-too/des by NaC1 extract,gel filtration and reverse phase high performanee liquid ehromatography.Themolecular mass of EAFP3 is 4...A novel Eucommia antifungal peptide,named EAFP3,was isolated from the bark of Eucommia ul-too/des by NaC1 extract,gel filtration and reverse phase high performanee liquid ehromatography.Themolecular mass of EAFP3 is 4157.3 Da,and its partial amino acid sequenee is-.LYQQLIAGITLNK.-.EAFP3 exerts an inhibitory activity against Candida albicans in vitro and the drug concentration requiredfor 50% growth inhibition(IC50)is 31.25μg/mL.展开更多
Gibberellic acid controlled the key developmental processes of the life cycle of landing plants,and regulated the growth and development of plants.In this study,a novel gibberellin receptor gene EuGID1 was obtained fr...Gibberellic acid controlled the key developmental processes of the life cycle of landing plants,and regulated the growth and development of plants.In this study,a novel gibberellin receptor gene EuGID1 was obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.The cDNA of EuGID1 was 1556 bp,and the open reading frame was 1029 bp,which encoded 343 amino acids.EuGID1 had the homology sequence with the hormone-sensitive lipase family.Amino acid sequence alignment confirmed EuGID1 protein had the highest homology with the GID1 protein of Manihot esculenta.EuGID1 was located in the nucleus and cell membrane and had expression in four plant organs.Overexpression of EuGID1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants promoted plant elongation and increased siliques yield.展开更多
EUCOMMIA ulmoides is not only a famous medicinal plant,but also a most promising rubber-source plant in the temperate zone.All the individuals present in this species are diploid(2n=2x=34),and the objective of this wo...EUCOMMIA ulmoides is not only a famous medicinal plant,but also a most promising rubber-source plant in the temperate zone.All the individuals present in this species are diploid(2n=2x=34),and the objective of this work is to establish a novel triploid type of it so as to im-prove its overall biomass output or rubber content in the leaf cells by the characteristic cell en-展开更多
To evaluate the potential anti-aging ability of Eucommia ulmoides,four characteristic components(chlorogenic acid,geniposidic acid,aucubin,quercetin)were selected to assess their effects on H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidativ...To evaluate the potential anti-aging ability of Eucommia ulmoides,four characteristic components(chlorogenic acid,geniposidic acid,aucubin,quercetin)were selected to assess their effects on H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage model of human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC).Oxidative damage indexes,inflammatory factors,cell cycle,cell apoptosis,cell senescence,and their related proteins were analyzed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),propidium iodide(PI)staining,annexin V-FITC/PI double staining,SAβ-galactosidase staining,and western blotting(WB).The results showed that H_(2)O_(2)-induced cell growth inhibition rate decreased as supplementation with characteristic components when compared to H_(2)O_(2) group.Meanwhile,the contents of antioxidant indexes(reactive oxygen species,lactate dehydrogenase,molondialdehyde,superoxide dismutase,glutathione),inflammatory factors(nuclear factor kappa-B,intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,vascular cell adhesion protein 1),and functional factors(NO,Endothelin-1)in characteristic components treated groups improved if comparison with H_(2)O_(2) group,suggesting the characteristic components of E.ulmoides could alleviate H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage.Moreover,cell cycle,cell apoptosis,cell senescence,and their related proteins under characteristic components treatment exhibited a better effect than under H_(2)O_(2) treatment,implying the characteristic components could participate in anti-aging via multiple pathways.These results manifested that the characteristic components of E.ulmoides posses the capacity of anti-aging,which provided a basis for investigating the anti-aging ability of E.ulmoides itself.展开更多
Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’is a new ornamental variety of E.ulmoides with excellent red or purple foliage.We found that E.ulmoides‘Hongye’exhibited a gradual change from green to red colour under light conditions.Ho...Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’is a new ornamental variety of E.ulmoides with excellent red or purple foliage.We found that E.ulmoides‘Hongye’exhibited a gradual change from green to red colour under light conditions.However,the colouring mechanism in the leaves of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’remains unclear.In this study,we compared the pigment content and leaf colour index of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’at five stages with those of E.ulmoides‘Xiaoye’,which was used as the control variety.The transcriptome sequencing data of the first-period(H1,green)and fifth-period(H5,red)leaves were also analysed and compared.The corresponding gene regulation in anthocyanin-related metabolic pathways was then analysed.Physiological results indicated that the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in red leaves(H5)were significantly higher than those in green leaves(H1),whereas the chlorophyll content in red leaves(H5)was lower than that in green leaves(H1).Moreover,the carotenoid content did not significantly differ between the two varieties.A transcriptome analysis identified 4240 differentially expressed genes(DEGs),and 20 of these genes were found to be involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways.The results provide a reference for further study of the leaf colouration mechanism in E.ulmoides.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42107020)the Scientific Research Start Funds,Hunan Institute of Technology(No.HQ20014)。
文摘To ensure the export quality of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract(ELE)and facilitate E.ulmoides leaf inclusion in the directory of traditional Chinese health foods,an overall safety assessment of ELE was performed,including genotoxicity and long-term toxicity,according to the national food safety standards of China.No variations in the reverse mutation number of the nominal bacterial strains were observed under ELE treatment in comparison with the solvent control.Additionally,the micronucleus rates of in vivo mammalian erythrocytes and in vitro mammalian cells under ELE treatment were equivalent to or significantly lower than those of the solvent control.The fold change in the trifluorothymidine resistance mutation frequency of the thymidine kinase gene under ELE treatment was less than three times in comparison with the solvent control,suggesting that ELE did not cause genotoxicity.Moreover,animal experiments showed that the growth performance of rats under ELE treatment was enhanced because the body weights of rats increased.No oxidative injury or inflammatory responses were induced and no histopathological lesions of tissues were detected under ELE treatment.In addition,plasma triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly decreased,and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly increased with ELE treatment,suggesting that ELE was health-promoting.Furthermore,moderate to excellent antimicrobial activities,a favorable anticancer capacity,and superior antioxidant abilities of ELE were found,implying ELE possesses good bioactivities.Therefore,we affirmed ELE is safe to consume as a traditional Chinese health food.
基金the National Key Research and Development Plan,China(2016YFD0400203-4).
文摘Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate of E.ulmoides Oliv.is still very low,only bark has been used as medicine and other parts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.cannot be fully utilized,even the leaves have been well utilized in food products in Japan in the past decades.In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of E.ulmoides Oliv.,in this review,we summarized the varieties and contents of main active compounds,biological functions and pharmacological effects in different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.The findings suggest that other parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.could replace the bark of E.ulmoides Oliv.to some extent besides of their respective applications.The unique and extensive physiological functions between different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.indicate that the comprehensive utilization of E.ulmoides Oliv.has a wide space to develop,which is also an effective way to protect E.ulmoides Oliv.resources and improve its the utilization rate.
基金grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.81573814, 81773922)the Shanghai Construction Project of the Establishment of Innovation Center (No.U163020201)the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No.2016YSN10).
文摘Background:Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is a medicinal plant native to China, with its bark (Eucommiae Cortex) traditionally being used for medicinal purposes. Previous research has shown that Eucommia male flowers can exert anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, and other pharmacological effects, including immune regulation. This study explored the anti-inflammatory effects of the 70% ethanol extract of male flowers (EF) of E. ulmoides in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and LPS-administered mice.Methods:Cytotoxicity of EF for RAW 264.7 cells was investigated using Cell Counting Kit-8. The production of proinflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. IL-17, IL-23, and IL-10 mRNA levels were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway in RAW 264.7 cells was investigated via Western blotting. In vivo antiinflammatory effects of EF were studied in an LPS-induced acute inflammation mouse model by analyzing lung tissue histopathology, serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue.Results:EF showed no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations from 10 to 60 μg/mL (cell viability > 80%) in the CCK-8 cell viability assay. EF inhibited the RAW 264.7 cell proliferation (EF 60 μg/mL, 120 μg/mL, and 250 μg/mL vs. negative control: 87.31±2.39% vs. 100.00±2.50%, P=0.001;79.01±2.56 vs. 100.00±2.50%, P<0.001;and 64.83±2.50 vs. 100.00±2.50%, P<0.001), suppressed NO (EF 20 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL vs. LPS only, 288.81±38.01 vs. 447.68±19.07 μmol/L, P=0.004;and 158.80±45.14 vs. 447.68±19.07 μmol/L, P<0.001), TNF-α (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 210.20±13.85 vs. 577.70±5.35 pg/mL, P<0.001), IL-1β (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 193.30±10.80 vs. 411.03±42.28 pg/mL, P<0.001), and IL-6 (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 149.67±11.60 vs. 524.80±6.24 pg/mL, P<0.001) secretion, and downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-17 (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 0.23±0.02 vs. 0.43±0.12, P<0.001), IL-23 (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 0.29±0.01 vs. 0.42±0.06, P=0.002), and IL-10 (LPS+EF vs. LPS only, 0.30±0.01 vs. 0.47±0.01, P=0.008) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. EF inhibited the LPS-induced NF-κB p65 (LPS+EF 20 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL vs. LPS only: 0.78±0.06 vs. 1.17±0.08, P<0.001;and 0.90±0.06 vs. 1.17±0.08, P=0.002) and inhibitor of kappa B (IκBα) phosphorylation (LPS+EF 20 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL vs. LPS only: 0.25±0.01 vs. 0.63±0.03, P<0.001;and 0.31±0.01 vs. 0.63±0.03, P<0.001), LPS+EF 30 μg/mL inhibited IκB kinase (IKKα/β) phosphorylation (LPS+EF 30 μg/mL vs. LPS only, 1.12±0.14 vs. 1.71±0.25, P=0.002) in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, EF 10 mg/kg and EF 20 mg/kg inhibited lung tissue inflammation in vivo and suppressed the serum TNF-α (LPS+EF 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg vs. LPS only, 199.99±186.49 vs. 527.90±263.93 pg/mL, P=0.001;and 260.56±175.83 vs. 527.90±263.93 pg/mL, P=0.005), and IL-6 (LPS+EF 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg vs. LPS only, 41.26±30.42 vs. 79.45±14.16 pg/ml, P=0.011;and 42.01±26.26 vs. 79.45±14.16 pg/mL, P=0.012) levels and MPO (LPS+EF 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg vs. LPS only, 3.19±1.78 vs. 5.39±1.51 U/g, P=0.004;and 3.32±1.57 vs. 5.39±1.51 U/g, P=0.006) activity in lung tissue.Conclusions:EF could effectively inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors and overactivation of neutrophils. Further investigation is needed to evaluate its potential for anti-inflammation therapy.
基金Project (No.2007C33030) supported by the Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province,China
文摘Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.(EuO),also known as Duzhong,native to China,has been reported to have antioxidative function,but its cellular mechanism is not fully examined yet.We investigated inhibitory effects of EuO leaf ethanol extracts on H2O2-induced apoptosis in rat osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and underlying mechanisms.Locally-grown Duzhong leaves were extracted with ethanol.MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with EuO (6.25,12.5,25,50,and 100 μg/ml) for 24 h,and then H2O2 (800 μmol/L) for an additional 24 h.Cell survival rate,percentage of apoptosis,and expressions of caspases 3,6,7,and 9 were examined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay,microscopic analysis,Western blotting,and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The final EuO leaf ethanol extract powder was detected to contain caffeotannic acid at 58 mg/g and geniposide at 3.45 mg/g by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).EuO remarkably restrained cell oxidative damage and increased cell survival rate in a dose-dependent manner: 0 μg/ml,0.21;6.25 μg/ml,0.28;12.5 μg/ml,0.31;25 μg/ml,0.48;50 μg/ml,0.54;and 100 μg/ml,0.66 (P<0.05),with the half-effective concentration being around 25 μg/ml.MTT results were confirmed by microscopic analysis.Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses showed that the expressions of caspases 3,6,7,and 9 were significantly decreased in the EuO-treated cells compared with the control (EuOand H2O2-free) (P<0.05),with the half-effective concentration of EuO ranging from 12.5 to 25 μg/ml.We conclude that the ethanol-extracted EuO leaf extracts promoted the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells,and suppressed the H2O2-induced apoptosis in a rat MC3T3-E1 osteogenic cell model,likely due to the inhibition of caspases’ activities.The results indicate that EuO is a potent antioxidant,which may contribute to its many cellular protective functions,including the promotion of bone growth.
基金Project(20235020) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA) algorithms and normalization method based on the peak areas; the flavones in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were separated on an ODS column by gradient elution carried out with the flow phase consisting of water, methanol and phosphoric acid (0.1%), and their contents were quantitatively determined by standard curve method and diode array detection (DAD) at 362 nm. The results show that 68 and 73 compounds respectively from essential oils of the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are identified, and there are 33 mutual compounds among 108 compounds determined. The total contents of these volatile components of the two samples possess 92.9% and 97.75% of the gross of the relevant essential oils, respectively; the contents of the rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are 0.016 9, 0.003 6, 0.002 1 and 0.064 4, 0.030 2, 0.010 0 mg/g, respectively, and the determination recoveries are 95.2%-106.2%. The comparative analysis shows that for the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, there are significant differences in their components of the relevant essential oils and flavones.
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31870285,31660076&32160384)the Open Fund for Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Science(No.KY[2022]366)Guizhou Province High-Level Innovative Talent Training Program Project(No.[2016]4003).
文摘The phytoene desaturase(PDS)encodes a crucial enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.Silencing or inhibiting PDS expression leads to the appearance of mottled,chlorosis,or albino leaves.In this study,the CDS sequence of EuPDS(Eucommia ulmoides Phytoene Desaturase)was first cloned and then PDS was silenced in Nicotiana benthamiana.Result showed the expression level of EuPDS in leaves was higher than that in the roots and stems.In N.benthamiana leaves,which were treated by Agrobacterium for 24 h,photo-bleaching was shown on the fresh leaves one week after injection and the transcript level of PDS was down-regulated during the period of emersion.This suggested that EuPDS could silence PDS of N.benthamiana,so as to cause the phenotype of leaf whitening.PDS is the main reporter gene involved in virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).This study offered molecular evidence for identifying PDS gene involved in Carotenoid’s biosynthesis pathway and the regulation networks in E.ulmides.It also laid a useful foundation for study on leaf discoloration mechanism of other woody plants.
基金y National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant Number 31870285Talent Special Project of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Grant Number 2022-02Talent Base for Germplasm Resources Utilization and Innovation of Characteristic Plant in Guizhou,Grant Number RCJD2018–14.
文摘Adventitious root formation poses a major constraint on the tissue culture and genetic transformation of Eucommia ulmoides.Micrografting offers a new method for the transplantation of genetic transformation,and its success depends on the formation of graft unions.This study used transgenic rootless test-tube seedlings as scions and seedlings from seed as rootstocks during micrografting to avoid the rooting issues that occur during tissue culture and to investigate the role of the EuEG1 gene in the graft healing process.We found that the EuEG1 gene is a vital regulator of graft,and its overexpression contributes to the survival of Eucommia ulmoides micrografting.The EuEG1 gene transgenic plants(TP)used as scions for micrografting presented a significantly higher survival rate than the wild type(WT)and empty vector(EV)regenerated scions.During the grafting healing process,the expression of the EuEG1 gene was higher during the period of callus proliferation,suggesting that the EuEG1 gene was involved in the graft healing process.Histological observation revealed that more calluses tissue appeared at the junction of transgenic scions,and the connection with the rootstock was stronger,which benefits wound healing.These results provide new insights into Eucommia ulmoides micrografting and indicate that the EuEG1 gene can promote wound healing and improve the micrografting survival rate.
文摘Objective:To study the influenceof eucommia polysaccharide on the mice' liver damaged by clophasphamidecy (CY).Methods:Injecting CY build mice liver damage model,eucommia polysaccharide given different doses, measured blood serum ALT,AST and the liver's SOD,MDA. Results:After the injection CY,blood serum ALT,AST and the MDA of liver rise and the SOD of liver reduce comparedwith the blank group. The eucommia polysaccharide can improve these index.Conclusion:The Eucommia polysaccharide may protect the mice' liver damaged by CY.
基金Supported by Agricultural Society Field Science and Technology Innovation Policy Guidance Program of Binzhou City (2023KTPY001).
文摘Substitutes of feed antibiotics have been a key research topic in the new stage of animal husbandry.Chinese veterinary medicine refers to decoction pieces and their preparations processed from natural plants,animals,and minerals and used for animal disease prevention and improvement of animal production performance under the guidance of Chinese veterinary pharmacy theory.Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract has many active functional components such as chlorogenic acid,E.ulmoides polysaccharides and flavonoids,which have many biological properties such as antibacterial,antioxidant,immune-regulation,sugar ester-and bone metabolism-regulation effects.This paper explored active ingredients and biological properties of E.ulmoides leaf extract,as well as its role and effects in livestock and poultry breeding,providing a scientific basis for the use of E.ulmoides leaves in livestock and poultry breeding.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30660146)the Ministry of Sciences of Technology Program of China(2003CCA02600)
文摘A novel Eucommia antifungal peptide,named EAFP3,was isolated from the bark of Eucommia ul-too/des by NaC1 extract,gel filtration and reverse phase high performanee liquid ehromatography.Themolecular mass of EAFP3 is 4157.3 Da,and its partial amino acid sequenee is-.LYQQLIAGITLNK.-.EAFP3 exerts an inhibitory activity against Candida albicans in vitro and the drug concentration requiredfor 50% growth inhibition(IC50)is 31.25μg/mL.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region(Ministry of Education)(MOELP-201801)the Young Scholars and Technology Talents Development Project of Guizhou Education Department KY([2018]124)the Introduction of Talent Project of Guizhou University([2017]56).
文摘Gibberellic acid controlled the key developmental processes of the life cycle of landing plants,and regulated the growth and development of plants.In this study,a novel gibberellin receptor gene EuGID1 was obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.The cDNA of EuGID1 was 1556 bp,and the open reading frame was 1029 bp,which encoded 343 amino acids.EuGID1 had the homology sequence with the hormone-sensitive lipase family.Amino acid sequence alignment confirmed EuGID1 protein had the highest homology with the GID1 protein of Manihot esculenta.EuGID1 was located in the nucleus and cell membrane and had expression in four plant organs.Overexpression of EuGID1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants promoted plant elongation and increased siliques yield.
文摘EUCOMMIA ulmoides is not only a famous medicinal plant,but also a most promising rubber-source plant in the temperate zone.All the individuals present in this species are diploid(2n=2x=34),and the objective of this work is to establish a novel triploid type of it so as to im-prove its overall biomass output or rubber content in the leaf cells by the characteristic cell en-
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42107020)the Science and Technology Project of Hunan Province(2020SK2028).
文摘To evaluate the potential anti-aging ability of Eucommia ulmoides,four characteristic components(chlorogenic acid,geniposidic acid,aucubin,quercetin)were selected to assess their effects on H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage model of human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC).Oxidative damage indexes,inflammatory factors,cell cycle,cell apoptosis,cell senescence,and their related proteins were analyzed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),propidium iodide(PI)staining,annexin V-FITC/PI double staining,SAβ-galactosidase staining,and western blotting(WB).The results showed that H_(2)O_(2)-induced cell growth inhibition rate decreased as supplementation with characteristic components when compared to H_(2)O_(2) group.Meanwhile,the contents of antioxidant indexes(reactive oxygen species,lactate dehydrogenase,molondialdehyde,superoxide dismutase,glutathione),inflammatory factors(nuclear factor kappa-B,intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,vascular cell adhesion protein 1),and functional factors(NO,Endothelin-1)in characteristic components treated groups improved if comparison with H_(2)O_(2) group,suggesting the characteristic components of E.ulmoides could alleviate H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage.Moreover,cell cycle,cell apoptosis,cell senescence,and their related proteins under characteristic components treatment exhibited a better effect than under H_(2)O_(2) treatment,implying the characteristic components could participate in anti-aging via multiple pathways.These results manifested that the characteristic components of E.ulmoides posses the capacity of anti-aging,which provided a basis for investigating the anti-aging ability of E.ulmoides itself.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province of China(202300410554)Key R&D and Promotion Project of Henan Province(Science and Technology Research)(192102110169,202102110229)].
文摘Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’is a new ornamental variety of E.ulmoides with excellent red or purple foliage.We found that E.ulmoides‘Hongye’exhibited a gradual change from green to red colour under light conditions.However,the colouring mechanism in the leaves of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’remains unclear.In this study,we compared the pigment content and leaf colour index of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’at five stages with those of E.ulmoides‘Xiaoye’,which was used as the control variety.The transcriptome sequencing data of the first-period(H1,green)and fifth-period(H5,red)leaves were also analysed and compared.The corresponding gene regulation in anthocyanin-related metabolic pathways was then analysed.Physiological results indicated that the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in red leaves(H5)were significantly higher than those in green leaves(H1),whereas the chlorophyll content in red leaves(H5)was lower than that in green leaves(H1).Moreover,the carotenoid content did not significantly differ between the two varieties.A transcriptome analysis identified 4240 differentially expressed genes(DEGs),and 20 of these genes were found to be involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways.The results provide a reference for further study of the leaf colouration mechanism in E.ulmoides.