Assessing the conservation impact of Chinese indigenous chicken populations between ex-situ and in-situ using genome-wide SNPs

Conservation programs require rigorous evaluation to ensure the preservation of genetic diversity and viability of conservation populations. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of two indigenous Chinese chicken breeds, Gushi and Xichuan black-bone, using whole-genome SNPs to understand their genetic diversity, track changes over time and population structure. The breeds were divided into five conservation populations(GS1, 2010, ex-situ;GS2, 2019, ex-situ;GS3, 2019, in-situ;XB1, 2010, in-situ;and XB2, 2019, in-situ) based on conservation methods and generations. The genetic diversity indices of three conservation populations of Gushi chicken showed consistent trends, with the GS3 population under in-situ strategy having the highest diversity and GS2 under ex-situ strategy having the lowest. The degree of inbreeding of GS2 was higher than that of GS1 and GS3. Conserved populations of Xichuan black-bone chicken showed no obvious changes in genetic diversity between XB1 and XB2. In terms of population structure, the GS3 population were stratified relative to GS1 and GS2. According to the conservation priority, GS3 had the highest contribution to the total gene and allelic diversity in GS breed, whereas the contribution of XB1 and XB2 were similar. We also observed that the genetic diversity of GS2 was lower than GS3, which were from the same generation but under different conservation programs(in-situ and ex-situ). While XB1 and XB2 had similar levels of genetic diversity. Overall, our findings suggested that the conservation programs performed in ex-situ could slow down the occurrence of inbreeding events, but could not entirely prevent the loss of genetic diversity when the conserved population size was small, while in-situ conservation populations with large population size could maintain a relative high level of genetic diversity.

CdTe/Si复合衬底Ex-situ退火研究

复合衬底CdTe/ZnTe/Si的晶体质量是导致随后外延的HgCdTe外延膜高位错密度的主要原因之一,因此如何提高复合衬底CdTe/Si晶体质量是确保硅基碲镉汞走上工程化的关键所在。降低复合衬底CdTe/Si位错密度方法一般有:生长超晶格缓冲层、衬底偏向、In-situ退火和Ex-situ退火等,本文主要研究Ex-situ退火对复合衬底CdTe/Si晶体质量的影响。研究表明复合衬底经过Ex-situ退火后位错密度最好值达4.2×105cm-2,双晶半峰宽最好值达60arcsec。

Bamboo resources,utilization and ex-situ conservation in Xishuangbanna,South-eastern China

This paper describes the geographical distribution, utilization, cultural value and ex-situ conservation of bamboo resources in Xishuangbanna, Yunan Province, China. Sixty species of bamboo in 19 genera are recorded in Xishuangbanna. The area of natural bamboo forest is 14319 ha, accounting for 5.92% of whole area of Xishuangbanna. The abundant resource of bamboo plays an important role in the economics and culture of national minorities in Xishuangbanna. Xishuangbanna Tropic Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS）, started to introduce bamboo species in 1961 and established the ex-situ conservation reserve （8 ha） of bamboo in 1981. Up to now, 211 species in 27 genera collected from tropic and sub-tropic of China and South-east Asia have been planted in the bamboo reserve, of which 11 species have bloomed and seeded, and their seeds were cultivated in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Gardens, CAS, China.

A plant nutrition strategy for ex-situ conservation based on "Ecological Similarity"

This paper reviewed a large scale conservation work of rare and endangered plants currently conducted in main botanical gardens in China, and the existed, predictable and neglected problems on plant growth and reproduction in ex-situ conservation process. Considered the status quo in plant ex conservation, a nutritional strategy on the plant conservation was proposed based on ＇Ecological Similarity＇. Its main idea was that the ex-situ conservation plants coming from natural ecosystem were compulsively allocated in the agro-ecosystems and would return to natural ecosystem ultimately. Therefore, research on plant nutrition of the ex-situ conservation plants should neither just pursue yield and quality as that in agro-ecosystems nor merely stay on intrinsic natures without human intervening. We should give attentions to both of their attributes as in natural ecosystems and in agro-ecosystems, i.e., taking full advantage of plant nutritional measures as in agro-ecosystems to solve actual survival problems of the ex-conservation plants, and ensuring the final goal of returning to nature and playing its ecological role.

Ex-situ liver surgery without veno-venous bypass

AIM:To evaluate the results of hepatic resection with ex-situ hypothermic perfusion and without veno-venous bypass.METHODS:In 3 patients with liver tumor,the degree of the inferior vena cava and/or main hepatic vein involvement was verified when the liver was dissociated in the operation.It was impossible to resect the tumors by the routine hepatectomy,so the patients underwent ex-situ liver surgery,vein cava replacement and hepatic autotransplantation without veno-venous bypass.All surgical procedures were carried out or supervised by a senior surgeon.A retrospective analysis was performed for the prospectively collected data from patients with liver tumor undergoing ex-situ liver surgery,vein cava replacement and hepatic autotransplantation without veno-venous bypass.We also compared our data with the 9 cases of Pichlmayr's group.RESULTS:Three patients with liver tumor were analysed.The first case was a 60-year-old female with a huge haemangioma located in S1,S4,S5,S6,S7 and S8 of liver;the second was a 64-year-old man with cholangiocarcinoma in S1,S2,S3 and S4 and the third one was a 55-year-old man with a huge cholangiocarcinoma in S1,S5,S7 and S8.The operation time for the three patients were 6.6,6.4 and 7.3 h,respectively.The anhepatic phases were 3.8,2.8 and 4.0 h.The volume of blood loss during operation were 1200,3100,2000 mL in the three patients,respectively.The survival periods without recurrence were 22 and 17 mo in the first two cases.As for the third case complicated with postoperative hepatic vein outflow obstruction,emergency hepatic vein outflow extending operation and assistant living donor liver transplantation were performed the next day,and finally died of liver and renal failure on the third day.Operation time(6.7 ± 0.47 h vs 13.7 ± 2.6 h) and anhepatic phase(3.5 ± 0.64 h vs 5.7 ± 1.7 h) were compared between Pichlmayr's group and our series(P = 0.78).CONCLUSION:Ex-situ liver resection and liver autotransplantation has shown a potential for treatment of complicated hepatic neoplasms that are unresectable by traditional procedures.

Implementing an innovated liver ex-situ machine perfusion technology:The 2018 Joint International Congress of ILTS,ELITA and LICAGE

The 2018 Joint International Congress of ILTS,ELITA and LICAGE were held in Lisbon,Portugal on May 23–26,2018.The exciting and innovative program brought together 1144 experts in liver transplantation(LT)such as surgeons,physicians or basic scientists from 61 countries.The presentations included 110 invited speakers,181 oral presentations,and 545 posters.This editorial highlights some of the most innovative and impactful presentations in

Toughening of BMI Based Graphite Laminates by Ex-situ Concept

High-performance bismaleimdes (BMI) matrix composites reinforced by graphite fibers were prepared and toughened with a thermoplastic component (PAEK) by using the Ex-situ concept. Experimental matrix was designed for overall toughening of the base resin, periodically interleaving thermoplastic films into each plies (Ex-situ concept) and for varying the film compositions. The highest impact damage resistance characterized by compression after impact (CAI) was obtained for the laminates toughened on the Ex-situ concept, especially, when two-component cast films of a special ration of PAEK/BMI 60∶40 were interleaved though the thermoplastic concentration for the overall toughening, interleaving the pure thermoplastic films and the two-component films was comparable. There were two peaks found in the DSC trace of the laminates toughened implying a phase separation process occurred. The glass transition temperature of the laminates toughened was slightly reduced due to the low-temperature PAEK. Morphological study revealed a typical granular structure just in the interplay region as a result of spinodal decomposition and coarsening process. This was in agreement of the result of DSC investigation.

Ex-situ Conservation of the some Medicinal Plants of Georgia

The present work concerns with ex-situ Conservation issues study of the three economical species Cyclamen vernum Sweet is a synonym of Cyclamen coum subsp.caucasicum(K.Koch)O.Schwarz(Primulaceae)Helleborus caucasicus A.Braun(Ranuculaceae)and Paeonia caucasica Schipcz)Schipcz.Is synonym of Paeonia dauricasubsp.Coriifolia(Rupr.)D.Y.Hong distribution in Georgia.These species are under strong anthropogenic stress,Its populations are collected in nature as a decorative and traditional medicinal properties.It is of urgent necessity to take conservation measures for these species through both ex-situ and in-situ protection methods.For this purpose it is of critical importance to collect data on the distribution of the above species and vitality and fertility of their populations.Processes of seed production and seed multiplication have been studied.The ex-situ base of the seed and live collection bank was created.The work is done in Great Britain within the framework of the“Millennium”Seed Bank Partnership of Kew Botanical Garden.The seeds are placed in the National Seed Bank,duplicates together with Herbarium sample are sent in the millennium seed bank.The live collection obtained from seeds is placed on the collection plot of Plant Conservation Department of the National Botanical Garden of Georgia.

Study on T700/Cyanate/PS/Epoxy Composites with ex-situ Toughening Technique

Composites were prepared with polysulfone through ex-situ toughening technique. The dynamic parameters of cyanate/epoxy resin were studied by differential scanning calorimetric（DSC） analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis（DMA）. Microstructual toughening mechanism was studied through scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The particle microstructure in interlaminar region of composites toughened through ex-situ toughening technique revealed that a reaction induced phase decomposition and phase inversion happened in the interlaminar region. The thermosetting particles were surrounded by the PS phase, which could signifi cantly improve the delamination resistance of composites. The compression after impact（CAI） can be signifi cantly improved from 180 MPa to 260 MPa by using ex-situ toughening while the mechanical properties are not affected.

Ex-Situ Cultivation of Medicinal Plant Species in High Altitudes at Swat,Pakistan

An ex-situ experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of six medicinal species (Bergenia ciliata,Valeriana jatamansi,Dioscorea deltoidea,Paeonia emodi,Polygonum amplexicaule and Viola serpense) from upper Swat,Pakistan.Experiments were conducted at four different locations in the upper Swat valley at altitudes ranging from 1200 to 1900 m.a.s.l.The objectives were:1) to determine the suitability of ex-situ cultivation of different medicinal species,and;2) to assess the economic geasibility of growing medicinal plants in the area.A highest mean survival of 80.7% across all locations was observed for Viola serpense,followed by 58.7% for Valeriana jatamansi.The remaining four species exhibited very poor survival rates,although Polygonum amplexicaule,did show encouraging signs of growth and flowered,before experiencing high mortality rates late in the trial.Altitude generally seemed to enhance the degree of sprouting for all species except Viola serpense.However,the productive yield of V.serpense was certainly not reduced,but rather slightly enhanced in the higher altitude sites.Overall,cultivation of only two of the investigated species,Valeriana jatamansi and Viola serpense,appeared successful and potentially economically viable under farmland conditions at upper Swat.

Development and application of ex-situ presulfurization technology for hydrotreating catalysts in China

The development and application of ex-situ presulfurization(EPRES)technology for hydrotreating catalysts has been reviewed in the present article.The studies in laboratory scale and commercial practice indicated that the adoption of the EPRES catalyst in industrial application can significantly enhance the degree of presulfurization of metal oxide components,shorten the start-up period,and effectively reduce the environmental impact as well as the danger of start-up procedure in industrial hydrotreating unit.This catalyst has been proved to be versatile for different types of hydrogenation reactions.Different types of active site models are also discussed for better understanding the nature of presulfur-ized catalysts.

水体生态修复技术和水环境标准研究进展

随着生态文明建设的深入推进,水体生态修复与保护技术和处理标准的研究成为生态环境领域的热点.文章分析了生物修复、物理处理和化学处理等技术在不同类型水体中的应用效果和局限性,系统梳理了国内外水体生态修复标准的类型、适用范围和等级划分.并提出了未来研究的可能方向,包括聚焦技术的集成及优化策略、修复效果的长周期评估方法及对社会经济的影响.文章特别强调了生态修复技术与综合水资源管理策略相互融合的紧迫性与必要性,以实现水生态系统的长效精准修复和可持续发展.

Ex-situ Raman spectroscopy to optimize the manufacturing process for a structural MWNT nanocomposite

The G and D doublet,an intrinsic Raman feature of multi-walled nanotubes(MWNTs),was monitored in an ex-situ fashion for all intermediate stages of a manufacturing process of a MWNT/polymer nanocomposite.The G peak position and D/G ratios were monitored to characterize the changes in load transfer and disorder,respectively,of the MWNTs.Differences in Raman characteristics desired during the manufacturing process for different structural applications are discussed.Techniques are presented that could optimize any manufacturing parameters for pressurized filtration and resin infusion using the G position and D/G integrated intensity ratio.Similar Raman control techniques could be applied to any intermediate phase of a manufacturing process to develop enhanced novel carbon nanotube composites for structural applications.

湖北省国家重点保护野生植物分布与研究进展

基于国家林业和草原局农业农村部2021年发布的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》,在文献研读、标本查阅、野外调查和专家咨询的基础上,整理出新版湖北省国家重点保护野生植物名录,编制县域(市辖区)地理分布图,并从科学研究情况、受威胁现状和保护现状等方面,介绍了湖北省国家重点保护野生植物研究进展。结果表明:(1)湖北省现有国家重点保护野生植物155种,其中一级11种、二级144种。(2)湖北省国家重点保护野生植物在空间上分布不均匀,主要集中分布于鄂西和鄂西南,以神农架林区和利川市最多。(3)研究较多的物种为具有经济价值的物种、旗舰物种和区域代表性物种。此外,有超过1/3的物种(55个)基本无研究涉及。湖北省国家重点保护野生植物的研究集中在遗传多样性与遗传结构、全球变化条件下未来分布预测和谱系地理等方面。(4)参照《中国生物多样性红色名录——高等植物卷》,湖北省国家重点保护野生植物包含9个极危物种、30个濒危物种、41个易危物种和19个近危物种。受威胁因素主要为直接采挖或砍伐、生境退化或丧失和物种内在因素。(5)目前,湖北省有137种国家重点保护野生植物(占比88.4%)全部或部分位于自然保护地之内,其余18种(占比11.6%)全部位于自然保护地之外。湖北省共引种栽培了93种国家重点保护野生植物,其他62种国家重点保护植物尚无迁地保护记录。此外,仅有极少的物种有野外回归实践。(6)目前,湖北省有7个野生植物(其中5个为湖北特有种)虽然分布范围局限且受内因和人为干扰的影响,但是尚未被列入国家重点保护野生植物名录。此外,该文指出当前湖北省在国家重点保护野生植物研究及保护中的薄弱环节和空缺,提出针对性的研究建议和保护策略。

国家公园和国家植物园的自然教育

国家公园和国家植物园分别是开展就地保护和迁地保护的重要机构,国家公园和国家植物园可以开展基于保护的科学研究、资源利用和自然教育,国家公园和国家植物园的自然保护也可以促进保护、科学研究和资源利用工作。国家公园和国家植物园基于整合保护的自然教育,是公益性的体现,也为保护等其他功能的实现提供基础条件。国家公园和国家植物园需要形成以生物多样性保护为主题的自然教育的知识传播、科学精神、科学文化和科学探究体系,将植物文化与科学文化、民族文化、时代精神深度融合,探索高端保护和科研资源科普化的自然教育新模式,在自然教育中有效渗透科学教育,促进受众的价值观从“人类中心主义”向“生态整体主义”转变,为履行昆明-蒙特利尔生物多样性框架以及建设人与自然和谐共生现代化的生物多样性保护、恢复和利用以及自然教育发挥重要作用。

青藏高原东北缘濒危马麝迁地保育种群繁殖成效与社会性和社会网络的关系

麝类驯养是濒危马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)迁地保育及保障药用麝香安全的重要方式,其前提和基础是深入了解制约迁地保育马麝繁殖成效的关键因素及与社会性和社会网络特征的关系。于2022年7月1日—8月31日期间,采用焦点取样和所有事件记录法对位于青藏高原东北缘的甘肃平凉马麝繁育中心的21头成年雌麝进行了社会性行为取样,辅以同期粪样类固醇代谢物水平检测,分析了马麝的繁殖成效与社会性、社会网络及粪样类固醇激素水平的关系。结果显示,马麝的社会性与繁殖成效间呈显著相关(r=0.551,P<0.05),与粪样皮质醇代谢物水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.437,P<0.05),与粪样雌二醇代谢物浓度相关不显著(r=0.066,P>0.05);强社会性马麝的皮质醇水平((10.75±0.99)ng/g)和雌二醇代谢物水平((6.61±0.79)ng/g)与弱社会性马麝((13.70±1.68,5.20±0.99)ng/g)无显著差异(P>0.05);繁殖成功雌麝的社会性(19.86±1.88)%)显著高于繁殖失败雌麝(12.38±1.46)%)(P<0.05);圈群社会网络密度与圈群个体的繁殖成效相关显著(r=0.762,P<0.05),与粪样皮质醇、雌二醇代谢物浓度相关不显著(r=-0.355,P>0.05;r=-0.347,P>0.05);繁殖成功雌麝的粪样皮质醇代谢物浓度((10.31±0.86)ng/g)略低于繁殖失败雌麝((13.98±1.60)ng/g)(r=-0.420,P=0.058),繁殖成功雌麝的粪样雌二醇代谢物浓度((6.63±0.90)ng/g)与繁殖失败雌麝((4.78±0.76)ng/g)无显著相关(r=0.299,P>0.05)。本研究结果表明,在群居性的迁地保育和驯养环境下,雌性马麝的社会性、社会网络属性可以预测个体的繁殖成效,即社会性和社会网络密度较高圈群中的雌麝的繁殖成效相对较高。濒危马麝保育和驯养实践中,可区分麝类驯养为“保育性驯养”和“商业性驯养”。在保育性驯养中,可采用先群居再独居驯养的模式,尽量保持野外放归马麝的自然行为结构;在商业性养殖中,可采用群居驯养模式,提升驯养麝的社会性,实现较高的繁殖成效和驯养生产力。

加氢装置开工预硫化期间加热炉烟气SO_(2)浓度超标原因分析及对策

在加氢装置开工预硫化期间,加热炉烟气SO_(2)浓度多次异常上升甚至超标,企业被迫停止回收火炬气。通过对开工预硫化期间循环氢、低压分离器气和火炬气中硫化物的类型和含量进行分析,推测是因为所使用的硫化剂二甲基二硫醚分步分解产生的甲硫醇和甲硫醚随着火炬气进入燃料气系统,甲硫醇、甲硫醚燃烧生成的SO_(2)导致加热炉烟气中的SO_(2)浓度超标。针对这一问题,可以通过优化火炬气脱硫溶剂、使用器外真硫化催化剂、使用新型硫化剂等方式解决。

生态文明研究方法论:变焦与在场

“生态文明”已经成为一个学术热词,这既是好事也值得警惕。人文学者从事生态文明、生物多样性研究,通常视角较为单一,两手干干净净,只是坐而论道。从方法论上看,对于前者,需要考虑“变焦方法”,即在不同的尺度上考察问题。对于后者,人文学者宜深入实际,先弄脏自己,多进行“在场哲学”研究。中国有一系列值得关注的生态、环境、生物多样性破坏案例,人文学者可对其进行有益的分析。“迁地保护”事件依然值得追踪,它是科学界、园艺界长期惯性思维的一个突出表现。

Ex⁃situ Measurement of Internal Deformation in Ball Grid Array Package with Digital Volume Correlation

In spacecraft electronic devices,the deformation of solder balls within ball grid array(BGA)packages poses a significant risk of system failure.Therefore,accurately measuring the mechanical behavior of solder balls is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of spacecraft.Although finite element simulations have been extensively used to study solder ball deformation,there is a significant lack of experimental validation,particularly under thermal cycling conditions.This is due to the challenges in accurately measuring the internal deformations of solder balls and eliminating the rigid body displacement introduced during ex-situ thermal cycling tests.In this work,an ex-situ three-dimensional deformation measurement method using X-ray computed tomography(CT)and digital volume correlation(DVC)is proposed to overcome these obstacles.By incorporating the layer-wise reliability-guided displacement tracking(LW-RGDT)DVC with a singular value decomposition(SVD)method,this method enables accurate assessment of solder ball mechanical behavior in BGA packages without the influence of rigid body displacement.Experimental results reveal that BGA structures exhibit progressive convex deformation with increased thermal cycling,particularly in peripheral solder balls.This method provides a reliable and effective tool for assessing internal deformations in electronic packages under ex-situ conditions,which is crucial for their design optimization and lifespan predictions.

黑臭水体底泥处理技术发展现状

我国河湖黑臭水体问题极大地影响了生态环境系统,并对人体健康和经济发展构成威胁。目前随着我国大力推进黑臭水体治理,截污系统逐渐完善,底泥中污染物释放及在厌氧环境下发酵产生的嗅味物质引发的内源污染成为了河湖黑臭的重要原因。因此,黑臭水体底泥治理成为了水环境治理领域的热点和难点,目前针对黑臭水体底泥的主要处理方法有异位修复和原位修复两大类。本文针对黑臭水体底泥的成因、组成及危害做出分析,系统阐述了异位修复技术和原位修复技术的分类、原理及各处理技术的利弊,并对底泥修复技术的发展做出展望,明确了原位修复技术的巨大发展空间。