Redefining the Event Horizon

Presented herein is a new and independent derivation of equation for the radius of Black Holes, i.e. the event horizon of black holes. The equation has been derived by formulating the relativistic equation of escape velocity derived from the relativistic equations for gravitational potential and kinetic energy. Based upon that, it is now shown that the actual size of a black hole, as determined by its event horizon, is exactly half the value predicted by the escape velocity equation used in the Newtonian mechanics. It proves that the actual radius of a black hole is exactly one half of the Schwarzschild radius.

Entropy Change of Non-Spinning Black Holes w.r.t. the Radius of Event Horizon in AGN

In this research paper, we have used the formula for the change in entropy of Non-spinning black holes with respect to the change in the radius of event horizon (Mahto et al. 2012) and entropy of black holes (Hawking 1973 & Mahto et al. 2012) to calculate their values in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) which shows that the variation of change in entropy of black holes with respect to the radius of the event horizon/entropy of black holes with increasing the values of the radius of the event horizon of different test Non-spinning black holes are like a wave-pattern.

Modified <i>f(R)</i>Gravity and Thermodynamics of Time-Dependent Wormholes at Event Horizon

In the context of modified gravity theory, we study time-dependent wormhole spacetimes in the radiation background. In this framework, we attempt to generalize the thermodynamic properties of time-dependent wormholes in gravity. Finally, at event horizon, the rate of change of total entropy has been discussed.

P-Tree Structures and Event Horizon： Efficient Event-Set Implementations

This paper describes efficient data structures, namely the Indexed P-tree, Block P-tree, and Indexed-Block P-tree （or/P-tree, BP-tree, and IBP-tree, respectively, for short）, for maintaining future events in a general purpose discrete event simulation system, and studies the performance of their event set algorithms under the event horizon principle. For comparison reasons, some well-known event set algorithms have been selected and studied, that is, the Dynamic-heap and the P-tree algorithms. To gain insight into the performance of the proposed event set algorithms and allow comparisons with the other selected algorithms, they are tested under a wide variety of conditions in an experimental way. The time needed for the execution of the Hold operation is taken as the measure for estimating the average time complexity of the algorithms. The experimental results show that the BP-tree algorithm and the IBP-tree algorithm behave very well with the event set of all the sizes and their performance is almost independent of the stochastic distributions.

Interactions of the second-order solitons with an external probe pulse in the optical event horizon

We demonstrate manipulating the interactions of a second-order soliton with a weak probe pulse under the condition of group velocity match and group velocity mismatch(GVMM).During these interactions,the second-order soliton acting as an effective periodic refractive-index barrier leads to the polychromatic scattering of the probe pulse,which is represented as unequally spaced narrow-band sources with adjustable spectral width.In the case of GVMM,almost all the spectral components of the narrow-band sources meet the nonlinear frequency conversion relationship by using the wavenumbermatching relationship due to the robustness of the second-order soliton under moderate high-order-dispersion perturbations,so this case is more conducive to the study of the soliton wells.In addition,different transmission states of a soliton well are demonstrated under different probe pulse properties in the fiber-optical analog of the event horizon.When the power of the probe pulse is strong enough,a dispersive wave can be generated from the collision of two fundamental solitons split from the two second-order solitons.These interesting phenomena investigated in this work as a combination of white-and black-hole horizons can be considered as promising candidates for frequency conversion and broadband supercontinuum generation.

Testing the quantum effects near the event horizon with respect to the black hole shadow

In recent years,the study of quantum effects near the event horizon of a black hole(BH)has attracted extensive attention.It has become one of the important methods to explore BH quantum properties using the related properties of a quantum deformed BH.In this work,we study the effect of a quantum deformed BH on the BH shadow in two-dimensional Dilaton gravity.In this model,quantum effects are reflected by the quantum correction parameter m.By calculation,we find that:(1)the shape of the shadow boundary of a rotating BH is determined by the BH spin a,the quantum correction parameter m,and the BH type parameter n;(2)when the spin a=0,the shape of the BH shadow is a perfect circle;when a≠0,the shape is distorted;if the quantum correction parameter m=0,their shapes reduce to the cases of a Schwarzschild BH and Kerr BH,respectively;(3)the degree of distortion of the BH shadow is different for various quantum correction parameters m;with an increase in the parameter m,the boundary of the BH shadow expands;(4)the size of the BH shadow varies greatly with respect to various quantum deformed BHs(n),and the change in BH shadow shape caused by parameter n is similar to that caused by parameter m,which indicates that there is a"degenerate phenomenon"between the two parameters.Because the value of m in actual physics should be very small,the current observations of the event horizon telescope(EHT)cannot distinguish quantum effects from the BH shadow.In future BH shadow measurements,it will be possible to distinguish quantum deformed BHs,which will help to better understand the quantum effects of BHs.

The Correct Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman Metrics

In a very recent article of mine I have corrected the traditional derivation of the Schwarzschild metric thus arriving to formulate a correct Schwarzschild metric different from the traditional Schwarzschild metric. In this article, starting from this correct Schwarzschild metric, I also propose corrections to the other traditional Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics on the basis of the fact that these metrics should be equal to the correct Schwarzschild metric in the borderline case in which they reduce to the case described by this metric. In this way, we see that, like the correct Schwarzschild metric, also the correct Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics do not present any event horizon (and therefore do not present any black hole) unlike the traditional Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics.

Where Is Phase Velocity in Minkowski Space?

In the special theory of relativity, massive particles can travel at neither the speed of light c nor faster. Meanwhile, since the photon was quantized, many have thought of it as a point particle. How pointed? The idea could be a mathematical device or physical simplification. By contrast, the preceding notion of wave-group duality has two velocities: a group velocity vg and a phase velocity vp. In light vp = vg = c;but it follows from special relativity that, in massive particles, vp > c. The phase velocity is the product of the two best measured variables, and so their product constitutes internal motion that travels, verifiably, faster than light. How does vp then appear in Minkowski space? For light, the spatio-temporal Lorentz invariant metric is s2=c2t2−x2−y2−z2, the same in whatever frame it is viewed. The space is divided into 3 parts: firstly a cone, symmetric about the vertical axis ct > 0 that represents the world line of a stationary particle while the conical surface at s = 0 represents the locus for light rays that travel at the speed of light c. Since no real thing travels faster than the speed of light c, the surface is also a horizon for what can be seen by an observer starting from the origin at time t = 0. Secondly, an inverted cone represents, equivalently, time past. Thirdly, outside the cones, inaccessible space. The phase velocity vp, group velocity vg and speed of light are all equal in free space, vp = vg = c, constant. By contrast, for particles, where causality is due to particle interactions having rest mass mo > 0, we have to employ the Klein-Gordon equation with s2=c2t2−x2−y2−z2+mo2c2. Now special relativity requires a complication: vp.vg = c2 where vg c and therefore vp > c. In the volume outside the cones, causality due to light interactions cannot extend beyond the cones. However, since vp > c and even vp >> c when wavelength λ is long, extreme phase velocities are then limited in their causal effects by the particle uncertainty σ, i.e. to vgt ± σ/ω, where ω is the particle angular frequency. This is the first time the phase range has been described for a massive particle.

The Unified Field

This is a Unified Field description based on the holographic Time Dilation Cosmology, TDC, model, which is an eternal continuum evolving forward in the forward direction of time, at the speed of light, c, at an invariant 1 s/s rate of time. This is the Fundamental Direction of Evolution, FDE. There is also an evolution down time dilation gradients, the Gravitational Direction of Evolution, GDE. These evolutions are gravity, which is the evolutionary force in time. Gravitational velocities are compensation for the difference in the rate of time, dRt, in a dilation field, and the dRtis equal to the compensatory velocity’s percentage of c, and is a measure of the force in time inducing the velocity. In applied force induced velocities, the dRt is a measure of the resistance in time to the induced velocity, which might be called “anti-gravity” or “negative gravity”. The two effects keep the continuum uniformly evolving forward at c. It is demonstrated that gravity is already a part of the electromagnetic field equations in way of the dRt element contained in the TDC velocity formula. Einstein’s energy formula is defined as a velocity formula and a modified version is used for charged elementary particle solutions. A time dilation-based derivation of the Lorentz force ties gravity directly to the electromagnetic field proving the unified field of gravity and the EMF. It is noted how we could possibly create gravity drives. This is followed by a discussion of black holes, proving supermassive objects, like massive black hole singularities, are impossible, and that black holes are massless Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs) that are vortices in spacetime. .

The Solution of the Einstein’s Equations in the Vacuum Region Surrounding a Spherically Symmetric Mass Distribution

In this article, we address the solution of the Einstein’s equations in the vacuum region surrounding a spherically symmetric mass distribution. There are two different types of mathematical solutions, depending on the value of a constant of integration. These two types of solutions are analysed from a physical point of view. The comparison with the linear theory limit is also considered. This leads to a new solution, different from the well known one. If one considers the observational data in the weak field limit this new solution is in agreement with the available data. While the traditional Schwarzschild solution is characterized by a horizon at r=2GM/c2, no horizon exists in this new solution.

Generalized Newton’s Theory of Universal Gravitation and Black Holes

The Newton’s theory of universal gravitation is generalized. Significantly strong at short distances central interaction of bodies and particles is established in comparison with Newtonian. A connection is found with Black Holes, with the horizon of events. Possibility of systematization of all Black Holes is shown. An illustration is given on the example of Black Hole SgrA*.

The quantum nonthermal radiation and horizon surface gravity of an arbitrarily accelerating black hole with electric charge and magnetic charge

Using a new tortoise coordinate transformation,we discuss the quantum nonthermal radiation characteristics near an event horizon by studying the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of a scalar particle in curved space-time,and obtain the event horizon surface gravity and the Hawking temperature on that event horizon.The results show that there is a crossing of particle energy near the event horizon.We derive the maximum overlap of the positive and negative energy levels.It is also found that the Hawking temperature of a black hole depends not only on the time,but also on the angle.There is a problem of dimension in the usual tortoise coordinate,so the present results obtained by using a correct-dimension new tortoise coordinate transformation may be more reasonable.

林德勒加速度对修正史瓦西黑洞引力势及光的轨迹的影响

主要研究林德勒加速度对修正史瓦西黑洞周围引力势变化及光的轨迹的影响。引入拉格朗日方程,得到修正史瓦西黑洞周围引力势变化和光在赤道平面内的偏折规律。在黑洞附近,由于势垒的存在,一部分光在到达黑洞时发生反射;而光子球附近的光将围绕黑洞旋转很多次,然后逃逸到无穷远处,使得黑洞周围产生更大的亮度,这也是黑洞周围“光环”形成的原因;当碰撞参数增大时,势垒逐渐变小,直至消失,这部分光由于没有遇到势垒,进入黑洞内部,形成黑洞内部“阴影”。此外,还讨论了不同林德勒加速度对修正史瓦西黑洞事件视界半径、光子球半径及碰撞参数的影响,林德勒加速度越大,对应的事件视界半径、光子球半径和碰撞参数越小。

Identifying the Spatial Structure of Black Hole and Tropical Cyclone Based on a Theoretical Analysis of Orthogonal Interaction

Black holes are recognized by Newton’s gravitational theory and Einstein’s general relativity, but there is still a lack of understanding the spatial structure of events, especially the nature of event horizon. In this paper, a theoretical analysis is used to compare the structures of tropical cyclone in the atmosphere and black hole in the astronomy so that five results are: 1) Both of them share the similar spatial structure, with tropical cyclone and black hole having the outflow cloud shield and the horizon sphere in the central part, respectively, while four spiral material bands exist in the rotating plane around them;2) In theoretically, the energy density formed by the orthogonal interaction of the four spiral material bands is as times as the total kinetic energy of the head-on interaction;3) This region of high energy density can lead to the conversion from mass to energy and the creation of new physical states of matter, which is a black hole event;4) The outer horizon of a black hole is the outermost interface of events, or the orthogonal interaction interface of particles;5) High-speed plasma jets extended at the poles of the black hole are directly associated with the shear stress of orthogonal interaction.

盆地模拟相同层位不同地质事件处理方法

在盆地模拟中,同一地质层位的不同区域可能有不同的沉积类型。为实现不同区域地质事件类别不同情况下的盆地模拟计算,提出了基于区域分块的处理方法。首先将含有不同地质事件的不同区域进行分块,每个块单独设置地质事件,然后在盆地模拟过程中分块模拟,并在需要合并起来计算的步骤中进行合并,最终完成整体的盆地模拟流程。研究方法一方面保证了盆地的整体意义,另一方面实现了地质层位各个不同地质事件区域准确的模拟计算结果,解决了同一层位不同地质事件这一问题。

SL(n,R)户田黑洞的隧穿效应

由于SL(n,R)户田黑洞具有很好的数学结构,是研究黑洞物理较为理想的场所.本文主要研究其黑洞的霍金辐射,以及相关信息丢失问题.为了简单,只考虑在四维静态球对称SL(n,R)户田黑洞下,通过计算静止质量为零的粒子在事件视界附近隧穿效应来研究霍金辐射.在粒子的隧穿过程中,利用能量守恒并考虑了隧穿粒子对背景时空的反作用.获得粒子通过事件视界的隧穿概率取决于粒子出射前后黑洞熵的变化,并在此基础上讨论了其信息丢失问题,在满足一定条件下,我们的结果与RN黑洞和施瓦茨黑洞的结果一致.

四维Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet引力时空中非线性电磁场对光线偏折的影响

文章研究了含非线性电磁场的四维爱因斯坦-高斯-博内引力时空中的弱引力透镜现象。首先应用高斯-博内定理计算了含非线性电磁场的四维爱因斯坦-高斯-博内引力中的确切带电黑洞解得时空中光线的弱偏转角,并讨论了高斯-博内参数和非线性参数对偏转角的影响。此外,还利用类光测地线法计算了该黑洞的阴影半径。利用来自于事件视界望远镜的M87*黑洞观测数据限制了高斯-博内参数和磁荷,并讨论了非线性参数对观测值的影响。

沂沭断裂带及其近区地震事件地层的时空分布及意义

沂沭断裂带纵贯山东省中部,属郯庐断裂带中段。在沂沭断裂带及其近区新元古代—新生代的沉积地层中,到目前,已识别出25个地震事件层位。这些地震事件层位的名称取自不同年代或年龄的含地震记录的岩石地层。大多数地震记录是震积岩,少部分为震火山岩,它们的时空分布支持该断裂带生成—活动与发展历史分2个阶段:古郯庐断裂带阶段(新元古代—古生代)和中—新生代阶段。新元古代初鲁中至苏皖北部NNE向韧性剪切带的形成,沟通了秦岭大别与苏鲁洋间的NEE走向的转换断层,可能是沂沭断裂带或古郯庐断裂带的成因机制。在纵向上,古郯庐断裂带阶段形成了8个地震事件层位,其中5个地震事件层位较密集地分布于南华系至中下寒武统;中—新生代阶段形成了17个地震事件层位,其中12个层位较密集的分布于白垩系—古近系。因此,南华纪—早中寒武世、白垩纪—古近纪分别为2个发展阶段的强地震事件频繁发生时段。在这2个发展阶段,该断裂带地震活动的动力来源不同:古郯庐断裂带阶段主要源于华北与华南板块的相向运动与碰撞;中—新生代阶段主要源于太平洋板块向欧亚大陆板块下俯冲。在横向上,有15个(占60%)地震事件层位分布在此断裂带内或由该断裂带内向两侧延伸,这体现了沂沭断裂带一直是研究区内发震构造的主体。所有地震事件地层分布于该断裂带纵中轴线两侧150~180km以内的同沉积盆地,这证明该深大断裂带的两侧近区是强构造地震活动区。作者关于地震事件层位的时空分布的论述和图解,展示了该断裂带自形成以来的地震作用的过程与历史,清晰地勾绘出了这条长期活动地震带的影响范围,这不仅对分析此类深大活动断裂带及其附近由地震引发的软沉积物变形与地震作用具有重要意义,而且对评价此类地震带对地表和建筑物的地震破坏效应也具有重要意义。

基于四次方程的三角解研究非球对称动态黑洞的“类视界面”

给出了具有实用价值的四次方程的三角解正根公式 ,并以匀加速直线运动的Kerr黑洞为例 ,成功的研究了非球对称动态黑洞的“类视界面”。