Generalizations of Euler Numbers and Euler Numbers of Higher Order

The purpose of this paper is to define the generalized Euler numbers and the generalized Euler numbers of higher order, their recursion formula and some properties were established, accordingly Euler numbers and Euler numbers of higher order were extended.

Recurrent formula of Bernoulli numbers and the relationships among the coefficients of beam,Bernoulli numbers and Euler numbers

Based on the differential equation of the deflection curve for the beam,the equation of the deflection curve for the simple beamis obtained by integral. The equation of the deflection curve for the simple beamcarrying the linear load is generalized,and then it is expanded into the corresponding Fourier series.With the obtained summation results of the infinite series,it is found that they are related to Bernoulli num-bers and π. The recurrent formula of Bernoulli numbers is presented. The relationships among the coefficients of the beam,Bernoulli numbers and Euler numbers are found,and the relative mathematical formulas are presented.

Fast Object Extraction and Euler Number on Block Represented Images

The identification of objects in binary images is a fundamental task in image analysis and pattern recognition tasks. The Euler number of a binary image is an important topological measure which is used as a feature in image analysis. In this paper, a very fast algorithm for the detection and localization of the objects and the computation of the Euler number of a binary image is proposed. The proposed algorithm operates in one scan of the image and is based on the Image Block Representation (IBR) scheme. The proposed algorithm is more efficient than conventional pixel based algorithms in terms of execution speed and representation of the extracted information.

Super congruences and Euler numbers

Let p 〉 3 be a prime. A p-adic congruence is called a super congruence if it happens to hold modulo some higher power of p. The topic of super congruences is related to many fields including Gauss and Jacobi sums and hypergeometric series. We prove that ∑k=0^p-1（k^2k/2k）≡（-1）^（p-1）/2-p^2Ep-3（modp^3） ∑k=1^（p-1）/2（k^2k）/k≡（-1）^（p＋1）/2 8/3pEp-3（mod p^2）,∑k=0^（p-1）/2（k^2k）^2/16k≡（-1）^（p-1）/2＋p^2Ep-3（mod p^3）,where E0, E1, E2,... are Euler numbers. Our new approach is of combinatorial nature. We also formulate many conjectures concerning super congruences and relate most of them to Euler numbers or Bernoulli numbers. Motivated by our investigation of super congruences, we also raise a conjecture on 7 new series for π2, π-2 and the constant K ：= ∑k=1^∞（k/3）/k^2 （with （-） the Jacobi symbol）, two of which are ∑k=1^∞（10k-3）8k/k2（k^2k）^2（k^3k）=π^2/2and ∑k=1^∞（15k-4）（-27）^k-1/k^3（k^2k）^2（k^3k）=K.

An Algorithm for Connected-Component Labeling, Hole Labeling and Euler Number Computing

Labeling connected components and holes and computing the Euler number in a binary image are necessary for image analysis, pattern recognition, and computer （robot） vision, and are usually made independently of each other in conventional methods. This paper proposes a two-scan algorithm for labeling connected components and holes simultaneously in a binary image by use of the same data structure. With our algorithm, besides labeling, we can also easily calculate the number and the area of connected components and holes, as well as the Euler number. Our method is very simple in principle, and experimental results demonstrate that our method is much more efficient than conventional methods for various kinds of images in cases where both labeling and Euler number computing are necessary.

Applications of an Explicit Formula for the Generalized Euler Numbers

The authors establish an explicit formula for the generalized Euler NumbersE2n^（x）, and obtain some identities and congruences involving the higher＇order Euler numbers, Stirling numbers, the central factorial numbers and the values of the Riemann zeta-function.

A proof of image Euler Number formula

Euler Number is one of the most important characteristics in topology. In twodimension digital images, the Euler characteristic is locally computable. The form of Euler Number formula is different under 4-connected and 8-connected conditions. Based on the definition of the Foreground Segment and Neighbor Number, a formula of the Euler Number computing is proposed and is proved in this paper. It is a new idea to locally compute Euler Number of 2D image.

The History of the Derivation of Euler’s Number

This paper summarizes the works of numerous inspiring hard-working mathematicians in chronological order who have toiled the fields of mathematics to bring forward the harvest of Eulers number, also known as Napiers number or more infamously, e.

Obtaining Simply Explicit Form and New Properties of Euler Polynomials by Differential Calculus

Utilization of the shift operator to represent Euler polynomials as polynomials of Appell type leads directly to its algebraic properties, its relations with powers sums;may be all its relations with Bernoulli polynomials, Bernoulli numbers;its recurrence formulae and a very simple formula for calculating simultaneously Euler numbers and Euler polynomials. The expansions of Euler polynomials into Fourier series are also obtained;the formulae for obtaining all πm as series on k-m and for expanding functions into series of Euler polynomials.

ON NORMAL EULER NUMBERS OF EMBEDDING RP^2 IN INDEFINITE 4-MANIFOLDS

Let N be a closed, nonorientable surface, M be a simply connected 4-manifold. f: N→M is an embedding with normal bundle vf. The normal Euler class e（vf） of f is an element in H2（N,）, where is the local coefficient determined by w1（vf） =w1（N）. It is very important to determine e（vf）[N] for all embeddings. This problem is closely related to whether a two-dimensional homology class can be represented by a smooth embedded sphere. In this note, we determine all the possible normal Euler numbers of embedding real projective plane into indefinite 4-manifolds.

ON NORMAL EULER NUMBERS OF EMBEDDING SURFACES INTO 4-MANIFOLDS

Let N be a closed,orientable 4-manifold satisfying H1（N,Z）=0,and M be a closed,connected,nonorientable surface embedded in N with normal bundle v.The Euler class e（v）ofv is an element of H2（M,（?））,where （?） denotes the twisted integer coefficients determined byw1（v）=w1（M）.We study the possible values of e（v）[M],and prove H1（N-M）=Z2 or 0.Underthe condition of H1（N-M,Z）=Z2,we conclude that e（v）[M]can only take the followingvalues:2σ（N）-2（n+β2）,2σ（N）-2（n+β2-2）,2σ（N）-2（n+β2-4）,…,2σ（N）+2（n+β2）,where σ（N） is the usual index of N,n the nonorientable genus of M and β2 the 2nd real Bettinumber.Finally,we show that these values can be actually attained by appropriate embeddingfor N=homological sphere.In the case of N=S4.this is just the well-known Whitney conjectureproved by W.S.Massey in 1969.

NORMAL EULER NUMBERS OF EMBEDDING NONORIENTABLE SURFACES IN 4-MANIFOLDS

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一个包含勾股数的Euler函数非线性方程的正整数解

利用欧拉函数的性质与初等数论的方法,讨论包含勾股数的Euler函数非线性方程φ(xyz)=aφ(x)+bφ(y)+cφ(z)-m(a,b,c为勾股数且gcd(a,b,c)=1),当(a,b,c)=(3,4,5)且m=16时的正整数解情况,并证明该方程共有28组正整数解。

The Theoretical Significance and Reality of Imaginary Number

It is a fact that imaginary numbers do not have practical significance. But the role of imaginary numbers is very broad and enormous, due to the existence of Euler’s formula. Due to Euler’s formula, imaginary numbers have been applied in many theoretical theories. One of the biggest functions of imaginary numbers is to represent changes in phase, which is indispensable in signal analysis theory. The imaginary numbers in quantum mechanics pose a greater mystery: do the imaginary numbers really exist? This question still needs further scientific development to be answered.

Euler示性数的相交数表示

Euler示性数作为拓扑学中的一个重要不变量,其涉及了组合中的Euler定理、代数拓扑中的Euler-Poincaré公式和微分拓扑中的Poincaré-Hopf指标定理。本文主要研究Euler示性数的一种几何拓扑表示,即相交数表示。一方面,设M是一个可定向的n维光滑紧流形,记Δ:M→M×M为对角嵌入,其像为N_1;另一方面,设s:M→TM为一个零截口,s (M)可嵌入M×M中,其像为N_2。本文证明了M的Euler示性数等于N_1与N_2的相交数,即χ(M)=N_1·N_2。

Quantum geometric tensor and the topological characterization of the extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model

We investigate the quantum metric and topological Euler number in a cyclically modulated Su-Schrieffer-Heeger(SSH)model with long-range hopping terms.By computing the quantum geometry tensor,we derive exact expressions for the quantum metric and Berry curvature of the energy band electrons,and we obtain the phase diagram of the model marked by the first Chern number.Furthermore,we also obtain the topological Euler number of the energy band based on the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on the topological characterization of the closed Bloch states manifold in the first Brillouin zone.However,some regions where the Berry curvature is identically zero in the first Brillouin zone result in the degeneracy of the quantum metric,which leads to ill-defined non-integer topological Euler numbers.Nevertheless,the non-integer"Euler number"provides valuable insights and an upper bound for the absolute values of the Chern numbers.

Bernoulli数和Euler数的关系

本文给出了Bernoulli数和Euler数之间的关系 ,从而深化和补充了文献 [1～

高阶Bernoulli多项式和高阶Euler多项式的关系

利用发生函数的方法,讨论了高阶Bernoulli数和高阶Euler数,高阶Bernoulli多项式和高阶Euler多项式之间的关系,得到了经典Bernoulli数和Euler数,经典Bernoulli多项式和Euler多项式之间的新型关系.

高阶Euler数和高阶Euler多项式

得到了高阶Euler数和高阶Euler多项式的若干新结果。

高阶Bernoulli数和高阶Euler数的关系

使用发生函数方法全面讨论了高阶Bernoulli数和高阶Euler数之间的新型关系,这些公式进一步深化和补充了文献[3～5]中的相关结果.