Global climate change can affect tree growth and carbon sink function by influencing plant carbohydrate synthesis and utilization,while elevation can be used as an ideal setting under natural conditions to simulate cl...Global climate change can affect tree growth and carbon sink function by influencing plant carbohydrate synthesis and utilization,while elevation can be used as an ideal setting under natural conditions to simulate climate change effects.The effect of elevation on tree growth may depend on organ type.However,the allocation patterns of nonstructural and structural carbohydrates(NSCs and SCs,respectively)in different tree organs and their response to elevation remain unclear.We selected four dominant tree species,Schima superba,Castanopsis eyrei,Castanopsis fargesii and Michelia maudiae,along an elevation gradient from 609 to 1,207 m in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and analyzed leaf,trunk,and fine root NSCs,carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations and the relative abundance of SCs.Leaf NSCs increased initially and then decreased,and trunk NSCs increased with increasing elevation.However,root NSCs decreased with increasing elevation.The relative abundance of SCs in leaves and trunks decreased,while the relative abundance of root SCs increased with increasing elevation.No significant correlations between SCs and NSCs in leaves were detected,while there were negative correlations between SCs and NSCs in trunks,roots,and all organs.Hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that plant C/N and C/P were the main predictors of changes in SCs and NSCs.Our results suggest that tree organs have divergent responses to elevation and that increasing elevation will inhibit the aboveground part growth and enhance the root growth of trees.A tradeoff between the C distribution used for growth and storage was confirmed along the elevation gradient,which is mainly manifested in the"sink"organs of NSCs.Our results provide insight into tree growth in the context of global climate change scenarios in subtropical forest ecosystems.展开更多
Brandisia is a shrubby genus of about eight species distributed basically in East Asian evergreen broadleaved forests(EBLFs),with distribution centers in the karst regions of Yunnan,Guizhou,and Guangxi in southwestern...Brandisia is a shrubby genus of about eight species distributed basically in East Asian evergreen broadleaved forests(EBLFs),with distribution centers in the karst regions of Yunnan,Guizhou,and Guangxi in southwestern China.Based on the hemiparasitic and more or less liana habits of this genus,we hypothesized that its evolution and distribution were shaped by the development of EBLFs there.To test our hypothesis,the most comprehensive phylogenies of Brandisia hitherto were constructed based on plastome and nuclear loci(nrDNA,PHYA and PHYB);then divergence time and ancestral areas were inferred using the combined nuclear loci dataset.Phylogenetic analyses reconfirmed that Brandisia is a member of Orobanchaceae,with unstable placements caused by nuclear-plastid incongruences.Within Brandisia,three major clades were well supported,corresponding to the three subgenera based on morphology.Brandisia was inferred to have originated in the early Oligocene(32.69 Mya)in the Eastern Himalayas-SW China,followed by diversification in the early Miocene(19.45 Mya)in karst EBLFs.The differentiation dates of Brandisia were consistent with the origin of keystone species of EBLFs in this region(e.g.,Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Theaceae,and Magnoliaceae)and the colonization of other characteristic groups(e.g.,Gesneriaceae and Mahonia).These findings indicate that the distribution and evolution of Brandisia were facilitated by the rise of the karst EBLFs in East Asia.In addition,the woody and parasitic habits,and pollination characteristics of Brandisia may also be the important factors affecting its speciation and dispersal.展开更多
The upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan occurs mainly in the zone of persistent cloud and has a discontinuous,island-like,distribution.It is diverse,rich in endemic species,and likely to be sensitive...The upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan occurs mainly in the zone of persistent cloud and has a discontinuous,island-like,distribution.It is diverse,rich in endemic species,and likely to be sensitive to climate change.Six 1-ha sampling plots were established across the main distribution area of the upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan.All trees with d.b.h.>1 cm in each plot were identified.Patterns of seed plant distributions were quantified at the specific,generic and family levels.The forests are dominated by the families Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Theaceae and Magnoliaceae,but are very diverse with only a few species shared between sites.Floristic similarities at the family and generic level were high,but they were low at the specific level,with species complementarity between plots.Diversity varied greatly among sites,with greater species richness and more rare species in western Yunnan than central Yunnan.The flora is dominated by tropical biogeographical elements,mainly the pantropic and the tropical Asian distributions at the family and genus levels.In contrast,at the species level,the flora is dominated by the southwest or the southeast China distributions,including Yunnan endemics.This suggests that the flora of the upper montane forest in Yunnan could have a tropical floristic origin,and has adapted to cooler temperatures with the uplift of the Himalayas.Due to great sensitivity to climate,high endemism and species complementarity,as well as the discontinuous,island-like,distribution patterns of the upper montane forest in Yunnan,the regional conservation of the forest is especially needed.展开更多
The effects of urban remnant natural evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF) on the restoration of artificial pine forests surrounding it were studied with reference to species composition,biodiversity,dominant species a...The effects of urban remnant natural evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF) on the restoration of artificial pine forests surrounding it were studied with reference to species composition,biodiversity,dominant species and stand structure on Mt. Tieshanping in Chongqing metropolis,Southwest China. The seeds from the remnant EBLF naturally facilitate the restoration process of artificial Pinus massoniana forests near it. The similarity of species composition between the artificial Pinus massoniana forests and the remnant EBLF and biodiversity index of the artificial Pinus massoniana forests decrease as the distance from the remnant EBLF increases. Castanopsis carlesii var. spinusa is the dominant species in the ground vegetation,shrub layer and sub-tree layer of the Pinus massoniana forests near the remnant EBLF. However,the natural restoration processes of those farther away from the remnant EBLF are restricted for the absence of seed source of the inherent components of the remnant EBLF,and the anthropogenic measures should be taken to facilitate the restoration process.展开更多
We investigated the floristic composition, woody species diversity and spatial distribution of trees in a tropical wet evergreen forest in Kaptai national park in Chittagong Hill Tracks, Bangladesh. We recorded 25 fam...We investigated the floristic composition, woody species diversity and spatial distribution of trees in a tropical wet evergreen forest in Kaptai national park in Chittagong Hill Tracks, Bangladesh. We recorded 25 families, 37 genera, 40 species and 1771 woody individuals in a 0.09 ha plot. Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae were the most species- rich families, and Castanopsis, Ficus and Terminaliawere the most species-rich genera. Bursera serrata Wall. ex Colebr. was the dominant species in terms of highest importance value (13%). Trema orientalis (L.) B1 was typically a light demanding species as it appeared in the top can- opy with only one individual having the seventh highest IV, but had no regeneration. The expected maximum number of species (Smax) was 140, indicating that many species may invade the forest as the Sm~ is greater than the recorded total number of species. The nature of the disappear- ance and appearance of species in the present forest reflects instability of floristic composition. The values of Shannon's index H' and Pielou's index J' (evenness) were 3.36 bit and 0.63, respectively. These values show moderately high species diversity as compared to other subtropical forests in the tropics. In addition, a sample area of 200 m2 in this forest would be sufficient for measuring the diversity indices H" and ,/', whereas the trend of J'may indicate the rate of equality of individuals among the different species decreased with increasing area. The distribu- tion pattern for the total stand was completely random. However, the dominant species showed aggregate distribution for small areas, but random distribution for large areas. The spatial association between species showed that the strongest positive interspecific association occurred between Streblus asper Lour. and Castanea indica Roxh. (09 = 0.51). As a whole, most species were weakly associated with each other, of which 58% species associations were completely negative. The result of cluster analysis showed that species pairs were spatially independent at all or most small clusters; stands of species from all clusters are mosa- ics of complete habitat and pioneer habitat. All patches in this forest community have similar habitat and regeneration niches, which could be a phenomenon for a young growth forest. Thus, the existence of habitat and regeneration niches may be an important factor in the maintenance of diversity in this forest.展开更多
Evergreen broad-leaved forest is an important forest type in China.This paper analyzes the allocation characteristics of vegetation and soil carbon pool of evergreen broad-leaved forest,to understand the current statu...Evergreen broad-leaved forest is an important forest type in China.This paper analyzes the allocation characteristics of vegetation and soil carbon pool of evergreen broad-leaved forest,to understand the current status of research on the carbon storage of evergreen broadleaved forest as well as shortcomings.In the context of global climate change,it is necessary to carry out the long-term research of evergreen broad-leaved forest,in order to grasp the formation mechanism of evergreen broad-leaved forest productivity,and the impact of climate change on the carbon sequestration function of evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem.展开更多
We analyze the structure and composition of old-growth wet evergreen forest of Nelliampathy hills, the chain of hills lying immediately south of Palghat Gap, in the southern Western Ghats of India. We sampled 30 plots...We analyze the structure and composition of old-growth wet evergreen forest of Nelliampathy hills, the chain of hills lying immediately south of Palghat Gap, in the southern Western Ghats of India. We sampled 30 plots of 0.1 ha each (50 m × 20 m) at six locations enumerating all plants ? 10 cm girth at breast height. We pooled the data and computed various structural parameters. There were 152 species of 120 genera and 51 families of the study area. Of these, 118 (77%) were trees, 24 were climbers (16%) and 10 were shrubs (7%). Species richness varied from 58–99 per 0.5 ha sample and Shannon indices of diversity ranged from 4.4 to 5.2. Fifty-nine per cent (89 species) of the species were Indian Sub-continent elements and 34% (51 species) are endemic to the Western Ghats. Fifteen species are listed in various threat categories. Aglaia and Litsea were the most species-rich genera. Numbers of families ranged from 27–43 per 0.5 ha sample. Euphorbiaceae and Lauraceae were the most species-rich families. Stand density varied from 1714 to 2244 stems·ha?1 and basal area from 53.6 to 102.1 m2·ha?1. The vegetation was dominated by 3–6 species and six dominance patterns characterized the species composition within the hill complex. The old-growth evergreen forests of Nelliampathy exist as small fragments rich in biodiversity and can be used as benchmarks for comparison with disturbed forests.展开更多
In 2013, we re-inventoried all lianas (≥1 cm diameter measured at 1.3 m from the rooting point) in four I-ha permanent plots distributed one each in four sites of inland tropical dry evergreen forest on the Coroman...In 2013, we re-inventoried all lianas (≥1 cm diameter measured at 1.3 m from the rooting point) in four I-ha permanent plots distributed one each in four sites of inland tropical dry evergreen forest on the Coromandel Coast (Pudukottai district) of peninsular India, established in 2003. Among the four sites, Shanmuganathapuram (SP) and Araiyapatti (AP) were much disturbed and the other two sites (Karisakkadu--KR and Maramadakki--MM) were moderately disturbed. We inventoried a total of 3425 lianas representing 37 species of 33 genera and 22 families. Over a decade (2003-2013) liana species richness increased at two sites (MM and SP) and no changes occurred at the other two sites. Liana abundance increased by 210, 211,164 and 162 individuals at sites AP, KR, MM and SP, respectively, and basal area increased (from 1.09 to 1.76 m2 at AP, 0.67 to 0.86 m2 at KR, 1.68 to 2.06 mz at MM, and from 0.44 to 1.06 m2 at SP). Over a 10-year period, three species (Abrus precatorius, Canavalia virosa, and Cocculus hirsutus) were lost and five species (Gloriosa superba, Ampelocissus tomentosa, Capparis sepiaria, Aganosma cymosa and Tiliacora acuminata) were newly added. Total aboveground biomass increased by 18.5, 0.74, 3.6 and 9.5 Mg ha-1, respectively, at sites AP, KR, MM and SP.展开更多
[Objectives]This study aimed to select evergreen broad-leaved woody plants with higher ornamental value and stronger cold tolerance for introduction from the south to the north,and to apply them to urban greening,so a...[Objectives]This study aimed to select evergreen broad-leaved woody plants with higher ornamental value and stronger cold tolerance for introduction from the south to the north,and to apply them to urban greening,so as to enrich the plant community structure of the landscape in the northern region.[Methods]Three species of evergreen broad-leaved woody plants,i.e.,Ligustrum lucidum,Ilex cornuta and Eriobotrya japonica,were selected as the experimental materials.The morphological performances and the changes of the physiological indexes were observed and measured during the overwintering period in the open field in Beijing.The relationship between the indexes and the low temperature was also analyzed.The strength of cold tolerance of the three species was compared.[Results]The electrical conductivity,the contents of MDA and proline were negatively correlated with the corresponding low temperature.The contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein increased with the dropping temperature,but they had little response to the short-term temperature rise.[Conclusions]Combined with morphological and physiological indexes,it was found that the changes of the contents of proline and soluble sugar among the physiological indexes were closely related to the cold tolerances of the three tree species of broad-leaved woody plants.The cold tolerance of I.cornuta was the strongest,E.japonica was the second,and that of L.lucidum was the worst.展开更多
In this paper, secondary forest of Pinus massoniana , coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest and broad-leaved evergreen forest were taken as research objects, to explore carbon reserve of arbor layer and its spatial dis...In this paper, secondary forest of Pinus massoniana , coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest and broad-leaved evergreen forest were taken as research objects, to explore carbon reserve of arbor layer and its spatial distribution characteristics. At different succession stages, the sequence of organic carbon content in each organ was secondary forest of P. massoniana > coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest> broad-leaved evergreen forest. Carbon reserve of arbor layer was the highest in broad-leaved evergreen forest, which was 129.34 t/hm 2, followed by coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest (95.83 t/hm 2), and the minimum was 85.27 t/hm 2 in secondary forest of P. massoniana . In each stand type, the sequence of carbon reserve of each organ in arbor layer was trunk>root>branch>leaf>bark. Carbon reserve of arbor layer mainly concentrated in trunk, and the proportion to carbon reserve of arbor layer declined from secondary forest of P. massoniana to broad-leaved evergreen forest, while it had increasing relationship in root. In secondary forest of P. massoniana , coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest and broad-leaved evergreen forest, individual with the diameter more than 20 cm accounted for the majority of carbon reserve in the arbor layer.展开更多
Development pressure has led to serious deforestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly rapid defor-estation has occurred in easily accessible lowland areas, and it is thus important to accumulate knowledge abo...Development pressure has led to serious deforestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly rapid defor-estation has occurred in easily accessible lowland areas, and it is thus important to accumulate knowledge about these forests immediately. We measured evapotranspiration rates for a lowland dry evergreen forest in Kampong Thom Province, central Cambodia, using the energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) method based on meteorological data collected from a 60-m-high observation tower. Daily evapotranspiration was higher during the dry season than during the rainy season of the Asian monsoon climate. The seasonal variation in evapotranspiration generally corresponded to the seasonal difference in the vapor pressure deficit. A multi-layer model was used to simulate the seasonal variation in evapotranspiration. The multilayer model also reproduced the larger evapotranspiration rate in the dry season than in the rainy season. However, observed values substantially exceeded model-calculated results during certain periods at the beginning of the dry season and in the late dry season. Moreover, during the rainy season, the model tended to overestimate evapotranspiration. The differences between these observed and simulated values may have been caused by seasonal characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration in the lowland dry evergreen forest that were not considered in the model simulation.展开更多
The distribution,quantification and fluxes of Pb were examined in an evergreen broadleaved forest in western Greece for three hydrological years.More specifically,concentrations and annual fluxes of Pb were determined...The distribution,quantification and fluxes of Pb were examined in an evergreen broadleaved forest in western Greece for three hydrological years.More specifically,concentrations and annual fluxes of Pb were determined in bulk and throughfall deposition as well as litterfall.The Pb concentrations were also measured in forest floor and mineral soil up to 80 cm and the isotopic ratios of 206Pb/207Pb were determined in soil layers and the parent rock material.High variability in the fluxes of the metal among the three hydrological years were found,evidence of the variability of Pb deposition in time.Litterfall fractions with a large surface area,like holm oak flowers,had high Pb concentrations.Applying a steady state model and considering the Pb amounts in throughfall and litterfall as inputs on the forest floor,the mean residence time of Pb in the forest floor was 94 years with a coefficient of variation equal to 41%.More observations are needed to lower the variability of the mean residence time.The isotopic ratio in the rock material was defined as the lithogenic ratio.The statistical tests showed that the petrol derived Pb migrated to the depth of 20 cm and its percentages in the soil pedon was in the range of 62%in the L horizon to 11%in the 10–20cm layer.In higher depths(>40 cm)preindustrial anthropogenic Pb affected the isotopic ratio.As the forest under consideration is remote from industrial activities,the results can serve as a baseline for future studies on Pb distribution and quantification.展开更多
In this paper, the Pinus massoniana forest in the early stage of succession, the coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest in the middle stage of succession, and the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the late stage of succe...In this paper, the Pinus massoniana forest in the early stage of succession, the coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest in the middle stage of succession, and the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the late stage of succession were studied, and the biomass and its spatial distribution characteristics of the tree layer in different succession stages of the ecosystem were discussed. The results showed that the biomass of the arbor layer was the highest in the evergreen broad-leaved forest, which was 292.51 t/ hm2, followed by the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, which was 206.87 t/hm2, and the Pinus massoniana forest, which was 171.76 t/hm2. The biomass of trunks accounted for the largest proportion in the total biomass of the arbor layer, which reduced from the Pinus massoniana forest to the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The proportion of the biomass of roots in the total biomass of the arbor layer increased from the Pinus massoniana forest to the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The biomass of the diameter class above 20 cm in the Pinus massoniana forest, the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and the evergreen broad-leaved forest accounted for a large proportion of total biomass.展开更多
In recent years, expansion of native and exotic evergreen shrubs into forest understories has been documented worldwide. Dense shrub thickets may interfere with tree establishment, suppress herbaceous cover, and contr...In recent years, expansion of native and exotic evergreen shrubs into forest understories has been documented worldwide. Dense shrub thickets may interfere with tree establishment, suppress herbaceous cover, and contribute substantially to total standing crop of leaf biomass. Expansion may occur because evergreen shrubs exploit seasonal variations in irradiance and temperature that are characteristic of temperate understory environments. We quantified leaf-level light environment and photosynthetic activity of three sympatric broadleaf evergreens (Ilex opaca, Kalmia latifolia, and Myrica cerifera) in a deciduous forest understory in Charles City County,Virginia,USAin order to understand seasonal intra- and interspecific ranges of broadleaf evergreen physiology. Two species (K. latifolia and M. cerifera) represent a diverse taxonomic range within broadleaf evergreens, and often form expansive thickets. We measured parameters related to canopy structure (e.g., bifurcation ratio, leaf angle) and photosynthetic performance (e.g., electron transport rate or ETR, chlorophyll content), to identify potential mechanisms facilitating expansion. ETR varied both seasonally and among species. In summer, M. cerifera ETR was nearly double that ofI. opaca or K. latifolia. Additionally, leaf temperature enhanced photosynthetic capacity of expansive species. Evergreen species, though capable of fixing carbon throughout the year, often exhibit slow growth rates and low physiological activity. Yet, we observed that the range of evergreen physiological activity may be broader than previously recognized. Furthermore, our results indicate potential for changes in composition and expansion of the evergreen shrub layer by species that exhibit structural and physiological mechanisms advantageous for future rises in temperature.展开更多
In Yingzuijie National Nature Reserve, Pinus massoniana forest, mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest and evergreen broad-leaf forest were investigated to study the changing characteristics of woody debris (WD) during v...In Yingzuijie National Nature Reserve, Pinus massoniana forest, mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest and evergreen broad-leaf forest were investigated to study the changing characteristics of woody debris (WD) during various succession stages o1 evergreen broad-leaf forest. The results showed that during various succession stages of evergreen broad-leaf forest in Yingzuijie National Nature Reserve, WD storage of each forest ranged from 1.26 to 8.82 t/hm^2, with the order of P. massoniana forest 〈 mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest 〈 evergreen broad-leaf forest, that is, it increased from early to late stages of the succession. At different succession stages, coarse woody debris (CWD) storage was 2 -9 times more than fine woody debris (FWD) storage, revealing that CWD was dominant in WD of each forest. CWD biomass accounted for 0.66% -2.21% of arbor biomass, so the forests were at the developmental stage.展开更多
Urban areas are a major source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO<sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) emissions ...Urban areas are a major source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO<sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) emissions because of road traffic and local heating with natural gas, oil or coal. Rome is among the largest European cities (129,000 ha) with a large volume of green areas (69.6% of the total Municipality area). The CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sequestration (CS) capability for the greenery extending for about 300 km</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> inside the area delimited by the Great Ring Road (GRA) in Rome was calculated combining satellite data with CS data measured in the field. Data from Sentinel-2 were collected and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was computed on a pixel-base. Three plant classes homogeneous in terms of annual NDVI profile were identified: deciduous trees (DT), evergreen trees (ET) and meadows (M) covering an area of 14,142.027 ha within the GRA, of which M had the highest percentage (48%), followed by DT (27%) and ET (25%). CS ranged from 428,241</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">492.9 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ons CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> year</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (ET) to 263,072</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">460.6 Tons CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> year</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (M). The total CS of the greenery inside the GRA was 1049,490,355.4 Tons CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> year</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> resulting in an annual economic value of $772,424,901.6/ha. The CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sequestration capability of the considered plant classes could be incorporated into the national greenhouse gas emission budget to calculate the contribution of CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sequestration to the economy of Rome.</span></span>展开更多
Two types of forests in Northeast China is divided in this paper, that is, the deciduous forests in the northern part and the deciduous-evergreen forests in the eastern part. Both distributions of the two types of for...Two types of forests in Northeast China is divided in this paper, that is, the deciduous forests in the northern part and the deciduous-evergreen forests in the eastern part. Both distributions of the two types of forests have also been presented. Meanwhile, the development and succession as well as components of forests have been studied in detail. In the end, the vertical distribution of the deciduous forests have been shown, in which, the near-temperate cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests are distributing in the low elevation area between 450m-600m from the northto the south, the typical Siberian cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests are widely distributing from 450m-820m in the north to 600m-1050m in the south, the humid cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests can only be found in high elevation area from 820m-l 100m in the north to 1050m-1380m in the south, the cold temperate deciduous coniferous open forests can seldom appear at the top of a few peaks.展开更多
The habitat structure and floristic composition examined <span style="font-family:Verdana;">for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this study are of great importance, provi...The habitat structure and floristic composition examined <span style="font-family:Verdana;">for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this study are of great importance, providing a scientific baseline of information for developing a biodiversity database and in supporting crucial information for the management decision-making process of the buffer zones. The primary objective of this study was to examine the current status of species composition and stand structure of moist evergreen forests distributed in the TNR buffer zone. Forest inventory was conducted in the primary moist evergreen forest (~1 ha) and secondary moist evergreen forest (~1 ha). In the TNR buffer zone, 83 species belonging to 31 families in the primary moist evergreen forest and 86 species belonging to 32 families in the secondary moist evergreen forest were found. The most dominant families in the primary moist evergreen forest were Dipterocarpaceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae;at species level</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this forest was composed of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nephelium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>lappaceum</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Myristica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>malabarica</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nephelium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>laurium</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aglaia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>andamanica</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Diospyros</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>peregrine</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The most dominant families in the secondary moist evergreen forest were Myrtaceae, Sapindaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myristicaceae, and Lauraceae, while </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nephelium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>lappaceum</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Syzygium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">claviflorum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Syzygium</span></i> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sp-1</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eugenia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">oblate</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Myristica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>angustifolia</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were the most dominant at the species level. The results of S?rensen’s similarity index based on common species (Ks) and the similarity index based on species dominance (Kd) were observed at about 55% and 75% between the primary and secondary moist evergreen forests. The basal area (51.39 </span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha<sup>-</sup></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><sup>1</sup></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of the primary moist evergreen forest was higher than that (44.50 </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><sup>.</sup>ha<span style="font-size:10px;"><sup>-1</sup></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of the secondary moist evergreen forest. Between these two forest types, the Shannon-Wiener, the Simpson and the Evenness indices were not significantly different at (p < 0.05). The total number of trees per hectare (n/ha) of the primary and secondary moist evergreen forests w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 910 (±184) and 991</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(±183).</span> <div class="__kindeditor_paste__" style="position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;left:-1981px;top:202px;white-space:nowrap;"> <table border="1" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="outline:0px;border-spacing:0px;width:772px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow-wrap:break-word;color:#333333;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:14px;background-color:#ffffff;"=""> <tbody style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:0px;border:0px;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> <tr style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:0px;border-width:1px 0px 0px;border-right-style:initial;border-bottom-style:initial;border-left-style:initial;border-right-color:initial;border-bottom-color:initial;border-left-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-top-style:solid;border-top-color:#DDDDDD;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> <td style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:0px;padding:8px;margin:0px;overflow-wrap:break-word;border:1px solid #DDDDDD;font-size:14px;color:#4F4F4F;line-height:22px;"> <p align="left" style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding:0px;overflow:auto hidden;line-height:22px;"> ? </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260379&32371852)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20224ACB215005)
文摘Global climate change can affect tree growth and carbon sink function by influencing plant carbohydrate synthesis and utilization,while elevation can be used as an ideal setting under natural conditions to simulate climate change effects.The effect of elevation on tree growth may depend on organ type.However,the allocation patterns of nonstructural and structural carbohydrates(NSCs and SCs,respectively)in different tree organs and their response to elevation remain unclear.We selected four dominant tree species,Schima superba,Castanopsis eyrei,Castanopsis fargesii and Michelia maudiae,along an elevation gradient from 609 to 1,207 m in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and analyzed leaf,trunk,and fine root NSCs,carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations and the relative abundance of SCs.Leaf NSCs increased initially and then decreased,and trunk NSCs increased with increasing elevation.However,root NSCs decreased with increasing elevation.The relative abundance of SCs in leaves and trunks decreased,while the relative abundance of root SCs increased with increasing elevation.No significant correlations between SCs and NSCs in leaves were detected,while there were negative correlations between SCs and NSCs in trunks,roots,and all organs.Hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that plant C/N and C/P were the main predictors of changes in SCs and NSCs.Our results suggest that tree organs have divergent responses to elevation and that increasing elevation will inhibit the aboveground part growth and enhance the root growth of trees.A tradeoff between the C distribution used for growth and storage was confirmed along the elevation gradient,which is mainly manifested in the"sink"organs of NSCs.Our results provide insight into tree growth in the context of global climate change scenarios in subtropical forest ecosystems.
基金funded by the Key Projects of the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1802232)the national youth talent support program+2 种基金CAS"Light of West China"ProgramYunnan youth talent support program(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-183 to Y.N.)Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology(UQDTCB.06/22-23)。
文摘Brandisia is a shrubby genus of about eight species distributed basically in East Asian evergreen broadleaved forests(EBLFs),with distribution centers in the karst regions of Yunnan,Guizhou,and Guangxi in southwestern China.Based on the hemiparasitic and more or less liana habits of this genus,we hypothesized that its evolution and distribution were shaped by the development of EBLFs there.To test our hypothesis,the most comprehensive phylogenies of Brandisia hitherto were constructed based on plastome and nuclear loci(nrDNA,PHYA and PHYB);then divergence time and ancestral areas were inferred using the combined nuclear loci dataset.Phylogenetic analyses reconfirmed that Brandisia is a member of Orobanchaceae,with unstable placements caused by nuclear-plastid incongruences.Within Brandisia,three major clades were well supported,corresponding to the three subgenera based on morphology.Brandisia was inferred to have originated in the early Oligocene(32.69 Mya)in the Eastern Himalayas-SW China,followed by diversification in the early Miocene(19.45 Mya)in karst EBLFs.The differentiation dates of Brandisia were consistent with the origin of keystone species of EBLFs in this region(e.g.,Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Theaceae,and Magnoliaceae)and the colonization of other characteristic groups(e.g.,Gesneriaceae and Mahonia).These findings indicate that the distribution and evolution of Brandisia were facilitated by the rise of the karst EBLFs in East Asia.In addition,the woody and parasitic habits,and pollination characteristics of Brandisia may also be the important factors affecting its speciation and dispersal.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41471051,41071040,31170195
文摘The upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan occurs mainly in the zone of persistent cloud and has a discontinuous,island-like,distribution.It is diverse,rich in endemic species,and likely to be sensitive to climate change.Six 1-ha sampling plots were established across the main distribution area of the upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan.All trees with d.b.h.>1 cm in each plot were identified.Patterns of seed plant distributions were quantified at the specific,generic and family levels.The forests are dominated by the families Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Theaceae and Magnoliaceae,but are very diverse with only a few species shared between sites.Floristic similarities at the family and generic level were high,but they were low at the specific level,with species complementarity between plots.Diversity varied greatly among sites,with greater species richness and more rare species in western Yunnan than central Yunnan.The flora is dominated by tropical biogeographical elements,mainly the pantropic and the tropical Asian distributions at the family and genus levels.In contrast,at the species level,the flora is dominated by the southwest or the southeast China distributions,including Yunnan endemics.This suggests that the flora of the upper montane forest in Yunnan could have a tropical floristic origin,and has adapted to cooler temperatures with the uplift of the Himalayas.Due to great sensitivity to climate,high endemism and species complementarity,as well as the discontinuous,island-like,distribution patterns of the upper montane forest in Yunnan,the regional conservation of the forest is especially needed.
基金Project(30700094) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (CSTC, 2008BB7187) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of CQ CSTC, China+2 种基金Project (20092x07104-003-02)supported by the National Science and Technology MinistrySubsidy from the Pro Natural Fund of Japan for 2007Research project for a sustainable development of economic and social structure dependent on the environment of the eastern coast of Asia from Tokyo University of Information
文摘The effects of urban remnant natural evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF) on the restoration of artificial pine forests surrounding it were studied with reference to species composition,biodiversity,dominant species and stand structure on Mt. Tieshanping in Chongqing metropolis,Southwest China. The seeds from the remnant EBLF naturally facilitate the restoration process of artificial Pinus massoniana forests near it. The similarity of species composition between the artificial Pinus massoniana forests and the remnant EBLF and biodiversity index of the artificial Pinus massoniana forests decrease as the distance from the remnant EBLF increases. Castanopsis carlesii var. spinusa is the dominant species in the ground vegetation,shrub layer and sub-tree layer of the Pinus massoniana forests near the remnant EBLF. However,the natural restoration processes of those farther away from the remnant EBLF are restricted for the absence of seed source of the inherent components of the remnant EBLF,and the anthropogenic measures should be taken to facilitate the restoration process.
文摘We investigated the floristic composition, woody species diversity and spatial distribution of trees in a tropical wet evergreen forest in Kaptai national park in Chittagong Hill Tracks, Bangladesh. We recorded 25 families, 37 genera, 40 species and 1771 woody individuals in a 0.09 ha plot. Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae were the most species- rich families, and Castanopsis, Ficus and Terminaliawere the most species-rich genera. Bursera serrata Wall. ex Colebr. was the dominant species in terms of highest importance value (13%). Trema orientalis (L.) B1 was typically a light demanding species as it appeared in the top can- opy with only one individual having the seventh highest IV, but had no regeneration. The expected maximum number of species (Smax) was 140, indicating that many species may invade the forest as the Sm~ is greater than the recorded total number of species. The nature of the disappear- ance and appearance of species in the present forest reflects instability of floristic composition. The values of Shannon's index H' and Pielou's index J' (evenness) were 3.36 bit and 0.63, respectively. These values show moderately high species diversity as compared to other subtropical forests in the tropics. In addition, a sample area of 200 m2 in this forest would be sufficient for measuring the diversity indices H" and ,/', whereas the trend of J'may indicate the rate of equality of individuals among the different species decreased with increasing area. The distribu- tion pattern for the total stand was completely random. However, the dominant species showed aggregate distribution for small areas, but random distribution for large areas. The spatial association between species showed that the strongest positive interspecific association occurred between Streblus asper Lour. and Castanea indica Roxh. (09 = 0.51). As a whole, most species were weakly associated with each other, of which 58% species associations were completely negative. The result of cluster analysis showed that species pairs were spatially independent at all or most small clusters; stands of species from all clusters are mosa- ics of complete habitat and pioneer habitat. All patches in this forest community have similar habitat and regeneration niches, which could be a phenomenon for a young growth forest. Thus, the existence of habitat and regeneration niches may be an important factor in the maintenance of diversity in this forest.
基金Supported by International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(2012DFB30030)Science and Technology Plan Project of Hunan Forestry(XLK201417)+1 种基金Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hunan Academy of Forestry(2013LQJ08,2013LQJ11)Science and Technology Plan Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2012WK4010)
文摘Evergreen broad-leaved forest is an important forest type in China.This paper analyzes the allocation characteristics of vegetation and soil carbon pool of evergreen broad-leaved forest,to understand the current status of research on the carbon storage of evergreen broadleaved forest as well as shortcomings.In the context of global climate change,it is necessary to carry out the long-term research of evergreen broad-leaved forest,in order to grasp the formation mechanism of evergreen broad-leaved forest productivity,and the impact of climate change on the carbon sequestration function of evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem.
基金support from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
文摘We analyze the structure and composition of old-growth wet evergreen forest of Nelliampathy hills, the chain of hills lying immediately south of Palghat Gap, in the southern Western Ghats of India. We sampled 30 plots of 0.1 ha each (50 m × 20 m) at six locations enumerating all plants ? 10 cm girth at breast height. We pooled the data and computed various structural parameters. There were 152 species of 120 genera and 51 families of the study area. Of these, 118 (77%) were trees, 24 were climbers (16%) and 10 were shrubs (7%). Species richness varied from 58–99 per 0.5 ha sample and Shannon indices of diversity ranged from 4.4 to 5.2. Fifty-nine per cent (89 species) of the species were Indian Sub-continent elements and 34% (51 species) are endemic to the Western Ghats. Fifteen species are listed in various threat categories. Aglaia and Litsea were the most species-rich genera. Numbers of families ranged from 27–43 per 0.5 ha sample. Euphorbiaceae and Lauraceae were the most species-rich families. Stand density varied from 1714 to 2244 stems·ha?1 and basal area from 53.6 to 102.1 m2·ha?1. The vegetation was dominated by 3–6 species and six dominance patterns characterized the species composition within the hill complex. The old-growth evergreen forests of Nelliampathy exist as small fragments rich in biodiversity and can be used as benchmarks for comparison with disturbed forests.
基金Pondicherry University for financial support received through UGC University fellowship
文摘In 2013, we re-inventoried all lianas (≥1 cm diameter measured at 1.3 m from the rooting point) in four I-ha permanent plots distributed one each in four sites of inland tropical dry evergreen forest on the Coromandel Coast (Pudukottai district) of peninsular India, established in 2003. Among the four sites, Shanmuganathapuram (SP) and Araiyapatti (AP) were much disturbed and the other two sites (Karisakkadu--KR and Maramadakki--MM) were moderately disturbed. We inventoried a total of 3425 lianas representing 37 species of 33 genera and 22 families. Over a decade (2003-2013) liana species richness increased at two sites (MM and SP) and no changes occurred at the other two sites. Liana abundance increased by 210, 211,164 and 162 individuals at sites AP, KR, MM and SP, respectively, and basal area increased (from 1.09 to 1.76 m2 at AP, 0.67 to 0.86 m2 at KR, 1.68 to 2.06 mz at MM, and from 0.44 to 1.06 m2 at SP). Over a 10-year period, three species (Abrus precatorius, Canavalia virosa, and Cocculus hirsutus) were lost and five species (Gloriosa superba, Ampelocissus tomentosa, Capparis sepiaria, Aganosma cymosa and Tiliacora acuminata) were newly added. Total aboveground biomass increased by 18.5, 0.74, 3.6 and 9.5 Mg ha-1, respectively, at sites AP, KR, MM and SP.
基金Key Project of Beijing Municipal Education CommissionProject of Construction of Advanced Horticulture Under Beijing Municipality(2020)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201645,31640070)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(3172006)Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges Under Beijing Municipality(IDHT 20150503).
文摘[Objectives]This study aimed to select evergreen broad-leaved woody plants with higher ornamental value and stronger cold tolerance for introduction from the south to the north,and to apply them to urban greening,so as to enrich the plant community structure of the landscape in the northern region.[Methods]Three species of evergreen broad-leaved woody plants,i.e.,Ligustrum lucidum,Ilex cornuta and Eriobotrya japonica,were selected as the experimental materials.The morphological performances and the changes of the physiological indexes were observed and measured during the overwintering period in the open field in Beijing.The relationship between the indexes and the low temperature was also analyzed.The strength of cold tolerance of the three species was compared.[Results]The electrical conductivity,the contents of MDA and proline were negatively correlated with the corresponding low temperature.The contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein increased with the dropping temperature,but they had little response to the short-term temperature rise.[Conclusions]Combined with morphological and physiological indexes,it was found that the changes of the contents of proline and soluble sugar among the physiological indexes were closely related to the cold tolerances of the three tree species of broad-leaved woody plants.The cold tolerance of I.cornuta was the strongest,E.japonica was the second,and that of L.lucidum was the worst.
基金Sponsored by Forestry Science and Technology Plan of Hunan Province(XLK201806,XLK201925)National Forestry Science and Technology Development Project(KJZXSA2018011,KJZXSA2019009)Operational Subsidy Project of National Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Platform(2019132068)
文摘In this paper, secondary forest of Pinus massoniana , coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest and broad-leaved evergreen forest were taken as research objects, to explore carbon reserve of arbor layer and its spatial distribution characteristics. At different succession stages, the sequence of organic carbon content in each organ was secondary forest of P. massoniana > coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest> broad-leaved evergreen forest. Carbon reserve of arbor layer was the highest in broad-leaved evergreen forest, which was 129.34 t/hm 2, followed by coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest (95.83 t/hm 2), and the minimum was 85.27 t/hm 2 in secondary forest of P. massoniana . In each stand type, the sequence of carbon reserve of each organ in arbor layer was trunk>root>branch>leaf>bark. Carbon reserve of arbor layer mainly concentrated in trunk, and the proportion to carbon reserve of arbor layer declined from secondary forest of P. massoniana to broad-leaved evergreen forest, while it had increasing relationship in root. In secondary forest of P. massoniana , coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest and broad-leaved evergreen forest, individual with the diameter more than 20 cm accounted for the majority of carbon reserve in the arbor layer.
文摘Development pressure has led to serious deforestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly rapid defor-estation has occurred in easily accessible lowland areas, and it is thus important to accumulate knowledge about these forests immediately. We measured evapotranspiration rates for a lowland dry evergreen forest in Kampong Thom Province, central Cambodia, using the energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) method based on meteorological data collected from a 60-m-high observation tower. Daily evapotranspiration was higher during the dry season than during the rainy season of the Asian monsoon climate. The seasonal variation in evapotranspiration generally corresponded to the seasonal difference in the vapor pressure deficit. A multi-layer model was used to simulate the seasonal variation in evapotranspiration. The multilayer model also reproduced the larger evapotranspiration rate in the dry season than in the rainy season. However, observed values substantially exceeded model-calculated results during certain periods at the beginning of the dry season and in the late dry season. Moreover, during the rainy season, the model tended to overestimate evapotranspiration. The differences between these observed and simulated values may have been caused by seasonal characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration in the lowland dry evergreen forest that were not considered in the model simulation.
文摘The distribution,quantification and fluxes of Pb were examined in an evergreen broadleaved forest in western Greece for three hydrological years.More specifically,concentrations and annual fluxes of Pb were determined in bulk and throughfall deposition as well as litterfall.The Pb concentrations were also measured in forest floor and mineral soil up to 80 cm and the isotopic ratios of 206Pb/207Pb were determined in soil layers and the parent rock material.High variability in the fluxes of the metal among the three hydrological years were found,evidence of the variability of Pb deposition in time.Litterfall fractions with a large surface area,like holm oak flowers,had high Pb concentrations.Applying a steady state model and considering the Pb amounts in throughfall and litterfall as inputs on the forest floor,the mean residence time of Pb in the forest floor was 94 years with a coefficient of variation equal to 41%.More observations are needed to lower the variability of the mean residence time.The isotopic ratio in the rock material was defined as the lithogenic ratio.The statistical tests showed that the petrol derived Pb migrated to the depth of 20 cm and its percentages in the soil pedon was in the range of 62%in the L horizon to 11%in the 10–20cm layer.In higher depths(>40 cm)preindustrial anthropogenic Pb affected the isotopic ratio.As the forest under consideration is remote from industrial activities,the results can serve as a baseline for future studies on Pb distribution and quantification.
基金Sponsored by Forestry Science and Technology Plan of Hunan Province(XLK201925,XLK201806)National Forestry Science and Technology Development Project(KJZXSA2018011)Operational Subsidy Project of National Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Platform(2018-LYPT-DW-064)
文摘In this paper, the Pinus massoniana forest in the early stage of succession, the coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest in the middle stage of succession, and the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the late stage of succession were studied, and the biomass and its spatial distribution characteristics of the tree layer in different succession stages of the ecosystem were discussed. The results showed that the biomass of the arbor layer was the highest in the evergreen broad-leaved forest, which was 292.51 t/ hm2, followed by the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, which was 206.87 t/hm2, and the Pinus massoniana forest, which was 171.76 t/hm2. The biomass of trunks accounted for the largest proportion in the total biomass of the arbor layer, which reduced from the Pinus massoniana forest to the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The proportion of the biomass of roots in the total biomass of the arbor layer increased from the Pinus massoniana forest to the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The biomass of the diameter class above 20 cm in the Pinus massoniana forest, the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and the evergreen broad-leaved forest accounted for a large proportion of total biomass.
文摘In recent years, expansion of native and exotic evergreen shrubs into forest understories has been documented worldwide. Dense shrub thickets may interfere with tree establishment, suppress herbaceous cover, and contribute substantially to total standing crop of leaf biomass. Expansion may occur because evergreen shrubs exploit seasonal variations in irradiance and temperature that are characteristic of temperate understory environments. We quantified leaf-level light environment and photosynthetic activity of three sympatric broadleaf evergreens (Ilex opaca, Kalmia latifolia, and Myrica cerifera) in a deciduous forest understory in Charles City County,Virginia,USAin order to understand seasonal intra- and interspecific ranges of broadleaf evergreen physiology. Two species (K. latifolia and M. cerifera) represent a diverse taxonomic range within broadleaf evergreens, and often form expansive thickets. We measured parameters related to canopy structure (e.g., bifurcation ratio, leaf angle) and photosynthetic performance (e.g., electron transport rate or ETR, chlorophyll content), to identify potential mechanisms facilitating expansion. ETR varied both seasonally and among species. In summer, M. cerifera ETR was nearly double that ofI. opaca or K. latifolia. Additionally, leaf temperature enhanced photosynthetic capacity of expansive species. Evergreen species, though capable of fixing carbon throughout the year, often exhibit slow growth rates and low physiological activity. Yet, we observed that the range of evergreen physiological activity may be broader than previously recognized. Furthermore, our results indicate potential for changes in composition and expansion of the evergreen shrub layer by species that exhibit structural and physiological mechanisms advantageous for future rises in temperature.
基金Supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China(2011DFA90740)Science and Technology Cooperation Program between Ministry of Science and Technology of China and European Union(0906)+1 种基金Research and Innovation Foundation for Young Scholars of Hunan Academy of Forestry(2013LQJ08)Forestry Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province,China(XLK201417)
文摘In Yingzuijie National Nature Reserve, Pinus massoniana forest, mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest and evergreen broad-leaf forest were investigated to study the changing characteristics of woody debris (WD) during various succession stages o1 evergreen broad-leaf forest. The results showed that during various succession stages of evergreen broad-leaf forest in Yingzuijie National Nature Reserve, WD storage of each forest ranged from 1.26 to 8.82 t/hm^2, with the order of P. massoniana forest 〈 mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest 〈 evergreen broad-leaf forest, that is, it increased from early to late stages of the succession. At different succession stages, coarse woody debris (CWD) storage was 2 -9 times more than fine woody debris (FWD) storage, revealing that CWD was dominant in WD of each forest. CWD biomass accounted for 0.66% -2.21% of arbor biomass, so the forests were at the developmental stage.
文摘Urban areas are a major source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO<sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) emissions because of road traffic and local heating with natural gas, oil or coal. Rome is among the largest European cities (129,000 ha) with a large volume of green areas (69.6% of the total Municipality area). The CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sequestration (CS) capability for the greenery extending for about 300 km</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> inside the area delimited by the Great Ring Road (GRA) in Rome was calculated combining satellite data with CS data measured in the field. Data from Sentinel-2 were collected and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was computed on a pixel-base. Three plant classes homogeneous in terms of annual NDVI profile were identified: deciduous trees (DT), evergreen trees (ET) and meadows (M) covering an area of 14,142.027 ha within the GRA, of which M had the highest percentage (48%), followed by DT (27%) and ET (25%). CS ranged from 428,241</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">492.9 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ons CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> year</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (ET) to 263,072</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">460.6 Tons CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> year</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (M). The total CS of the greenery inside the GRA was 1049,490,355.4 Tons CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> year</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> resulting in an annual economic value of $772,424,901.6/ha. The CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sequestration capability of the considered plant classes could be incorporated into the national greenhouse gas emission budget to calculate the contribution of CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sequestration to the economy of Rome.</span></span>
文摘Two types of forests in Northeast China is divided in this paper, that is, the deciduous forests in the northern part and the deciduous-evergreen forests in the eastern part. Both distributions of the two types of forests have also been presented. Meanwhile, the development and succession as well as components of forests have been studied in detail. In the end, the vertical distribution of the deciduous forests have been shown, in which, the near-temperate cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests are distributing in the low elevation area between 450m-600m from the northto the south, the typical Siberian cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests are widely distributing from 450m-820m in the north to 600m-1050m in the south, the humid cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests can only be found in high elevation area from 820m-l 100m in the north to 1050m-1380m in the south, the cold temperate deciduous coniferous open forests can seldom appear at the top of a few peaks.
文摘The habitat structure and floristic composition examined <span style="font-family:Verdana;">for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this study are of great importance, providing a scientific baseline of information for developing a biodiversity database and in supporting crucial information for the management decision-making process of the buffer zones. The primary objective of this study was to examine the current status of species composition and stand structure of moist evergreen forests distributed in the TNR buffer zone. Forest inventory was conducted in the primary moist evergreen forest (~1 ha) and secondary moist evergreen forest (~1 ha). In the TNR buffer zone, 83 species belonging to 31 families in the primary moist evergreen forest and 86 species belonging to 32 families in the secondary moist evergreen forest were found. The most dominant families in the primary moist evergreen forest were Dipterocarpaceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae;at species level</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">;</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this forest was composed of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nephelium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>lappaceum</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Myristica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>malabarica</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nephelium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>laurium</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aglaia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>andamanica</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Diospyros</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>peregrine</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The most dominant families in the secondary moist evergreen forest were Myrtaceae, Sapindaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myristicaceae, and Lauraceae, while </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nephelium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>lappaceum</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Syzygium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">claviflorum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Syzygium</span></i> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sp-1</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eugenia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">oblate</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Myristica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>angustifolia</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were the most dominant at the species level. The results of S?rensen’s similarity index based on common species (Ks) and the similarity index based on species dominance (Kd) were observed at about 55% and 75% between the primary and secondary moist evergreen forests. The basal area (51.39 </span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha<sup>-</sup></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><sup>1</sup></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of the primary moist evergreen forest was higher than that (44.50 </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><sup>.</sup>ha<span style="font-size:10px;"><sup>-1</sup></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of the secondary moist evergreen forest. Between these two forest types, the Shannon-Wiener, the Simpson and the Evenness indices were not significantly different at (p < 0.05). The total number of trees per hectare (n/ha) of the primary and secondary moist evergreen forests w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 910 (±184) and 991</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(±183).</span> <div class="__kindeditor_paste__" style="position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;left:-1981px;top:202px;white-space:nowrap;"> <table border="1" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="outline:0px;border-spacing:0px;width:772px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow-wrap:break-word;color:#333333;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:14px;background-color:#ffffff;"=""> <tbody style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:0px;border:0px;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> <tr style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:0px;border-width:1px 0px 0px;border-right-style:initial;border-bottom-style:initial;border-left-style:initial;border-right-color:initial;border-bottom-color:initial;border-left-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-top-style:solid;border-top-color:#DDDDDD;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> <td style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:0px;padding:8px;margin:0px;overflow-wrap:break-word;border:1px solid #DDDDDD;font-size:14px;color:#4F4F4F;line-height:22px;"> <p align="left" style="box-sizing:border-box;outline:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding:0px;overflow:auto hidden;line-height:22px;"> ? </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>