Effects of Cold Acclimation on Several Enzyme Activities in Euonymus radicans ‘Emorald & Gold’and Its Relation to Semi-lethal Temperature

The changes in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and ATPase in the leaves of Euonymus radicans were studied when seedlings were cold-acclimated (at 4 ℃) for 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and then treated for 1 d under low temperature stress (at 5 ℃). The semi-lethal temperatures of acclimated and unacclimated seedlings were also investigated. The results indicated that the activities of the three enzymes in the leaves of the seedlings treated at 4 ℃ for 1, 2 and 3 weeks were all higher than those of unacclimated seedings (treated at 22 ℃ as controls). The activities of SOD and POD increased continuously with the prolongation of the time of cold acclimation, but stepped up to summits then down to the levels of the controls. The activities of SOD culminated at the first week, and the activities of POD at the second week. When acclimated and unacclimated seedlings were both treated at 5 ℃ for 1 d, the activities of the three enzymes in the leaves of acclimated seedlings were a little lower than those before stress, but higher than those of the controls. Moreover, the decrease rate of enzyme activities was greatly lower than that of the controls. The results showed that cold acclimation could enhance the stability of the three enzymes in the leaves of seedlings under low temperature stress; the semi-lethal temperature was 19.1 ℃ when the seedlings were treated at 4 ℃ for 3 weeks, but it was 5.4 ℃ when the seedlings were treated at 22 ℃. The decline of the semi-lethal temperature caused by the adaptive changes of enzyme activities was one of the foundations of enhancing the cold tolerance.

Two New Sesquiterpenes from Euonymus phellomana Loes.

Two new beta-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes were isolated from Euonymus phellomana Loes. and their structures were established on the basis of spectral analysis.

Three new sesquiterpenes from Euonymus schensianus Maxim

Three new sesquiterpenes, namely schensianol A （1）, schensianolside A （2） and schensianolside B （3） were isolated from the stems and leaves of Euonymus schensianus Maxim. Their structures were established by chemical methods and spectroscopic techniques including 2D NMR. ？ 2009 Wei Sheng Feng. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Two New Sesquiterpenes from Euonymus nanoides

Two new dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes with a novel substitution pattern: 1-(-methyl)-butanoyl-2, 15-diacetoxy-4-hydroxy-9-(-)furancarboxy--dihydroagarofuran (1) and 1, 2-di-(-methyl)-butanoyl-4-hydroxy-9-(-)furancarboxy-15-acetoxy--dihydroagaro- furan (2) were isolated from Euonymus nanoides. Their structures were elucidated by means of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies, including 2D NMR technique.

Plant Regeneration from In Vitro Cultured Hypocotyl Explants of Euonymus japonicus Cu zhi

Adventitious shoots were successfully regenerated from hypocotyl explants of in vitro cultures of Euonymus japonicus Cu zhi. Hypocotyl slices were cultured on Murashige and Skoog （MS） and B5 basal medium supplemented with varied concentration of different plant growth-regulators, e.g., α-naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA） and indole-3-butyric acid （IBA） in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine （6-BA） and kinetin. The study showed that shoots could be directly regenerated from hypocotyl explants without the intervening callus phase; MS medium was more suitable for adventitious shoots regeneration. The ability of hypocotyls segments to produce shoots varied depending upon their position on the seedlings. The highest regeneration rate was obtained with hypocotyl segments near to the cotyledon cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L^-1 6-BA and 0.05 mg L^-1 NAA （63.64%）. The regenerated shoots were readily elongated on the same medium as used for multiplication and rooted on half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L^-1 IBA and 100 mg L^-1 activated carbon. After being transferred to greenhouse conditions, 96% of the plantlets were successfully acclimatized. This regeneration system is applied for genetic transformation now.

Dose-effect correlation of chloride de-icing salt on Euonymus japonicus

In order to prevent severe pollution by de-icing salt on greenery along urban roads, a half lethal dose （LD_50）for a plant population was confirmed through stress simulation of chloride de-icing salt on Euonymus japonicus, with an ianalysis of physiological changes, statistics on mortality rate on plant populations and mathematic modeling during a 30- day subacute toxicity test. The results indicate that a significant positive correlation in the early stages and a significant negative correlation in the later stages were observed between the amount of chlorophyll a and b in plants and a cumulative dose of de-icing salt. The amounts of free proline in plants and the dose of de-icing salt were positively correlated Over the entire period. No significant correlation in the initial stage, but a significant negative correlation in later stages was observed between the soluble protein and the dose of de-icing salt. LDs0 of this chloride agent on E. japonicus is 5 kg.（L·m2）-1 over 30 days.

Combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Euonymus alatus (THUNB.) SIEB. for treatment of diabetes: A network-based pharmacology research

Objective:To find the target genes in combination of astragalus root(Astragalus membranaceus)and spindle tree wings(Euonymus alatus(THUNB.)SIEB.)(Qijian Heji)with the function of regulating blood glucose levels in kk mice by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-PCR).To achieve the primary exploration on the material basis for Qijian Heji to improve the blood glucose levels of type 2 diabetic kk mice.Methods:We applied RT-PCR to detecting the expression of gene targets in kidney tissues of type 2 diabetes model kk mice.The detected gene targets were predicted by the network pharmacology method in the early stage of the project.Through the observation of the hypoglycemic effect of different ratios of Qijian Heji,the optimal proportion was determined and then used to conduct research of material basis.Results:Continuous administration of Qijian Heji(astragalus root:spindle tree wings Z 3:1)for six weeks resulted in significantly lowering blood glucose levels in mice in the fourth week,dropping from 33.3 to 21.9 mmol/L;this lower level was maintained in the fifth to sixth weeks.Blood glucose values in the positive drug group decreased from 33.3 to 21.85 mmol/L in the fourth week and maintained steady decreasing in the fifth and sixth weeks.Conclusion:Qijian Heji,with proportion of 3:1,could significantly reduce the blood glucose values in kk mice,animal experiment results verified the accurate prediction of network pharmacology,and at the same time,it is verified there was a certain therapeutic effect about the combination of the two herbs on reducing the glucose value.Animal experiments and RT-PCR results showed that Qijian Heji conducted a hypoglycemic effect by modulating estrogen receptor(ESR1)and renin(REN)expression.

Chemical shift assignments of two oleanane triterpenes from Euonymus hederaceus

1H-NMR and 13C-NMR assignments of 12-oleanene-3,11-dione (compound 1) were completely described for the first time through conventional 1D NMR and 2D shift-correlated NMR experiments using 1H-1HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC techniques. Based on its NMR data, the assignments of 28-hydroxyolean-12-ene-3,11-dione (compound 2) were partially revised.

Potential molecular mechanism of Euonymus alatus in the treatment of type 2 diabetes based on network pharmacology

Objective:To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of Guijianyu(Euonymus Alatus)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes by network pharmacology approach.Methods:Relevant literature and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP)were searched to screen the main active ingredients and targets of Guijianyu.The GeneCards database and OMIM database were searched to obtain target datasets for type 2 diabetes.And sorted out the intersection targets of drug and disease.The"drug-ingredient-target-disease"network model was constructed with the help of Cytoscape software,the protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was drawn using the STRING platform,and gene function and metabolic pathway enrichment analysis were also performed on the relevant targets of Guijianyu in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.Results:After the screening,8 main active ingredients and 154 drug-disease common targets were obtained,of which JUN,MAPK1,AKT1,RELA,and IL6 may be the key regulatory genes of Guijianyu in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.GO enrichment analysis yielded a total of 153 biological processes,mainly including nuclear receptor activity,transcription factor activity,direct ligand regulated sequence-specific DNA binding,steroid hormone receptor activity,cytokine receptor binding.KEGG analysis was enriched to a total of 156 significant pathways,mainly including AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis,hepatitis B,prostate cancer,kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection.Conclusion:Studies based on network pharmacology show that various active ingredients such as quercetin and kaempferol in Guijianyu could act on multiple targets such as JUN,MAPK1,AKT1,RELA,and IL6.It may play a role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related complications by synergistically regulating glucose and lipid metabolism,reducing insulin resistance,protecting pancreatic beta-cell function,anti-oxidative stress,anti-inflammatory repair and so on.

GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oil from Euonymus fortune Produced in Different Areas of Guangxi

The chemical constituents of the essential oil of Euonymus fortune from different areas were compared and analyzed by GC-MS.The results showed that 25 chromatographic peaks were separated and 13 chemical constituents were identified in Binyang County,Nanning City,accounting for 97.25%of the total volatile oil.Twenty nine chromatographic peaks were separated from Rong’an County,Liuzhou City,and 14 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 89.91%of the total volatile oil.Thirty two chromatographic peaks were separated from Mengshan County,Wuzhou City,and 12 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 92.16%of the total volatile oil.Twenty eight chromatographic peaks were separated from Rong County,Yulin City,and 11 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 84.79%of the total volatile oil.Five of the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from the three places of origin are common to the four.They are phytol,palmitic acid,n-nonane,cumene,hexahydrofarnesyl acetone.It can be seen that the main components of volatile oil from different producing areas are different.

Investigation of Habitats and Causes of Population Decline of Euonymus sanguineus in Tibet

Tibet is one of the core distribution areas of the Chinese endemic plant Euonymus sanguineus,but the population decline is obvious. In order to protect and develop the plant resources in Tibet rationally,the ecological environment and growth conditions in Milin County,Nyingchi City,Tibet were investigated by means of sampling method in order to provide the theoretical basis for the protection,introduction,breeding and cultivation of E. sanguineus. The results were as follows:( i) The population quantity of E. sanguineus was too small and the survival area was too small,which seriously affected the interspecific mating,seed development and regeneration,and greatly reduced the genetic diversity within the population;( ii) The dry and hot river valley climate and human and animal activities inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of E. sanguineus,resulting in very low survival rate of seedlings,and hindering the population expansion of E. sanguineus;( iii) The distribution area is located in the Yarlung Tsangpo river valley,and the natural habitat fragmentation has affected the interspecific gene exchange,resulting in the low seed bearing capacity and germination rate of E. sanguineus,which is the direct cause of the population decline of E. sanguineus;( iv) The litterfall of E. sanguineus had autotoxicity,which inhibited the growth of seedlings under the forest,caused slow natural regeneration of the population,and then caused the population of E. sanguineus to be unable to spread and develop.

陕西卫矛组织培养的影响因素探析

为探讨影响陕西卫矛(Euonymus schensianus Maxim.)愈伤组织诱导的因素,找到陕西卫矛愈伤组织培养方法,以陕西卫矛茎段和叶片为外植体,研究不同外植体、不同培养基及不同植物生长调节剂种类及配比对陕西卫矛愈伤组织诱导和生长的影响。结果表明,不同外植体中,茎段愈伤组织诱导率最高,达88.2%,且发生最早,愈伤组织化程度高,故茎段是诱导愈伤组织的最佳外植体;MS培养基有利于愈伤组织的诱导;MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA+30 g/L蔗糖最有利于陕西卫矛愈伤组织的诱导。

生长抑制剂对大叶黄杨形态及光合作用的影响

目的]探究抑制剂对大叶黄杨生长的抑制作用以及对其叶片形态和光合作用的影响,为灌木绿篱的化学修剪提供技术指导。[方法]在北京林业大学林场苗圃采用3种生长抑制剂(多效唑(PP_(333))、三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)以及脱落酸(ABA))对密植成绿篱状的1年生大叶黄杨扦插苗进行叶面喷施,对其生长、叶片形态及光合作用等指标进行测定。[结果]3种抑制剂均有矮化植株、抑制新梢生长的作用,矮化效果最佳、抑制作用最强的为PP_(333),且高浓度PP_(333)对于高生长的抑制作用持效性较长。叶宽、叶厚以及叶面积在短期PP_(333)处理下高于对照。PP_(333)能提高大叶黄杨净光合速率,主要通过增加叶厚、气孔导度、叶肉导度及叶绿素含量来实现,并且PP_(333)使蒸腾速率提高的同时降低了水分利用效率。TIBA有显著减小叶长、叶宽的作用,但能使叶厚增加,且随浓度的增加作用效果增强,主要通过减小叶面积,降低叶肉导度、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度及叶绿素含量来降低净光合速率。ABA能增加叶面积(10 mg·L^(-1)处理除外)、叶长以及减小叶片厚度,通过抑制气孔导度、叶肉导度、叶绿素含量降低净光合速率。TI-BA及ABA均通过降低蒸腾速率,使水分利用效率提高。[结论]3种抑制剂均有矮化植株、抑制新梢生长的作用,并且影响叶片发育,进而影响叶片光合作用,且800 mg·L^(-1)的多效唑对大叶黄杨具有较好的正向作用。

生长抑制剂对大叶黄杨形态观赏性的影响

构建表征大叶黄杨形态观赏性指数并研究不同生长抑制剂对大叶黄杨观赏指数的影响。在北京市鹫峰苗圃,将不同质量浓度的3种生长抑制剂(脱落酸ABA(A)、多效唑PP333(P)以及三碘苯甲酸TIBA(T))以L27(313)正交设计方案混合,并用其对密植成绿篱状的大叶黄杨扦插苗进行叶面喷施,选取10个灌木观赏性相关指标,采用因子分析法构建叶片光彩度指数、分枝度指数、叶形态指数及绿度指数4个观赏性指数,分析生长抑制剂对各观赏性指数的影响。结果表明:脱落酸对叶片光彩度、叶形态以及分枝度均有抑制作用,对叶绿度有促进作用,且较高质量浓度脱落酸对叶光彩度及形态的抑制作用较低,较低质量浓度脱落酸对分枝度的抑制作用较低;多效唑对叶形态有较好促进作用,较低质量浓度多效唑对分枝度及叶绿度的负面作用较低;三碘苯甲酸对光彩度、叶形态以及分枝度均有抑制作用,且抑制作用随三碘苯甲酸质量浓度增加而增强,低质量浓度三碘苯甲酸对三者观赏性的负效应较低,三碘苯甲酸对叶绿度有显著促进作用,且促进作用随三碘苯甲酸质量浓度增加而增强。脱落酸、多效唑、三碘苯甲酸以及三者交互作用通过影响叶片光彩度、分枝度、叶绿度及叶形态而影响大叶黄杨篱观赏性。

北海道黄杨与大叶黄杨的区分

科属产地：北海道黄杨又名冬青卫矛、大叶黄杨,拉丁文名为Euonymus japonicus Thunb.,矛科卫矛属灌木。北海道黄杨是大叶黄杨的栽培变种,原产日本,1986年从日本北海道市引入我国,也称＂日本冬青＂、＂日本黄杨＂。而大叶黄杨（学名：Buxus megistophylla）是黄杨科黄杨属的植物,为中国的特有植物。

不同浓度IBA对大叶黄杨扦插生根效果的影响

以大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus Thunb.)当年生枝条为试材,以植物生长调节剂吲哚丁酸(Indole-3-butytric acid,IBA)为生根剂,比较了不同浓度IBA对大叶黄杨枝条扦插的生根效应,筛选出IBA最佳生根浓度,再利用筛选出来的最适IBA浓度对大叶黄杨插穗基部不同切口类型进行处理,寻找适合大叶黄杨扦插生根的IBA浓度与插穗基部不同切口类型结合的适宜方法。结果表明,植物生长调节剂IBA对大叶黄杨枝条生根效果以50 mg/L为最佳,生根率较高,为83.3%,根系效果指数为2.93;70 mg/L次之,生根率为70.8%,根系效果指数为1.37,90 mg/L的处理较差,生根率为65.6%,根系效果指数仅0.40。插穗基部切口类型不同处理以斜切处理效果较好,生根条数最多、根长度最长,对扦插生根的影响较其他切口类型大。因此,大叶黄杨枝条扦插在生产上采用的植物生长调节剂IBA浓度为50 mg/L,且插穗基部斜切处理,可提高扦插枝条的成活率。

冬青卫矛叶部病害调查研究

冬青卫矛(Euonymus japonicus Thunb.)叶部病害在我国普遍发生且严重影响其观赏价值和绿化效果,发病严重时可导致整株枯死。系统调查了冬青卫矛叶部病害发生及危害情况,并对冬青卫矛主要病害病原菌进行了鉴定。结果表明:冬青卫矛叶部病害的症状表现主要有4种:Ⅰ型病害侵染时间早,6~7月为发病盛期;Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型病害常常混合发生,同一叶片可有2种病斑,8~10月为发病盛期;Ⅳ型病害只能从伤口侵入,该病原菌对营养的要求不严格,具有较强的适应能力,且在高温高湿条件下,易造成病害的迅速流行和爆发。结合形态学观察及ITS序列分子鉴定分析,将Ⅳ型病害病原菌鉴定为Neopestalotiopsis foedans。

桃叶卫矛苗木繁殖技术

桃叶卫矛（Euonymus maackii Rupr.）,别名：丝绵木、明开夜合、华北卫矛等,卫矛科、卫矛属小乔木,木材是器具及细工雕刻的优质材料。树皮含硬橡胶。种子含油率达40%以上,可用做工业用油。叶可代茶。花、果、根均可入药,性味甘、平。有解郁、和血、宁心、消痈肿之功。有治疗心神不安、忧郁、失眠、肺痈、痈肿、筋骨折伤功效。是优质的经济树种。1形态特征小乔木,最高可达7m。

大叶黄杨在首纲引种栽培应用的研究

大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus Thunb.)属卫矛科,原产于日本南部。目前,在我国黄河流域以南均有栽培。大叶黄杨为常绿灌木,老干褐色,侧枝对生;叶对生,椭圆形,长3—5厘米、革质,叶面浓绿,色泽光亮;喜光耐阴,对土壤要求不严格;耐修剪、寿命长,对各种有害气体有很强的抗性。

基于逆境效应的扶芳藤种植研究

通过干旱、光照、盐分三个逆境效应胁迫,研究不同逆境条件对扶芳藤[Euonymus fortunei(Turcz.)Hand.-Mazz]生长、产量及卫矛醇含量的影响。结果表明,腐叶肥与园土体积比为1∶1处理的扶芳藤产量为1.50 kg/m^(2)、卫矛醇含量为32.25 mg/g;夜间补以173~235 lx光照的扶芳藤产量为1.30 kg/m^(2)、卫矛醇含量为32.12 mg/g;用10 mL 0.5%NaCl灌根的扶芳藤产量为1.36 kg/m^(2)、卫矛醇含量为34.53 mg/g。正交试验最佳的逆境效应方案为:腐叶肥基质与园土体积比为1∶1,夜间补以173~235 lx光照,10 mL 0.5%NaCl灌根,在此逆境效应下得到的卫矛醇含量为32.97 mg/g。