On Protection of Worker Rights by Union Organizations through Handling of Letters & Visits

Chinese trade unions have always been keen on devel- oping and protecting worker rights. Today, they have the task of helping build up harmonious labor relations. By working to properly handle letters and visits, union orga- nizations aim at resolving problems workers are most concerned with, problems that are most practical and affect the immediate interests of work- ers. The job is of great significance to the country＇s endeavor to ensure decent labor and social stability.

Human Rights Organizations in Transition Countries

The paper examines the challenges faced by the human rights organizations in the Arab region. It will focus on those challenges resulting from the radical changes that happened since 2011. It will also look into the prospective role of the human rights organizations in the future phases of the political transition.

Chinese Social Organizations Hold Side Meetings on Human Rights in Geneva

On November 5,2018,the 31st session of the twoweek UN Human Rights Council Country Human Rights Review Working Group opened in Geneva,Switzerland.In order to demonstrate China's tremendous progress and achievements in the field of human rights,social organizations from China jointly held two side meetings entitled "Human Rights in China:Development and Progress since Reform and Opening-up from NGOs' Perspective" and "China's Ethnic Minority Development and Human Rights Progress" at the Palais des Nations in Geneva,Switzerland.

The Role of Human Rights Organizations in China: CSHRS' Case

In China, there are many human rights organizations, because of their focuses and priorities related to human rights. China Society for Human Rights Studies(CSHRS) is the largest of them, which focuses on human rights research, popularizing and international exchanges. This paper takes CSHRS as an example to show the role of the human rights organizations play in China. From the practice of CSHRS, we can see the human rights organizations in China play a kind of constructive role through involving in very broad fields and engaging in the various activities of human rights protection. Their works include participating in drafting the National Human Rights Action Plans, giving constructive suggestions, working in human rights education, engaging in international exchanges and cooperation, taking part in the work of UPR, raising fund and implementing projects, and so on. They are trying hard to contribute to improve human rights situation in China.

How China’s Procuratorial Organs Protect Human Rights

EDITOR＇S NOTE： Following is a transcript of an interview by the Human Rights magazine with Jing Dali, chief procurator of the Hubei Provincial People＇s Procuratorate. Jing talked about how China＇s procuratorial work protects human rights in his province and what will be done to improve it.

The Contribution, Experience and Risk Control of Social Organizations’ Participation in Global Human Rights Governance

As the"third sector",social organizations are increasingly involved in human rights affairs in the era of governance through cooperation.They play an important role in the construction of a human rights community with the core of"common human values",and together with the government and other relevant subjects,they become the guarantors of human rights.By sorting out the main contributions of social organizations and successful experiences participating in human rights governance,it can be seen that they timely support relevant policies and laws and the participation through certain modes are successful experiences of social organizations in participating in human rights governance.Under the guarantee of the mechanism of effectiveness and risk control along the whole chain before,during and after the process,these contributions and experience will provide better Chinese experience and Chinese programs to promote global human rights governance and the progress of human rights cause in the world.

China Society for Human Rights Studies Organizes Forum to Study and Implement Guidelines of 3rd Plenum of 18th CPC Central Committee

The China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS） organized on Nov. 28 a forum to study and implement the guidelines of the third plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC）. Executive members of CSHRS and other CSHRS members in Beijing discussed improvement of judicial protection for human rights and legal construction in China. CSHRS President Luo Haocai, who was vice chairman of the 10th National Committee of the Chinese People＇s Political Consultative Conference, delivered a speech at the forum.

Organic Geochemistry of the Early Jurassic Oil Shale from the Shuanghu Area in Northern Tibet and the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event

This paper presents new geological and geochemical data from the Shuanghu area in northern Tibet, which recorded the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. The stratigraphic succession in the Shuanghu area consists mostly of grey to dark-colored alternating oil shales, marls and mudstones. Ammonite beds are found at the top of the Shuanghu oil shale section, which are principally of early Toarcian age, roughly within the Harplocearas falciferrum Zone. Therefore, the oil shale strata at Shuanghu can be correlated with early Toarcian black shales distributing extensively in the European epicontinental seas that contain the records of an Oceanic Anoxic Event. Sedimentary organic matter of laminated shale anomalously rich in organic carbon across the Shuanghu area is characterized by high organic carbon contents, ranging from 1.8% to 26.1%. The carbon isotope curve displays the δ 13C values of the kerogen (δ 13Ckerogen) fluctuating from –26.22 to –23.53‰ PDB with a positive excursion close to 2.17‰, which, albeit significantly smaller, may also have been associated with other Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) in Europe. The organic atomic C/N ratios range between 6 and 43, and the curve of C/N ratios is consistent with that of the δ 13Ckerogen values. The biological assemblage, characterized by scarcity of benthic organisms and bloom of calcareous nannofossils (coccoliths), reveals high biological productivity in the surface water and an unfavorable environment for the benthic fauna in the bottom water during the Oceanic Anoxic Event. On the basis of organic geochemistry and characteristics of the biological assemblage, this study suggests that the carbon-isotope excursion is caused by the changes of sea level and productivity, and that the black shale deposition, especially oil shales, is related to the bloom and high productivity of coccoliths.

A Modified Right Helicoid Can Simulate the Inner Structure of the Cochlea in the Hearing Organ of Mammals

The purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical model of the spiral basilar membrane in the center of the cochlea, which plays an important role in the mammalian auditory system. The basilar membrane transmits sound vibrations, which are converted into electrical potential changes by the inner hair cells. The basilar membrane is thought to lie on a locally undistorted curved surface because the inner hair cells, which are arranged in an orderly fashion on the basilar membrane, respond to their location-specific frequencies. In mammals, the number of rotations of this surface and the rate of change of its width with each rotation are different. It turns out that by modifying the right helicoid, we can obtain a mathematical model that satisfies these points. In conclusion, even though the three-dimensional structure of the basilar membrane varies among species, this model can reproduce this structure. This further suggests that there are common genetic determinants of cochlear development in mammals. From a practical standpoint, this may be useful for creating cochlear implants.

The Cenomanian-Turonian Anoxic Event in Southern Tibet: A Study of Organic Geochemistry

The Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event (C/T OAE) is developed in southern Tibet. Organic geochemical study of the Cenomanian-Turonian sediments from the Gamba and Tingri areas shows that the mid-Cretaceous black shales in southern Tibet are enriched in organic carbon. The molecular analyses of organic matter indicate marine organic matter was derived from algae and bacteria. In the Gamba area, the organic matter is characterized by abundant tricyclic terpanes and pregane, which are predominant in 191 and 217 mass chromatograms, respectively. Pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios in the C/T OAE sediments are less than 1, demonstrating the domination of phytane. The presence of carotane can be regarded as a special biomarker indicating oxygen depletion in the C/T OAE sediments in the Tethyan Himalayas. In anoxic sediments, β-carotane and γ-carotane are very abundant. The β- and γ-carotane ratios relative to nC 17 in the Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic sediments vary from 32.28～ 42.87 and 5.10～ 11.01.

Challenges and New Directions of Information Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities in China: From the Perspective of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Accessibility is the basis and prerequisite for persons with disabilities to enjoy and exercise all human rights and fundamental freedoms With the rapid development of the internet, providing and promoting information accessibility is considered an important obligation for the State In the process of transforming international human rights law into domestic law, how to deal with the human rights protection of persons with disabilities and the obligations of the private sector to ensure persons with disabilities receive services and products that meet the requirements and principles of information accessibility has become a development issue in the new era Against the backdrop of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and in the context of the booming development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China, legal scholars, persons with disabilities, and organizations have jointly proposed the Beijing Initiative on the Principles of Information Accessibility for Science and Technology Products It clarifies that the private sector should embrace the human rights model advocated by the Convention in terms of information accessibility, and provide equal participation for persons with disabilities in the process of designing, producing and selling scientific and technological products The Initiative also states that the private sector should keep pace with the United Nation’s sustainable development goals and the basic national policy of building a well-to-do society in an all round way, ensuring persons with disabilities are included within a moderately well-off society It also provides civil opinions on the formulation and clarification of relevant laws in the future.

Sedimentary Expressions of the Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event in an Inland Lacustrine System in the Yin'gen-Ejinaqi Basin,North China

The Jenkyns Event,more widely known as the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event(T-OAE),is marked by globally distributed negative carbon-isotope excursions,widespread oxygen depletion,and large-scale organic carbon burial,which indicate major climate/environmental perturbations in Earth's surface systems during the Early Jurassic.Although extensive research has been conducted in European continental settings,particularly in the western peri-Tethys regions,the impacts of this event beyond Europe remains largely unexplored.Here,a multiapproach study including investigations into the sporepollen assemblages,pyrite framboids,clay minerals,total organic carbon(TOC)levels,and organic carbon isotope(δ13Corg)levels in a lacustrine borehole section(MED1)from the Yin'gen-Ejinaqi Basin,North China,provides evidence of the occurrence of the Jenkyns Event and its extensive sedimentary responses in the eastern Tethys terrestrial systems.Two distinct spore-pollen assemblages have been identified in MED1(drilling depth:982.4 m to 1267.5 m),with the Cycadopites-Protopinus-Osmundacidites assemblage in the lower part(1267.5 m to 1132.9 m)indicating a middle Early Jurassic age and the Classopollis assemblage in the upper part(1132.9 m to 985.7 m)suggesting a Toarcian age.Framboidal pyrite data suggest more anoxic conditions during the deposition of black mudstone and shale intercalations in the lower part of the Classopollis assemblage(1132.9 m to 1066.9 m),which combined with organic carbon enrichment and negativeδ13Corg excursions,are considered the paleoenvironmental response to the Jenkyns Event in the study area.Furthermore,the evolution of vegetation groups changed from plant groups characterized by bisaccate and cycad pollen,as well as fern spores,to vegetation groups represented by Cheirolepidiaceae pollen across the Jenkyns Event,as evidenced by sporepollen data,together with the clay mineral assemblage change characterized by a notable increase in illite at the expense of kaolinite,suggests that while a subtropical-temperate climate persisted,a change toward warmer and drier conditions most likely occurred in the early Toarcian in the study area.In contrast to the humidification evidenced in many coastal settings,this aridification trend in the Yin'gen-Ejinaqi Basin aligns with the conditions in many inland areas.It is hypothesized that the underlying cause of these divergent changes may be linked to certain patterns of spatially variable water availability on land,potentially driven by extremified hydrological conditions.

Terrestrial records of the early Albian Ocean Anoxic Event:Evidence from the Fuxin lacustrine basin,NE China

The early Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1 b(OAE 1 b) is well documented in the Tethys, Pacific and North Atlantic, but few studies have evaluated whether or not terrestrial records of OAE 1 b exist. In order to identify terrestrial records of the early Albian OAE 1 b and to infer possible driving mechanisms, an integrated multi-proxy study from the late Aptian to Albian in the Fuxin lacustrine basin was conducted,including thick, organic-rich black mudstones, total organic carbon(TOC), organic carbon isotopes(d13 Corg), mercury concentration(Hg) and results from pyrolysis analyses(S2, Tmaxand HI). Results show three distinct short-term negative d13 Corgexcursions corresponding with relatively high TOC values,which could be counterparts of the Kilian, Paquier and Leenhardt sub-events of the early Albian OAE1 b. Atmospheric CO2 concentration(p CO2) recovered from C3 plant d13 Corgcompositions indicates an increasing trend in Unit C during the early Albian, and there are three short-term increases of p CO2 corresponding to the three sub-events of OAE 1 b at this time interval. We infer that a trend of increasing p CO2 during the Kilian sub-event in the study area is closely related to volcanism. Continental weathering calculated using chemical weathering indices(CIA, WIP and MIA(O)) show an increasing trend during the OAE 1 b interval, likely resulting from warmer and more humid conditions. Mixed sources of terrestrial plants and lacustrine plankton demonstrated by pyrolysis analyses(HI vs. Tmaxand S2 vs. TOC), indicate a terrestrial contribution to the organic-rich sediments of the Kilian, Paquier and Leenhardt sub-events of OAE 1 b. We suggest that a CO2-forced greenhouse effect during the early Albian might have triggered the relatively warm and humid palaeoclimatic conditions, and intensified chemical weathering that combined to create high nutrient and organic matter levels that were flushed into lakes contributing to eutrophication and anoxia in lacustrine and in contemporaneous oceanic systems.

Survey on the Peasants' Will of Forest Land Transfer in the Reform of Collective Forest Right System——On the Case of 180 Peasant Households in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province

Taking sample survey in the eighteen villages of Yunhe, Longquan and Qingyuan County of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province, the results show that the forest land transfer of sample peasants is mainly transfer-out, the private treaty of forest land transfer is the main pattern of most peasant households, forest right trading market hasn't got wide approval in peasants, peasants' dependence on land is reducing, and so on. Through analysis, the reasons of influent transfer of forest land include peasant's subjective will, less type of transfer objects, dull information communication, big difference of expected price and imperfect development of intermediary organization. In order to promote a healthy development of forest land transfer, the paper puts forward proposals of strengthening policy publicity, improving system, identifying property right, pushing variety of transfer types, developing forest land market, cultivating subject of market and so on.

Variations of Dissolved Iron in the Amur River During an Extreme Flood Event in 2013

As a key factor limiting primary productivity in marine ecosystem, dissolved iron(DFe) export from fluvial systems has increased recently. There is particular concern about discharges of DFe during extreme flooding, when they are thought to increase considerably. An extreme flood event that caused inundation of extensive areas of Far Eastern Russia and Northeastern China occurred in the basin of the Amur River during summer and autumn 2013. During this event, water samples were collected in the middle reaches of the Amur River and the lower reaches at Khabarovsk City and analyzed for DFe concentrations and other aquatic parameters. The results show that the average DFe concentrations in the middle reaches of the Amur River(right bank) and at Khabarovsk were 1.11 mg/L and 0.32 mg/L, respectively, during the extreme flood in 2013. The total discharge of DFe during the flood event was 6.25 × 104 t. The high discharge of DFe during the flood reflects the elevated discharge of the river, hydrologically connected riparian wetlands, vast quantities of terrestrial runoff, and flood discharges from the Zeya and Bureya reservoirs. These results show that long-term monitoring is needed to identify and assess the impacts of DFe transport on the downstream reaches, estuarine area, and coastal ecosystems of the Amur River.

Cultivation Influences on Soil Organic Carbon Associated with Texture in Seasonally Frozen Zones

[Objective] This study aimed to examine indicative roles of texture representing soil organic carbon presence and variability subsequent to cultivation under cold temperate climates with seasonal freeze-thaw events. [Method] Three chronosequences were selected for paired comparisons. Soil samples were collected at six depths with a 10 cm increment. Analysis of variance with general linear model and regression was performed for statistical analysis. [Result] In seasonally frozen soils where fragmentation of macroaggregates was stimulated, soil organic carbon level was positively associated with clay + silt proportion due to a wider textural range, better than sole clay content. Exponential function better fitted the experimental data to present progressively increased effectiveness of clay + silt content in maintaining carbon. Clay content explained 12%-41% and 14%-43% of variation via linear and exponential functions, respectively. Accordingly, clay + silt content explained 47%-65% and 46%-70%. [Conclusion] Texture reflected soil organic carbon occurrence as consequences of reclamation. For seasonally frozen soils with wider textural ranges, it is robust to adapt clay + silt content as dependent variable and exponential function. The generated algorithms provided an available pathway to estimate soil organic carbon losses following cultivation and to evaluate soil fertility.

Quasi-periodic events on structured earthquake models

There has been much interest in studying quasi-periodic events on earthquake models.Here we investigate quasiperiodic events in the avalanche time series on structured earthquake models by the analysis of the autocorrelation function and the fast Fourier transform.For random spatial earthquake models, quasi-periodic events are robust and we obtain a simple rule for a period that is proportional to the choice of unit time and the dissipation of the system.Moreover, computer simulations validate this rule for two-dimensional lattice models and cycle graphs, but our simulation results also show that small-world models, scale-free models, and random rule graphs do not have periodic phenomena.Although the periodicity of avalanche does not depend on the criticality of the system or the average degree of the system or the size of the system,there is evidence that it depends on the time series of the average force of the system.

Precipitation Regionalization Using Self-Organizing Maps for Mumbai City, India

The detailed analysis of individual rain events characteristics is an essential step for improving our understanding of variation in precipitation over different topographies. In this study, the homogeneity among rain gauges was investigated using the concept of “rain event properties,” linking them to the main atmospheric system that affects the rainfall in the region. For this, eight properties of more than 23,000 rain events recorded at 47 meteorological stations in Mumbai, India, were analyzed utilizing seasonal (June-September) rainfall records over 2006-2016. The high similarities among the properties indicated the similarities among the rain gauges. Furthermore, similar rain gauges were distinguished, investigated and characterized by cluster analysis using self-organizing maps (SOM). The cluster analysis results show six clusters of similarly behaving rain gauges, where each cluster addresses one isolated class of variables for the rain gauge. Additionally, the clusters confirm the spatial variation of rainfall caused by the complex topography of Mumbai, comprising the flatland near the Arabian Sea, high-rise buildings (urban area) and mountain and hills areas (Sanjay Gandhi National Park located in the northern part of Mumbai).

农村集体经济组织成员资格认定的逻辑脉络及其展开

农村集体经济组织成员资格认定是农村集体产权制度改革的基础性工作,集体所有权主体的确定是该问题研究的逻辑起点。集体所有权不具有共有和总有等所有权构造类型的特征,同时投资关系说和类比国有资本授权经营体制论都不能对农村集体经济组织的产生渊源进行合理解释。在民法规范语境下,应将农村集体经济组织确定为集体所有权主体。就成员资格和成员权利的关系而言,两者相伴而生,成员资格实质上是从权利主体角度对成员权的描述,为成员权在主体面向的表达。基于此,集体成员资格认定的法律实质是对农民所享有的集体经济组织成员权予以确权。我国农村传统经营方式决定了农户是基本经营单位,从逻辑上应当将家庭成员与以家庭为单位取得权益的关系确定为按份共有,集体经济组织成员权主体应为集体经济组织成员而非农户。城乡二元体制导致户籍这一本质上与成员权利取得不具因果关系的因素被纳入认定标准之中,其证明作用不应被忽视。在传统路径下,应构建以出生事实为核心、其他亲缘关系为辅助的主体判断路径,同时明确列举其他除外情形,形成正反双向的认定机制。在农村集体产权制度改革背景下,基于股权类型设置,集体固有成员与股份经济合作社股东在范围上并非完全一致,未来应以恢复农村集体经济组织和集体成员权的私法属性为目标,分阶段对农村集体经济组织成员权制度进行渐进性改革。