Variational iteration method for solving compressible Euler equations

This paper applies the variational iteration method to obtain approximate analytic solutions of compressible Euler equations in gas dynamics. This method is based on the use of Lagrange multiplier for identification of optimal values of parameters in a functional. Using this method, a rapid convergent sequence is produced which converges to the exact solutions of the problem. Numerical results and comparison with other two numerical solutions verify that this method is very convenient and efficient.

On the Homotopy Analysis Method and Optimal Value of the Convergence Control Parameter: Solution of Euler-Lagrange Equation

This paper presents, an efficient approach for solving Euler-Lagrange Equation which arises from calculus of variations. Homotopy analysis method to find an approximate solution of variational problems is proposed. An optimal value of the convergence control parameter is given through the square residual error. By minimizing the the square residual error, the optimal convergence-control parameters can be obtained. It is showed that the homotopy analysis method was valid and feasible to the study of variational problems.

变分法的Euler-Lagrange方程及其应用

国外数学物理教材已引入了求包含因变量 n阶导数的泛函的极值问题的有关内容 [1] .作者引入 Euler- Lagrange算符统一叙述其中最重要的 Euler- L agrange方程及其一些简单的应用 。

图像复原模型的Euler-Lagrange方程

在对图像复原模型进行简单介绍的基础上,利用变分基本引理推导出3个常用图像复原模型的Euler-lagrange方程,并对所得方程进行了证明。

论二阶Euler-Lagrange方程的形式和结构

本文讨论m个变元情形,得到结论:m≥2时,二阶方程为Euler-Lagrange方程的充要条件是它为Monge-Ampere方程,其系数满足某些条件。

Modeling of Plane Arrays Using a Variational Approach

The variational statement of synthesis problem is generalized in order to account the additional requirements to the synthesized radiation pattern (RP) and field distribution in the specified points of near zone. For this aim, the minimizing functional is supplemented by term providing the possibility to minimize the values of field in these points;creating the deep zeros in the RP for the certain angular coordinates is realized too. The approach foresees reduction of an explicit formula for field values in a near zone. The results of computational modeling testify the possibility to create zeros in the given RP and to minimize the values of field in a near zone of plane arrays in a great extent.

基于Lagrange插值多项式拟合的力学系统的变分积分子

变分积分子是通过直接离散变分原理得到的一类特殊的动力学系统的数值差分格式,较之传统差分格式呈现出明显的计算优越性.由离散Euler-Lagrange方程的形式可知,变分积分子的构造过程最终归结为计算离散Lagrange函数的偏导数,其中离散Lagrange函数是Lagrange函数在单个时间步长的积分,通常由经典求积公式近似得到.根据离散Lagrange函数的积分表达式,解析计算其偏导数会随之衍生一个新的且与连续Euler-Lagrange方程密切关联的积分,因此,构造变分积分子就可以不再以通过经典求积公式得到的具体形式的离散Lagrange函数为前提,而是可以直接基于一组离散结点近似新衍生的积分.在这些离散结点处,如果进一步让系统的拟合轨迹严格满足Euler-Lagrange方程,即运动方程,那么新的积分自动为零,相应地,计算离散Lagrange函数的偏导数就简化为计算连续Lagrange函数关于速度变量的偏导数.这种新的构造方式同时结合了连续和离散的Euler-Lagrange方程,不仅让最终得到的差分格式仍然继承了变分积分子特有的优越计算性能,而且在同阶精度的情况下具有更小的局部误差.

Euler求和公式的改进与幂和的不等式

改进了Ｅｕｌｅｒ求和公式，建立对离散和∑ｎｋ＝ｍｆ（ｋ）进行不等式估值的理论，导出幂和∑ｎｋ＝ｍｋα（α∈Ｒ）的联系Ｂｅｒｎｏｕｌｉ数的一般估值不等式。

Swimmer simulation using robot manipulator dynamics under steady water

To help swimmers improve, we have developed a computational swimming model using underwater manipulator dynamics. We formulate the equations of the underwater manipulator dynamics using the fluid drag, which is proportional to the square of the velocity. We construct a swimming model consisting of several links based on these equations. The distance traveled by the optimal swimming motion is derived using the model. The input parameters are the joint torques. The arm and leg positions in the model are determined from the joint torques. The force transmitted from the water to the manipulator is defined to be the action force, and the force transmitted from the manipulator to the water is defined to be the reaction force. This reaction force is defined to be the propulsion force. By combining the propulsion force generated by the arms and legs and the frictional drag with respect to the body we can calculate the distance traveled. To optimize the propulsion, which depends on the swimmer’s motion, a variational approach using the Lagrange function is applied. We can use the model to simulate 2D pseudo-backstroke motion. Our model has a lower cost than other techniques in the literature, because it does not require computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The swimmer velocity calculated by our model agrees quite closely with the results in the literature. The model qualitatively captures the movement of an actual swimmer.

EULER弹性模型在图像修复中的应用

由于全变分模型修复的图像只能沿直线修复,不能满足人的视觉连接性效果,本文将Euler弹性曲线能量引入到全变分模型中,采用改进的EULER弹性模型对图像进行修复,实验结果表明:欧拉弹性修复模型能有效、稳定地沿曲线修复破损区域的图像信息,由于引入了曲线能量使得修复后的图像满足人的视觉连接性效果。

Consistency and Validity of the Mathematical Models and the Solution Methods for BVPs and IVPs Based on Energy Methods and Principle of Virtual Work for Homogeneous Isotropic and Non-Homogeneous Non-Isotropic Solid Continua

Energy methods and the principle of virtual work are commonly used for obtaining solutions of boundary value problems (BVPs) and initial value problems (IVPs) associated with homogeneous, isotropic and non-homogeneous, non-isotropic matter without using (or in the absence of) the mathematical models of the BVPs and the IVPs. These methods are also used for deriving mathematical models for BVPs and IVPs associated with isotropic, homogeneous as well as non-homogeneous, non-isotropic continuous matter. In energy methods when applied to IVPs, one constructs energy functional (I) consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The first variation of this energy functional (δI) set to zero is a necessary condition for an extremum of I. In this approach one could use δI = 0 directly in constructing computational processes such as the finite element method or could derive Euler’s equations (differential or partial differential equations) from δI = 0, which is also satisfied by a solution obtained from δI = 0. The Euler’s equations obtained from δI = 0 indeed are the mathematical model associated with the energy functional I. In case of BVPs we follow the same approach except in this case, the energy functional I consists of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. In using the principle of virtual work for BVPs and the IVPs, we can also accomplish the same as described above using energy methods. In this paper we investigate consistency and validity of the mathematical models for isotropic, homogeneous and non-isotropic, non-homogeneous continuous matter for BVPs that are derived using energy functional consisting of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. Similar investigation is also presented for IVPs using energy functional consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The computational approaches for BVPs and the IVPs designed using energy functional and principle of virtual work, their consistency and validity are also investigated. Classical continuum mechanics (CCM) principles i.e. conservation and balance laws of CCM with consistent constitutive theories and the elements of calculus of variations are employed in the investigations presented in this paper.

Ion-acoustic waves in plasma of warm ions and isothermal electrons using time-fractional KdV equation

The ion-acoustic solitary wave in collisionless unmagnetized plasma consisting of warm ions-fluid and isothermal electrons is studied using the time fractional KdV equation. The reductive perturbation method has been employed to derive the Korteweg-de Vries equation for small but finite amplitude ion-acoustic wave in warm plasma. The Lagrangian of the time fractional KdV equation is used in a similar form to the Lagrangian of the regular KdV equation with fractional derivative for the time differentiation. The variation of the functional of this Lagrangian leads to the Euler-Lagrange equation that gives the time fractional KdV equation. The variational-iteration method is used to solve the derived time fractional KdV equation. The calculations of the solution are carried out for different values of the time fractional order. These calculations show that the time fractional can be used to modulate the electrostatic potential wave instead of adding a higher order dissipation term to the KdV equation. The results of the present investigation may be applicable to some plasma environments, such as the ionosphere plasma.

Optimal Trajectory of Underwater Manipulator Using Adjoint Variable Method for Reducing Drag

In order to decrease the fluid drag on an underwater robot manipulator, an optimal trajectory method based on the variational method is presented. By introducing the adjoint variables, which are Lagrange multipliers, we formulate a Lagrange function under certain constraints related to the target angle, target angular velocity, and dynamic equation of the robot manipulator. The state equation (the partial differentiation of the Lagrange function with respect to the state variables), adjoint equation (the partial differentiation of the Lagrange function with respect to the adjoint variables), and sensitivity equation (the partial differentiation of the Lagrange function with respect to torques) can be derived from the stationary conditions of the Lagrange function. Using the state equation, we can calculate the state variables (angles, angular velocities, and angular acceleration) at every time step in the forward time direction. These state variables are stored as data at every time step. Next, by using the adjoint equation, we can calculate the adjoint variables by using these state variables at every time step in the backward time direction. These adjoint variables are stored as data at every time step. Third, the sensitivity equation is calculated by using both the state variables and the adjoint variables. Finally, the optimal trajectory of the manipulator is obtained using the sensitivities. The proposed method is applied to the problem of two-link manipulators. It can obtain the optimal drag reduction trajectory of the manipulator under the constraints mentioned above.

浅谈变分原理及其一些应用

给出了变分原理的基本形式以及变分极值的欧拉-拉格朗日方程的推导,其次以短程线、测地线、最速降线和等周问题为例,分别推导出各具体形式的欧拉-拉格朗日方程表示式,并对相应原问题给出求解过程以及各种相关的推广.

一般n阶特征量泛函的Euler-Lagrange方程及与定量因果原理、相对性原理和广义牛顿三定律的统一

本文获得了有各种相互作用的一般n阶特征量泛函,其耦合系数反映了不同特征量泛函之间的耦合强度.依据定量因果原理,导出了一般n阶特征量泛函的变分原理,获得了一般n阶特征量泛函的Euler-Lagrange方程,它的不同系数可拟合不同的物理现实,如从线性到任意n阶非线性物理系统,使复杂难解的任意n阶非线性物理系统变得具体可解.并获得了该对称变换下不变的m个的守恒量,以及它们之间的关系和统一描述.依据定量因果原理导出了相对性原理,证明了绝对加速参考系、牵连参考系和相对参考系的力都有来自加速度和质量变化的贡献.利用定量因果原理自然导出了广义牛顿第一定律和广义牛顿第二定律,而且还导出了一个新定律,即广义牛顿第三定律,亦即平移不变性系统合力为零定理.进而将研究结论应用于对银河系的修正引力势、分子势、夸克禁闭势等,且其结果与物理实验一致.

冲压式翼伞滑布控制开伞技术研究

为了研究滑布收口控制对冲压式翼伞开伞动载的影响,文章应用结构化任意拉格朗日-欧拉(Structured Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,S-ALE)方法对翼伞系统在无滑布收口控制和有滑布收口控制两种情况下进行了开伞过程的流固耦合仿真计算,分析了滑布收口对翼伞开伞过程的影响。结果表明:滑布收口控制可以有效降低冲压式翼伞的充气速度、伞衣应力和开伞动载,开伞动载可以降低33%。但有滑布收口控制时,翼伞的气室饱满程度有所下降,边缘气室饱满程度的下降更明显;由于滑布在开伞过程中对翼伞前后缘伞绳受力的影响有差别,使得某些伞绳出现松弛现象,这会对冲压式翼伞俯仰稳定性有一定影响。通过研究滑布收口控制对冲压式翼伞开伞动载的影响,可以为冲压式翼伞收口技术的设计与应用提供参考。

Application of Lagrange＇s equation to rigid-elastic coupling dynamics

A consistent focus in theoretical mechanics has been on how to apply Lagrange's equation to continuum mechanics.This paper uses the concept of a variational derivative and its laws of operation to investigate the derivation of Lagrange's equation,which is then applied to nonlinear elasto-dynamics.In accordance with the work-energy principle and the energy conservation law,kinetic and potential energies are proposed for rigid-elastic coupling dynamics,whose governing equation is established by manipulating Lagrange's equation.In addition,case studies are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method to spacecraft dynamics.

非饱和土中水平入渗方程显式求解

在求解非饱和态土中水分入渗问题时,水力函数是体积含水率或者吸力的函数,致使其控制方程呈现出强非线性的特征,进而使得其求解变得十分困难。基于水分在土体介质中流动耗时取极值路径的选择这一假定,引入时间泛函,基于变分法原理将水平入渗问题转化为泛函极值问题。通过求解Euler–Lagrange方程,结合边界条件,得到非线性瞬态水平入渗问题的显式解析解。结合Brooks-Corey型水力函数,显式地求解出该类型非饱和态土的体积含水率发展分布规律。通过计算4种不同类型土体的水平入渗规律,将求解结果与已有结果以及数值结果进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:体积含水率分布与位置距离和湿润峰距离比值呈幂函数关系,指数取决于土-水特征曲线的形状参数;初始条件与边界条件会对体积含水率分布造成不同程度的影响。

基于全变差和小波方法的图像去噪模型

用小波系数范数代替OSV模型中的H-1范数,得到了一个新的全变差去噪模型.通过求解该模型的极小化,推导出其相应的Euler-Lagrange方程为小波域中的二阶非线性偏微分方程.根据有界变差泛函中的Poincare不等式和下半连续性,证明了该模型极小值的存在性.数值实验表明新模型在有效去噪的同时可以保持较好的视觉质量.

变分法的一次变革:从欧拉到拉格朗日的形式化改造

从欧拉方法发展到拉格朗日方法,其中蕴含着变分法的重大变革。在研读原始文献的基础上,以"为什么数学"为切入点和主要目的,对欧拉和拉格朗日的研究方法进行分析和比较,重点探讨拉格朗日δ-算法产生的数学背景、形成过程及重大影响。拉格朗日以摆脱几何直观和简化计算为目标,以消除欧拉方法中微分符号d的双重意义和混用现象为切入点,通过引进符号δ,借助于形式的类比和反复的推演,提炼出运算规则,最终发明了δ-算法。因此拉格朗日对变分法所作的变革,是形式化改造的产物。而这种形式化改造的成功,对18世纪微积分学从几何形态向"代数分析"形态的过渡、几何论证向分析论证的转变起到了不可忽视的推动作用;同时在一定意义上也增进了对符号的信任程度。对变分法历史的这种探究,为全面理解18世纪数学发展的特点提供了一个新视角。