Federalism and Euro-Regions in Europe： What Have We Learned From Twenty-Five Years of Cross-Border Cooperation in the Euro-region of Galicia-North Portugal？

The present paper is focused on the analysis of the European building processes from the historical perspective of federalism （from ethnic federalism to current federalism） applied to the current framework of Europeanization and cross-border cooperation in Europe. With the objective of reviewing some of its processes and impacts, an analysis structure has been set, being the main purpose to extract conclusions on the long Europeanization process undertaken by the EU institutions. One of these recent processes reached the consolidation of Euroregions as cross-border cooperation institutions within the framework of multilevel governance. For the main purpose of the paper, the following questions are raised： How has contributed the perspective of federalism to the building of cross-border institutions, namely Euroregions？ After three decades of implementation of the formal cooperation in Europe through institutions as the Euroregions, can it be confirmed that the Eurnregions are consolidated as an institutional benchmark within the cross-border cooperation in Europe （CBC-E）？ In order to answer these questions, a review of the historic perspective of ethnic federalism applied to the classical models of formal cooperation is undertaken. From this historical revision, the development of the Euroregion within the EU will be analyzed. Finally, the present paper is focused on the case study of the cross-border space that are the Autonomous Region of Galician and the Regiao Norte de Portugal, as well as its most important cooperative institution, the Euro-region Galicia-North Portugal.

The European Regional ism and "New Triangle"

Today, the major activities in international trade, investment, transnational corporation business and high technique happen in and between North America, Europe and East Asia. This emerging "New Triangle" becomes quite a phenomenon in current international relations. With this as the background, what kind of theory will European regionalism adopt? What are the problems and challenges on its target and principle? Moreover, what influences it might have to "the New Triangle"? These are the problems to which the author tries to find answers in this paper.

Regional analysis and sustainable development： Application of a synthetic sustainability indicator to Galicia and the European Union

In general, investigations carried out to date regarding/measuring systems/systems of measurement of sustainable development present two peculiarities： Either they are of a limited practical nature or they do not allow for comparisons between different areas or economies. Global synthetic indicators are an exception to the above; however they have been scarcely developed. This article designs an index of said characteristics, which is subsequently applied to all the countries within the European Union and to the region of Galicia.

The Inspiration of European Integration to Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation

The two different developing trends in current Asia are in sharp contrast with each other. One is relying on military means to solve regional conflicts, the other is coordinating and stabilizing inter-state relations through economic integration. The latter is undoubtedly the target to be sought after. Summarizing Europe’s experience is conducive to reaching the goal.

干旱半干旱区典型林分持水性能比较研究

[目的]水分供给是制约干旱及半干旱区发展的决定因素,科学评估干旱半干旱区典型林分的持水性能是规划防护林建设,调控林分结构与进行树种选择的重要依据。[方法]以库布齐沙漠鄂尔多斯造林总场内5种典型人工林为研究对象,利用野外收获法与室内浸水法分析林冠层、林下植被层、枯落物层及土壤层持水性能,引入模糊物元模型,结合欧式贴近度对不同林分持水性能进行定量评价。[结果](1)不同树种间林冠持水能力差异显著,表现为杨树旱柳混交林>榆树林>杨树林>沙柳林>樟子松林,林分持水量介于2.36~9.98 t/hm^(2)。(2)各林分林下植被的持水量介于0.84~3.66 t/hm^(2),生物量介于1.33~3.92 t/hm^(2),生物量表现出与持水量相同的变化趋势。(3)枯落物持水量介于1.96~29.25 t/hm^(2),生物量介于1.43~13.62 t/hm^(2),对数函数和幂函数可较好表现枯落物的动态持水量和动态吸水率。(4)各林分间土壤毛管持水量介于543.80~645.71 t/hm^(2),饱和持水量介于562.87~694.78 t/hm^(2),杨柳混交林土壤容重低于其他纯林,同时孔隙度比其他林分高。(5)欧式贴近度大小排序为杨柳混交林(0.805 6)>沙柳林(0.387 7)>榆树林(0.374 7)>杨树林(0.357 2)>樟子松林(0.163 2),欧式贴近度越大,林分持水性能越强,5种林型中杨柳混交林持水能力最强,樟子松林最差。[结论]建议未来经营干旱半干旱区人工防护林建设中,适当提高混交林比例,并尝试通过更多林分合理搭配进行防护林建设保护。

中国-中东欧国家合作机制2012—2022年区域国别研究回顾与建议

中国-中东欧国家合作机制自2012年建立以来,至2022年已走过10年的发展历程。本文旨在回顾和分析这一时期中国学者围绕中东欧国家所进行的研究,以期为未来的研究提供参考和借鉴。本文采用文献综述法,系统梳理了2012—2022年我国中东欧研究机构与学者、研究成果的产出及学科分布特征等情况。研究发现,中东欧国别与区域研究在数量和质量上均有显著提升,但仍存在一些问题,如通晓该地区的专门人才缺乏,研究方法单一,学科交叉不足等。本研究为中国-中东欧合作提供战略层面的参考,也为中东欧国别区域视域下的学术发展提供参考。

基于GPT3和PSO-BPNN的欧洲地区天顶对流层延迟模型

利用粒子群优化算法(PSO)优化反向传播神经网络(BPNN),建立优化的GPT3模型(MGPT3)。以欧洲地区30个IGS测站2020年连续366 d的天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)数据为例进行实验,对比MGPT3、UNB3m和GPT3模型预测ZTD的精度。结果表明,MGPT3模型的RMSE为18.49 mm,相较于UNB3m和GPT3模型,其精度分别提高55.0%和47.7%。

欧洲高等教育区域化发展历程与困境突破:从“欧洲大学”畅想到“欧洲大学”倡议

区域化是高等教育发展的重要趋势。“二战”后,伴随社会经济一体化,欧洲展开高等教育区域化建设,经历了从“欧洲大学”设想到欧洲高等教育区建设的转变。然而,在趋同走向的背后,“软治理”协调模式以及欧洲认同危机使欧洲高等教育的区域化建设呈现出差速发展的“表面统一”。为建立一个更加统一的欧洲,欧盟发起“欧洲大学”倡议,以高校联盟为参与主体,以知识三角为理论导向,以不同的挑战项目为实践平台,“欧洲大学”倡议将欧洲高等教育区域化发展推向新的高度,促进了高校间以及高校与区域间的纵深合作,提升了学生面向社会的能力。

次区域高等教育一体化:“欧洲校园”的身份演进与运行机制

“欧洲校园”是一个区位概念,也是上莱茵地区的三国五校自发形成的次区域联盟。从自组织的视角审视“欧洲校园”的发展脉络与运作机制,揭示了其身份是如何从无序走向有序,并逐步实现次区域高等教育一体化发展。在自下而上的自组织发展过程中,“欧洲校园”经历了从合作伙伴到欧洲理想、再到实体法人的三次身份演进,是一种从组织程度低到组织程度高的非线性过程。“欧洲校园”正式成立后,其运作方式表现为资源互补下的利益空间一体化、制度协同下的跨境流动一体化、经费统筹下的项目合作一体化。此外,“欧洲校园”的演进与发展,也得益于欧洲国家间的制度同构、边境地区间的非线性协同以及校园合作间的身份认同。

区域性国际组织参与STEM教育治理的策略研究——基于对欧洲学校网的考察

欧洲主要国家高度重视STEM教育,但诸多系统性因素仍然限制单一国家提升教育成效,人才短缺仍然是区域内突出问题。为了解决STEM教育发展面临的系统性问题,欧洲学校网以区域治理视角构造“一体两翼”治理策略,协调学校、政府和产业之间的关系,取得积极效果。面向学校,欧洲学校网打造教育共同体,拓宽教育推广渠道,支持教师专业发展,举办跨国交流活动;面向政府,影响国家战略政策制定,规范学校教育认证标准;面向产业,动态融合行业科技需求,开发教育实践创新平台。考察欧洲学校网在STEM教育治理中的功能和作用,有助于在全球教育治理背景下深化对区域教育治理的理解。

欧拉高等教育区建设对推进“一带一路”教育行动的启示

作为区域间高等教育合作的典型代表,欧拉高等教育区建设在法律法规的制定和完善、学分转移与积累体系、师生流动互访、跨国学术交流和合作研究项目、财政支持等方面积累了丰富的经验。欧拉高等教育区建设经验为推进“一带一路”教育行动带来了许多启示:如确立国际化理念,深刻认识区域间高等教育合作的重要性;寻找合适的联盟伙伴,建立教育合作机制;建立多层治理模式,促进区域教育协同发展;探索产学研联通合作,推进“一带一路”走深走远;充分调动全社会的参与,推动跨区域间的高等教育合作等。

以知识产权议题为例的欧盟与东盟区域合作问题研究

欧盟与东盟结为战略伙伴以来,双方坚持区域合作和一体化、以规则为基础的多边主义以及尊重和促进国际法和国际商定的规范和标准的承诺,强调以世界贸易组织为核心、无歧视、开放、公平、包容、公平和透明的多边贸易体系的重要性。在经贸合作领域,欧盟认为东盟市场具有巨大投资机遇和发展潜力,但在知识产权领域合作面临一些难题。因此,知识产权议题成为双方区域合作重点之一。文章从经济全球化的推动、知识经济的兴起以及提升区域竞争力的需求等方面总结了欧盟与东盟在知识产权领域开展合作的背景与动因,详细阐述了双方在知识产权立法、执法、国际合作等方面的具体合作举措与成果,同时从法律制度差异、利益平衡难题以及国际政治经济环境的影响等方向探讨了合作过程中面临的问题与挑战,在此基础上对欧盟与东盟在知识产权议题上的区域间合作进行总结与展望,厘清欧盟使用何种政策工具及途径来展开合作,并就如何进一步加强合作提出了若干具体建议。

顾及周期性变化的大气加权平均温度模型构建

针对大气加权平均温度(T_(m))是地基全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)水汽反演过程中的一个中间变量,其精度会影响地基GNSS水汽反演精度,同时T_(m)表现出较强的地域性差异的现状,研究建立地区的T_(m)模型:利用兰州市榆中探空站气象数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代大气再分析数据集(ERA5)分别建立单因子、顾及年周期变化、顾及年和半年周期变化的T_(m)模型;并对2种气象数据所建的3类模型进行显著性检验和精度验证。结果表明:模型均能通过显著性水平为0.05的显著性检验,同时顾及周期性变化模型的预测值的均方根误差和平均绝对误差均小于贝维斯(Bevis)模型和单因子模型;利用顾及周期变化的模型预测的T_(m)偏差中大于5 K和大于10 K的值占比明显减小且预测残差的周期趋势明显减弱,具有零均值的正态分布特性,仅表现出误差的随机性。总体而言,ERA5气象数据所建模型预测精度高于探空站气象数据所建模型;用ERA5气象数据建立的顾及周期性变化的T_(m)模型可用于兰州市GNSS大气水汽反演。

On the road to standardization of D2 lymph node dissection in a European population of patients with gastric cancer

The amount of lymph node dissection(LD) required during surgical treatment of gastric cancer surgery has been quite controversial.In the 1970 s and 1980 s,Japanese surgeons developed a doctrine of aggressive preventive gastric cancer surgery that was based on extended(D2) LD volumes.The West has relatively lower incidence rates of gastric cancer,and in Europe and the United States the most common LD volume was D0-1.This eventually caused a scientific conflict between the Eastern and Western schools of surgical thought.:Japanese surgeons determinedly used D2 LD in surgical practice,whereas European surgeons insisted on repetitive clinical trials in the European patient population.Today,however,one can observe the results of this complex evolution of views.The D2 LD is regarded as an unambiguous standard of gastric cancer surgical treatment in specialized European centers.Such a consensus of the Eastern and Western surgical schools became possible due to the longstanding scientific and practical search for methods that would help improve the results of gastric cancer surgeries using evidence-based medicine.Today,we can claim that D2 LD could improve the prognosis in European populations of patients with gastric cancer,but only when the surgical quality of LD execution is adequate.

A European digital accelerometric database:statistical analysis of engineering parameters of small to moderate magnitude events

During the NERIES Project, an accelerometric database containing European digital information was developed. Besides event and station metadata, ground motion parameters, computed in a homogeneous manner, were assembled： PGA, PGV, AI, TD, CAV, H1 and PSV（f,5%） （19,961 components, 2629 events, 547 stations）. Merging small and moderate magnitude events produced a unique database capable of providing important information such as： （i） Correlations between several ground motion parameters follow analogous trends as in previous worldwide datasets, with slight corrections. （ii） Although PGA attenuations with distance show great uncertainties, four recent GMPEs recommended for Europe fit quite well the central 50% data interval for the distance range 10 〈 R 〈 200 kin; outside these distances, they do not fit. （iii） Soil amplification ratios indicate that weak motion （low magnitudes and larger distances） shows larger amplification than strong motion （short distances and large magnitudes） as represented in UBC97 for the USA, but not in EC8 for Europe. （iv） Average spectral shapes are smaller than in the EC8. （v） Differences in amplification factors for PGA, PGV and HI for EC8 soil classes B and C, and differences in spectral shapes for these soil classes, indicate that EC8, Type 2 S-coefficient should be frequency dependent, as in UBC97.

A Regional Repo Market Initiative for Global Financial Stability

The prevailing global financial system suffers from a shortage of good collateral for increased reliance on nonbank secured lending. Given that the global financial crisis was mainly triggered by the collapse of the collateral pool for dealer-based credit intermediation, this issue needs to be resolved quickly for normalized credit supply. Primarily, increased supply capacity for safe assets that can serve as valid collateral is the key agenda. This would be possible with a better use of USTs that are kept in EME silos and a broader recognition of an emerging market sovereign collateral pool. The inclusion of new collateral into the expanded and invigorated repo system that includes Asia would stabilize global capital flows and improve financial stability. In a related context, a market-driven, risk-mitigating regional repo market initiative would also bring balance to an increasingly market-driven financial ecosystem and mitigate the global shortage of safe assets.

中文纳入中东欧国家国民教育体系的样态表征、影响因素与纾解之策

中文纳入目标国国民教育体系是国际中文教育当地化的最佳体现,是衡量国际中文教育发展水平的重要指标。中文纳入中东欧国家国民教育体系区域国别特征明显,前景广阔,具有华文教育辐射作用、孔子学院/课堂开设等方面优势,但同时存在着教育资源供需矛盾突出、缺乏深厚民众基础的劣势。中文纳入中东欧国家国民教育体系拥有语言教育政策支持、经贸合作不断深化、教育互动持续良好的契机,同时面临着国际关系变化、外语市场激烈竞争的威胁。探索全面推进中文纳入中东欧国家国民教育体系的区域性纾解之策,要坚持以中东欧为主导的中外配合协作机制,满足和激发中东欧中文教育的多层次需求,利用多元化的媒介展示真实、立体、全面的中国,推动中东欧中文教育研究智库或联盟建设,为加速推进中文纳入更多中东欧国家国民教育体系提供方案。

西巴尔干次区域合作的演进与评估:以欧洲一体化为中心

冷战结束后较长一段时间里,由于缺乏内部条件和外部推力,西巴尔干次区域合作几无进展。在欧盟1996年开始调整地区政策特别是2003年将西巴尔干成员整体纳入扩大进程后,西巴尔干次区域合作机制显著增多。在约64个次区域合作机制中,有欧盟主导并促其与欧洲一体化趋同的合作机制,也有欧盟成员国倡导并使其与欧洲一体化协同的合作机制,还有由部分成员自主创设、与欧洲一体化进程不完全同步的合作机制,如开放巴尔干倡议和西巴尔干四方机制。西巴尔干次区域合作深受地区内部问题和外部国际环境的双重影响,欧盟的意愿和能力起到联结作用。换言之,在欧洲乃至全球地缘政治加剧博弈的情形下,西巴尔干次区域合作的形态还会不断演化和分化,其与融入欧洲一体化的关系也将变得更加复杂。

Estimation of Travel Climate Comfort Degree in the Cross-border Region between China and Russia based on GIS

The duration of travel climate comfort degree is an important factor that influences the length of the tourism season and the development of a tourism destination.In this study,we used the monthly average meteorological data for the last 10 years from 46 weather stations in Heilongjiang Province(China)and Primorsky Krai(Russia)to calculate the temperature-humidity index(THI)and wind chill index(WCI)based on ArcGIS software interpolation technology.We obtained the climate comfort charts of the study area with a grid size a 1 km2 grid size,and analyzed the spatial distribution of comfort for each month.The results show the following:1)The THI and WCI of the cross-border region gradually decrease from south to north and from low altitude to high altitude.The annual comfortable climate period is longer when analyzed in terms of the WCI rather\than the THI.2)The travel climate comfortable period of the study area shows significant regional difference and the length of the comfortable period in Heilongjiang Province is 4 to 5 months.Meanwhile,the period in Primorsky Krai decreases from south to north and the length of the comfortable period length in its southern region can reach 7 months.3)The predominant length of the climate comfortable period in the cross-border area is 5 months per year,and it covers 46.6%of the total area,while areas that have a climate comfortable period of 2 months are the most limited,covering less than 0.3%of the area.The results provide a scientific basis for the utilization and development of a meteorological tourism resources and touring arrangements for tourists in the cross-border region between China and Russia.

欧盟次区域组织在欧洲一体化中的作用及其缘由探究

纵观欧洲一体化的发展历史,欧洲内部不同国家基于不同目的组成各种形式的次区域组织。随着区域主义的发展,次区域组织的重要性也愈发凸显。其中,有的次区域组织意在加入北约与欧盟,有的意在欧盟内部获得主导地位。然而,部分次区域组织在成功入盟后仍然存在,且对欧洲一体化的发展带来不同影响。本文主要研究欧洲次区域组织在欧洲一体化进程中的作用是什么,并在此基础上试图通过安全稳定、经济收益与政治话语权等三个关键因素对这一问题进行解释,从而进一步了解欧洲一体化进程中区域化发展特点,以及这种进程对全球化以及国际格局的潜在影响。