Euphorbia tirucalli L.:Review on morphology,medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacological activities

The intention of current review is to make available up-to-date information on morphology, ecological biodiversity, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacolog-ical activities on different parts of Euphorbia tirucalli (E. tirucalli). This plant has a number of medicinal uses. Latex of E. tirucalli is vesicant and rubefacient which is used for rheumatism, warts, cough, asthma, ear-ache, tooth-ache and neuralgia. It acts as a purgative in small doses while in big doses it is bitter irritant and emetic. Milky juice is alexiteric, carminative and purgative. It is useful in whooping cough, gonorrhea, asthma, leprosy, dropsy, dyspepsia, enlargement of spleen, colic, jaundice and stone in bladder. The fresh milky juice is good alternative in syphilis and a good application in neuralgia. A decoction of branches is used in gastralgia and colic. Bark is used in treatment of fractures. Poultices prepared from the stem are useful to repair the broken bones. Boiled root liquid acts as an emetic in cases of snake-bite and for infertility in women. The wood is used for rafters, toys and veneering purposes. It is also useful against leprosy and foot paralysis subsequent to childbirth. E. tirucalli is reported to have euphol, β-sitosterol, euphorbol hexacosonate, cycloeuphordenol, cyclotirucanenol, tirucalicine, tri-methyl ellagic acid, gallic acids, terpenic alcohol, isoeuphorol, taraxasterol, tirucallol, euphor-one, euphorcinol, euphorbins, 12-deoxy-4β-hydroxyphorbol-13-phenyl acetate-20-acetate, 12, 20-dideoxyphorbol-13-isobutyrate, glut-5-en-3-β-ol, 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid, euphorbin-A (polyphenol), tirucallin-A (7) (tannin), tirucallin-B (11), euphorbin-F (14) (dimers), cycloartenol, 24-methylenecycloartenol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxy-4β-hydroxyphorbol-13-phenyl acetate-20-acetate, taraxerone, euphorginol, taraxerol, cam-pesterol, stigmasterol, palmitic acid, linoleic acid,β-amyrin, etc. active phytoconstituents. E. tirucalli have possessed activity in human-lymphocytes, analgesic, anthelmintics, antiarthritic, antibacterial/antifungal/antimicrobial, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antioxi-dant, antiviral, biodiesel production, CNS depressant/neuropathic pain, cytotoxicity/anticancer, genotoxic/mutagenic, hepatoprotective, insect repellants, immunomodulatory, larvicidal, molluscicidal/ovicidal/piscicidal, myelopoiesis, proteolytic/chitinolytics phar-macological activities. There is a need to isolate dynamic constituents, their biological trial, molecular mechanisms, experimental protection and legalization of therapeutic uses of E. tirucalli. The collected information will be helpful to locate up study protocol for recent drugs and Ayurvedic formulation expansion in curative and treat a variety of ailments.

Establishment of Tissue Culture Regeneration Systems of Stem Segments of Euphorbia tirucalli

[Objective] The aim was to study the conditions of tissue culture regeneration seedling by using the stem segments of Euphorbia tirucalli and determine the optimum culture condition of each culture stage,so as to provide references for the factory production and relative study of tissue culture seedling of E. tirucalli. [Method] Taking the stem segments of E. tirucalli as explants,the effects of various mediums on germination rate,multiplication coefficient and rooting rate were studied. [Result] The optimum induction medium of germination culture was 1/2MS＋NAA 0.02 mg/L＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L,with differentiation rate of 89.7%; the best subculture medium was 1/2MS＋NAA 0.02 mg/L＋6-BA 0.60 mg/L＋AD 3.0 mg/L,with multiplication coefficient of 5.70; the optimum rooting culture medium was 1/2MS＋NAA 0.40 mg/L＋IBA 0.4 mg/L,with rooting rate of 100% and transplanting survival rate of 80%. [Conclusion] The tissue culture conditions of stem segments of E. tirucalli were determined primarily.

小飞扬草(Euphorbia thymifolia L.)中镉的亚细胞分布及化学形态

采用差速离心法和逐步提取法,分析Cd超积累植物小飞扬草根、茎、叶中Cd的亚细胞分布和化学形态。培养液中Cd浓度5mg/L和10mg/L条件下,在小飞扬草根、茎、叶中,细胞壁和细胞膜是Cd主要的结合场所,含量分别占总量的47.1%～49.0%、39.7%～41.4%、42.9%～56.2%,其次是胞液组分,含量分别占37.5%～41.4%、28.2%～40.7%、35.2%～46.8%,细胞器组分中Cd含量较少。Cd在小飞扬草根、茎、叶中均以氯化钠提取态为主,含量分别占70.5%～84.8%、72.4%～83.0%、50.0%～74.8%。根部各提取态含量依次为CNaCl>CHAC>CEtOH>CHCl>CW>CR,茎、叶中各提取态含量依次为CNaCl>CHCl>CHAC>CEtOH>CW>CR。在小飞扬草中,Cd与细胞壁和细胞膜中的果胶酸和蛋白质等物质结合固定,而进入细胞的Cd大部分与有机酸络合而隔离于液泡内,这可能是小飞扬草忍耐并超积累Cd的机制。

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L

Objective:To assess antioxidant activities of different parts of Euphorbia hirta（E.hirta）,and to search for new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants.Methods:Samples of leaves,stems, flowers and roots from E.hirta were tested for total phenolic content,and flavonoids content and in vitro antioxidant activity by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） assay and reducing power was measured using cyanoferrate method.Results:The leaves extract exhibited a maximum DPPH scavenging activity of（72.96±0.78）%followed by the flowers,roots and stems whose scavenging activities were（52.45±0.66）%,（48.59±0.97）%,and（44.42±0.94）%,respectively.The standard butylated hydroxytoluene（BHT） was（75.13±0.75）%.The IC50,for leaves,flowers,roots,stems and BHT were 0.803,0.972,0.989,1.358 and 0.794 mg/mL,respectively.The reducing power of the leaves extract was comparable with that of ascorbic acid and found to be dose dependent. Leaves extract had the highest total phenolic content[（206.17±1.95） mg GAE/g],followed by flowers,roots and stems extracts which were（117.08±3.10） mg GAE/g,（83.15±1.19） mg GAE/g,and （65.70±1.72） mg GAE/g,respectively.On the other hand,total flavonoids content also from leave had the highest value[（37.970±0.003） mg CEQ/g],followed by flowers,roots and stems extracts which were（35.200±0.002） mg CEQ/g,（24.350±0.006） mg CEQ/g,and（24.120±0.004） mg CEQ/ g,respectively.HPTLC bioautography analysis of phenolic and antioxidant substance revealed phenolic compounds.Phytochemical screening of E.hirta leaf extract revealed the presence of reducing sugars,terpenoids,alkaloids,steroids,tannins,flavanoids and phenolic compounds. Conclusions:These results suggeste that E.hirta have strong antioxidant potential.Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidant agents,which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases.

A new aryl glycoside from Euphorbia helioscopia L.

A new aryl glycoside, 3″-O-galloyl-benzyl-O-α-L-rharnnopyranosyl-（1 → 6）-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated from Euphorbia helioscopia L., and its structure was elucidated on the basis of various spectroscopic data analysis.

A transmission electron microscopy study of the diversity of Candida albicans cells induced by Euphorbia hirta L.leaf extract in vitro

Objective:To determine the major changes in the microstructure of Candida albicans(C. albicans) after treatment with Euphorbia hirta(E.hirta) L.leaf extract.Methods:Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructural changes caused by E.hirta extract on C. albicans cells al various exposure time.Results:It was found that the main abnormalities were the alterations in morphology,lysis and complete collapse of the yeast cells after 36 h of exposure to the extract.Whereas the control cultures showed a typical morphology of Candida with a uniform central density,typically structured nucleus,and a cytoplasm with several elements of endomembrane system and enveloped by a regular,intact cell wall.Conclusions:The significant antifungal activity shown by this methanol extract of E.hirta L.suggests its potential against infections caused by C.albicans.The extract may be developed as an anticandidal agent.

A new lathyrane diterpene glycoside from Euphorbia helioscopia L.

A new lathyrane diterpene glycoside,named 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-14-oxolathyra-5E,12E-dienyl-16-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated from Euphorbia helioscopia L.Its structure was established by spectroscopic techniques including 2D NMR.

Occurrence and Control of Brown Patch in Energy Oil Plants Euphorbia lathyris L.

[ Objective] The purpose was to study the occurrence law and control effect of brown patch of E. lathyris. [ Method ] The pathogen of brown patch in E. lathyris was isolated and identified in Xingyi of Guizhou Province in 2008 -2009, and disease symptom observation and field fungicide efficacy test were conducted. [ Result ] The pathogen of brown patch in E. lathyris was fungus in Pseudoc ercospora sp., its suitable growth temperature was 20 -35 ℃, its occurrence peak was from June to September, and its field incidence were 30% -60%. Field efficacy test showed that 5 kinds of fungicides such as Thiophanate-methyl, Mancozeb, etc. had certain control effect on the disease, the relative control effect was 54. 3% -82.5%, in which mancozeb had better control effect, while Thiediazole copper had worse control effect. [Conclusion] The study would provide theoretical reference for further research on the cultivation of E. lathyris with hiah vield and aualitv and control of brown hatch.

Acid Value Determination and Pre-Esterification of Crude Euphorbia lathyris L. Oil

There were various problems in the determination of oil acid value of the national standard method, and this paper developed a low cost, simple and effective way to determine the acid value of oil and grease. Furthermore, the esterification of high acid Euphorbia lathyris L. oil (ELO) with methanol could be efficiently catalyzed by hydrochloric acid to produce biodiesel, and the influencing factors such as the amount of catalyst, reaction time, reaction temperature and molar ratio of oil to methanol were also studied. Under the optimized conditions with the oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:30 and a reaction temperature of 70℃, 95.8% oil conversion was obtained within 40 min in the presence of only 2.0 wt% of catalyst. Therefore, the low-cost non-edible Euphorbia lathyris L. oil as a raw material had good potential for the synthesis of biodiesel in industry.

Antimicrobial activity of Tunisian Euphorbia paralias L.

Objective: To examine the potential antimicrobial activity of Euphorbia paralias L. (Euphorbiaeae) leaves and stems extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was tested against six microbial strains:Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Salmonella enterica CIP 8039, Staphy-lococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 by two different methods, the disk method and the dilution method. Results: Our results showed the important antimicrobial activity of the chloroform extract of the stems towards the majority of the strains by using both methods. Bacillus subtilis was the most sensitive strain (MIC=MBC=15μg/mL). Conclusion: Thus, some extracts of Euphorbia paralias can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microbes.

Pharmacognostic Identification of Euphorbia maculata L.and Its Related Species

[Objectives]To make pharmacognostic identification of Euphorbia maculata L.and its related species.[Methods]The classical pharmacognostic identification method was adopted.[Results]The four main medicinal materials are very similar,the fluff can be seen in E.maculata and Euphorbia thymifolia L.,but not in Euphorbia prostrata Ait.and Euphorbia taihsiensis(Chaw et Koutnik)Oudejians;the tissue structure is basically the same;except for E.taihsiensis without non-glandular hairs,the powder has secretory cells,laticifers,cells,calcium oxalate crystals,fibers,vessels,and seed coat fragments.Through ultrasonic extraction with 80%ethanol,extraction with isobutanol,extending with chloroform∶ethyl acetate∶formic acid(5∶3∶0.3),developing color with 3%aluminum trichloride ethanol solution,under ultraviolet light(365 nm),the fluorescent spots of the same color appeared on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the reference substance(quercetin,kaempferol).[Conclusions]It is not easy to distinguish the four medicinal materials by character identification and microscopic identification,while the thin-layer chromatography(TLC)is more reliable.

基于非靶向代谢组学的斑地锦叶片和乳汁成分分析

为比较斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata L.)叶片和乳汁所含活性成分的差异,通过液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS)进行相关代谢物数据采集,基于非靶向代谢组学对斑地锦叶片和乳汁的化学成分进行分析,采用主成分分析、多元统计分析、正交偏最小二乘判别分析相结合的方法鉴定差异代谢物,通过文献检索归纳比较叶片和乳汁主要差异代谢物的药理活性。结果表明,在斑地锦叶片和乳汁中共鉴定出1229种代谢物,主要为生物碱(217种)、苯丙素及其衍生物类(178种)、脂类(147种)、萜类(137种),黄酮类(113种)等化合物。通过多元统计分析筛选出859种差异代谢物,有466种代谢物在乳汁中高表达,其中3-脱氢莽草酸(酚酸类)、山梨酸(萜类)、原儿茶酸(酚酸类)、肉桂醛(苯丙素及其衍生物类)、橙皮苷(黄酮类)、川芎内酯(萜类)、α-细辛脑(苯丙素及其衍生物类)、水杨酸(酚酸类)、D-樟脑(萜类)、蒙花苷(黄酮类)、反式阿魏酸(苯丙素及其衍生物类)、姜黄素(酚酸类)、二十碳五烯酸乙酯(脂类)、β-石竹烯(萜类)等14种代谢物首次在斑地锦中被报道。斑地锦黄酮类活性成分在叶片中的表达量均明显高于乳汁;没食子酸乙酯、原儿茶酸乙酯、反式阿魏酸在乳汁中的表达量均明显高于叶片,其中反式阿魏酸在乳汁中的表达量为叶片的57.74倍。综上,斑地锦叶片和乳汁中代谢物成分和含量具有显著差异。

狼毒化学成分基于Mpro靶点的虚拟筛选及抗SARS-CoV-2活性分析

目的 对瑞香狼毒和狼毒大戟中的化学成分进行基于新型冠状病毒(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2,SARS-CoV-2)3CL水解酶(Mpro)的抑制剂虚拟筛选以及体外活性验证以为发现抗新型冠状病毒疾病(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)治疗药物提供参考。方法 以瑞香狼毒和狼毒大戟中的天然产物为研究对象,以Mpro为靶点,以Mpro晶体结构(PDB ID:6LU7)中的配体小分子N3为阳性对照,采用AutoDock Vina进行分子对接,对结合亲和力和结合构象进行分析并进行基于SARS-CoV-2 Mpro蛋白的体外抑制活性测试。结果 与N3(亲和力为-7.7 kcal/Mol)相比,双黄酮类化合物狼毒素和异狼毒素呈现了最高的Mpro靶点亲和力(-9.7 kcal/Mol),且优于利托那韦、更昔洛韦、利巴韦林、氯喹、达芦那韦、阿巴卡韦等已知抗病毒药物以及其他天然产物的亲和力。对接构象分析发现二者均能有效占据Mpro蛋白结合位点并形成若干重要的氢键结合,其中以异狼毒素为最优,这对于二者与Mpro靶点的结合以及Mpro靶点抑制构象的稳定起着重要作用。异狼毒素在50μM浓度下显示出优于狼毒素的较好的Mpro体外抑制活性。结论 狼毒素和异狼毒素具有基于Mpro靶点抑制SARS-CoV-2病毒的潜在活性,可作为结构优化和抗SARS-CoV-2体内外活性研究的先导化合物。

金刚纂内生真菌Irpex sp.的次生代谢产物研究

通过硅胶柱层析和半制备型高效液相色谱等分析方法对金刚纂(Euphorbia neriifolia L.)内生真菌Irpex sp.的液体发酵产物进行提取与分离,共得到9个化合物,分别为IrpexIacteC(1)、IrpexIacteD(2)、5-(4-Oxopentyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde(3)、22-tetraen-3-one(4)、IrlactinL(5)、IrlactinK(6)、IrlactinI(7)、Davotremulane B(8)、(+)-(1R,6S,7S)-Tremul-2-ene-12(11)-lactone(9),其中,3个为呋喃衍生物,5个为倍半萜化合物,1个为甾醇类化合物;化合物3,4,8,9为首次从耙齿菌属Irpex sp.中分离得到.

NaCl胁迫对续随子离子吸收及荧光特性的影响

以续随子为材料采用温室盆栽法,研究了NaCl胁迫处理对其生长发育、离子分布和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:(1)25mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫时续随子幼苗的鲜重、干重和株高比对照略有下降,但不显著;随着NaCl浓度的继续增加,三指标均显著降低。(2)盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布,Na+浓度增加时,K+、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度均持续下降,K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+也急剧下降。(3)NaCl胁迫下,续随子幼苗叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率均降低。但在0～25mmol.L-1NaCl浓度下,Fo、Fm与对照差异不显著。

PP_(333)与CaCl_2对绿玉树扦插苗抗寒性的影响

对绿玉树扦插苗喷洒不同浓度、不同配比的PP333(多效唑)和CaCl2,以提高绿玉树的抗寒能力。试验结果表明:多效唑能显著降低新梢长度的生长,增加分枝数,抑制低温处理时膜透性的增加,提高绿玉树对零上低温的抵抗能力。0.2%PP333能提高叶绿素含量,但低浓度的PP333(0.1%～0.15%)却降低了叶绿素的含量。CaCl2对绿玉树扦插苗的形态影响不明显,0.05%～0.1%的CaCl2能抑制低温下细胞膜透性的增加,提高叶绿素含量。

复方泽漆散对小鼠Lewis肺癌形态学影响

目的:探讨复方泽漆散对小鼠Lewis肺癌的作用。方法:本研究以移植性C57BL/6小鼠Lewis肺癌为动物模型,观察复方泽漆散对小鼠Lewis肺癌的抑制作用,及其对肿瘤细胞病理形态学的影响。结果:复方泽漆散治疗小鼠Lewis肺癌,能够抑制肿瘤细胞生长,稳定病灶;中剂量组能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡;本方不同浓度组皆可导致肿瘤细胞坏死,线粒体在形态学上皆有明显改变,或肿胀,或空泡变,或消失。结论:复方泽漆散对小鼠Lewis肺癌具有一定治疗作用,其作用机理可能与促进肿瘤细胞坏死和凋亡,影响线粒体形态和功能有关。

黔产千金子HPLC指纹图谱研究

文章采用国家药典委员会《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》2004年A版对所得HPLC图谱进行相关分析,建立了黔产千金子药材的指纹图谱并确定了8个特征峰,该方法简便、可靠、重现性好,可用于对黔产千金子药材的质量评价。

HPLC测定飞扬草中槲皮苷的含量

目的:建立飞扬草中槲皮苷的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,ZORBAX SB-Aq(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,柱温25℃;流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液(23∶77),检测波长为256nm,流速为0.8mL·min-1。结果:槲皮苷进样量在0.1213～2.426μg呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999,平均回收率98.25%,RSD=1.21%(n=6)。结论:该方法快速,简便,准确,为飞扬草药材的质量控制提供参考。

斑地锦及近缘种的HPLC指纹图谱鉴别研究

为建立斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata L.)的HPLC指纹图谱分析方法并进行鉴别,采用PBONTOSIL KROMAPLUS 100-5-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈-0.1%磷酸系统为流动相,梯度洗脱:流速为0.8 mL/min;检测波长为360 nm;柱温为25℃。结果显示,斑地锦与千根草(Euphorbia thymifolia L.)、匍匐大戟(Euphorbia prostrata Ait.)、台西地锦[Euphorbia taihsiensis(Chaw et Koutnik)Oudejians]的HPLC指纹图谱均存在较显著差异;建立的HPLC指纹图谱方法能有效鉴别斑地锦及其近缘种。