Exactness of penalization for exact minimax penalty function method in nonconvex programming

The exact minimax penalty function method is used to solve a noncon- vex differentiable optimization problem with both inequality and equality constraints. The conditions for exactness of the penalization for the exact minimax penalty function method are established by assuming that the functions constituting the considered con- strained optimization problem are invex with respect to the same function η （with the exception of those equality constraints for which the associated Lagrange multipliers are negative these functions should be assumed to be incave with respect to η）. Thus, a threshold of the penalty parameter is given such that, for all penalty parameters exceeding this threshold, equivalence holds between the set of optimal solutions in the considered constrained optimization problem and the set of minimizer in its associated penalized problem with an exact minimax penalty function. It is shown that coercivity is not suf- ficient to prove the results.

ABSOLUTE STABLE HOMOTOPY FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR CIRCULAR ARCH PROBLEM AND ASYMPTOTIC EXACTNESS POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATE

In this paper, HFEM is proposed to investigate the circular arch problem. Optimal error estimates are derived, some superconvergence results are established, and an asymptotic exactness posteriori error estimator is presented. In contrast with the classical displacement variational method, the optimal convergence rate for displacement is uniform to the small parameter. In contrast with classical mixed finite element methods, our results are free of the strict restriction on h(the mesh size) which is preserved by all the previous papers. Furtheremore we introduce an asymptotic exactness posteriori error estimator based on a global superconvergence result which is discovered in this kind of problem for the first time.

On exactness and unbiasedness of confidence bands for a continuous distribution function

We define a class of confidence bands for distribution functions,named simple confidence bands.The class of bands includes the common step bands and continuous bands,some of which may perform better than the smoothed bands not belonging to the class,e.g.,the kernel smoothed bands.It is shown that under some mild assumptions,the simple bands with exact coverage for continuous distribution functions are all step bands.The unbiasedness problem of the step bands is also investigated.It is proved that most of two-sided step bands are biased and one-sided step bands are unbiased.

基于UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap/MS结合多元统计方法分析不同基原淫羊藿化学成分的差异

目的:建立超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱联用(UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap/MS)结合多元统计分析技术对5种不同基原淫羊藿化学成分差异分析的方法。方法:对5种基原30批淫羊藿样品的UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap/MS全扫描数据进行多元统计分析。利用SIMCA软件进行主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)。结果:5种基原淫羊藿的化学成分具有差异性,根据相关参考文献及谱图信息,共鉴定出27种化学成分。所建立的OPLS-DA模型具有良好的数据描述能力和预测能力。柔毛淫羊藿化学成分具有显著性差异,而朝鲜淫羊藿与箭叶淫羊藿,淫羊藿与巫山淫羊藿之间的化学成分及含量具有相似性。经过筛选与分析,确定8种差异化学成分。结论:建立的方法可分析出5种基原淫羊藿化学成分的差异性,操作简便,方法准确,可为不同基原淫羊藿的质量控制及开发应用提供理论依据。

多花黄精对少弱精子症大鼠生精细胞凋亡的保护作用及药效物质基础研究

目的阐明多花黄精对少弱精子症大鼠模型生精细胞凋亡的保护作用及药效物质基础。方法采用UHPLC-Q Exactive Focus HRMS技术鉴定多花黄精化学成分,及其提取物灌胃给予大鼠后在血清和睾丸组织中的化学成分。设置空白组、模型组、阳性药组(左卡尼汀300 mg/kg)及多花黄精高、中、低剂量组(10、5和2.5 g/kg),考察其改善少弱精子症的药理作用,每组6只大鼠。通过HE染色观察大鼠睾丸组织病理形态,TUNEL染色观察大鼠睾丸生精细胞的凋亡情况,免疫荧光法检测DNMT3A和PIWIL1蛋白表达。结果从多花黄精提取物、大鼠血清、大鼠睾丸中分别鉴定出138种、23种、30种化学成分。模型组大鼠睾丸曲细精管中大量生精细胞凋亡,DNMT3A和PIWIL1蛋白低表达,而多花黄精高、中剂量组大鼠睾丸曲细精管中TUNEL阳性生精细胞数量减少,DNMT3A和PIWIL1蛋白表达显著升高。结论多花黄精对少弱精子症大鼠具有保护作用,其可能是通过上调大鼠睾丸中DNMT3A和PIWIL1的表达,逆转生精细胞的凋亡。

蛭蛇通络胶囊的入血、入脑成分研究

目的分析蛭蛇通络胶囊入血、入脑成分。方法16只大鼠随机分为4组,灌胃给药(3.1 g/kg),建立脑缺血再灌注损伤(MACO)模型,取血和脑组织,UHPLC-Q Exactive Focus MS/MS法鉴定原型成分。结果共鉴定出70种成分,血浆中有20种,主要为黄酮类、丹参醌类、川芎苯酞类,7种能透过血脑屏障进入脑组织。与正常给药组比较,MACO给药组入血成分增加间羟基苯甲酸、毛蕊异黄酮苷、莪术烯醇、洋川芎内酯B、二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮;左脑组织(梗死侧)入脑成分减少葛根素、榄香素、新蛇床内酯,增加丹酚酸A、洋川芎内酯I、二氢丹参酮Ⅰ。结论蛭蛇通络胶囊入血、入脑成分及脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠体内增强吸收的苯酞类、醌类、酚类成分可能是治疗脑梗塞的活性物质。

参仙升脉口服液化学成分的UHPLC-Q Exactive Focus MS/MS快速分析

目的探究参仙升脉口服液的化学物质基础。方法利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UHPLC-Q Exactive Focus MS/MS)对参仙升脉口服液的化学成分进行整体、系统辨识。采用Thermo Accucore aQ C_(18)色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,2.6μm),流动相0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-甲醇(B)梯度洗脱,洗脱程序为0-13 min,5%-60%B;13-27 min,60%-95%B;27-30 min,95%B,流速0.3 mL·min^(-1),柱温30°C;质谱分析离子化方式为加热电喷雾离子化(H-ESI),扫描模式为正、负离子切换,扫描范围m/z 120-1800,碰撞能量30 eV、50 eV、70 eV。结果共鉴定出160个化学成分,包括29个黄酮类成分,24个有机酸类成分,21个生物碱类成分,19个萜类成分,15个苯丙素类成分,12个皂苷类成分和40个其他类成分;其中6个化学成分(芦丁、补骨脂苷、异补骨脂苷、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素和补骨脂酚)经对照品比对确认。结论该研究借助UHPLC-Q Exactive Focus MS/MS技术实现了参仙升脉口服液化学成分准确、快速、系统的分析和鉴定,为其化学物质基础的阐明和质量控制提供了重要依据。

UPLC-Q Exactive静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法同时测定金胆片中6种成分的含量

目的 建立UPLC-Q Exactive静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法同时测定金胆片中龙胆苦苷、虎杖苷、芦丁、白藜芦醇、槲皮素、山柰素的含量。方法 分析采用HYPERSIL GOLD C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.9μm);流动相甲醇-0.2%甲酸,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.3 mL/min;柱温35℃;电喷雾离子源;负离子扫描。结果 6种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 03),平均加样回收率96.4%~97.9%,RSD 0.6%~2.0%。结论 该方法快速简便,精密度好,灵敏度高,可用于金胆片的质量控制。

Two become one:combination of two risk factors in a new glaucoma animal model

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and optic nerve degeneration.During this process,the visual field is reduced,and blindness may ultimately occur.Worldwide,glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness,with about 80 million people affected.Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease and due to its complexity,the exact pathomechanisms are not fully understood yet.However,different risk factors,such as elevated intraocular pressure(IOP),age,or myopia,have been identified to date(EGS,2021).

Caspase-8 promotes scramblase-mediated phosphatidylserine exposure and fusion of osteoclast precursors

Efficient cellular fusion of mononuclear precursors is the prerequisite for the generation of fully functional multinucleated bone-resorbing osteoclasts.However,the exact molecular factors and mechanisms controlling osteoclast fusion remain incompletely understood.Here we identify RANKL-mediated activation of caspase-8 as early key event during osteoclast fusion.

Nonlinear dynamics of a circular curved cantilevered pipe conveying pulsating fluid based on the geometrically exact model

Due to the novel applications of flexible pipes conveying fluid in the field of soft robotics and biomedicine,the investigations on the mechanical responses of the pipes have attracted considerable attention.The fluid-structure interaction(FSI)between the pipe with a curved shape and the time-varying internal fluid flow brings a great challenge to the revelation of the dynamical behaviors of flexible pipes,especially when the pipe is highly flexible and usually undergoes large deformations.In this work,the geometrically exact model(GEM)for a curved cantilevered pipe conveying pulsating fluid is developed based on the extended Hamilton's principle.The stability of the curved pipe with three different subtended angles is examined with the consideration of steady fluid flow.Specific attention is concentrated on the large-deformation resonance of circular pipes conveying pulsating fluid,which is often encountered in practical engineering.By constructing bifurcation diagrams,oscillating shapes,phase portraits,time traces,and Poincarémaps,the dynamic responses of the curved pipe under various system parameters are revealed.The mean flow velocity of the pulsating fluid is chosen to be either subcritical or supercritical.The numerical results show that the curved pipe conveying pulsating fluid can exhibit rich dynamical behaviors,including periodic and quasi-periodic motions.It is also found that the preferred instability type of a cantilevered curved pipe conveying steady fluid is mainly in the flutter of the second mode.For a moderate value of the mass ratio,however,a third-mode flutter may occur,which is quite different from that of a straight pipe system.

Solution approximations for a mathematical model of relativistic electrons with beta derivative

The main aim of this paper is to obtain the exact and semi-analytical solutions of the nonlinear Klein-Fock-Gordon(KFG)equation which is a model of relativistic electrons arising in the laser thermonuclear fusion with beta derivative.For this purpose,both the modified extended tanh-function(mETF)method and the homotopy analysis method(HAM)are used.While applying the mETF the chain rule for beta derivative and complex wave transform are used for obtaining the exact solution.The advantage of this procedure is that discretization or normalization is not required.By applying the mETF,the exact solutions are obtained.Also,by applying the HAM semi-analytical results for the considered equation are acquired.In HAM?curve gives us a chance to find the suitable value of the for the convergence of the solution series.Also,comparative graphical representations are given to show the effectiveness,reliability of the methods.The results show that the m ETF and HAM are reliable and applicable tools for obtaining the solutions of non-linear fractional partial differential equations that involve beta derivative.This study can bring a new perspective for studies on fractional differential equations.On the other hand,it can be said that scientists can apply the considered methods for different mathematical models arising in physics,chemistry,engineering,social sciences and etc.which involves fractional differentiation.Briefly the results may cause a new insight who studies on relativistic electron modelling.

Exact controllability of rational expectations model with multiplicative noise and input delay

This paper considers the rational expectations model with multiplicative noise and input delay,where the system dynamics rely on the conditional expectations of future states.The main contribution is to obtain a sufficient condition for the exact controllability of the rational expectations model.In particular,we derive a sufficient Gramian matrix condition and a rank condition for the delay-free case.The key is the solvability of the backward stochastic difference equations with input delay which is derived from the forward and backward stochastic system.

Exact Tail Asymptotics for a Queueing System with a Retrial Orbit and Batch Service

This paper discusses a queueing system with a retrial orbit and batch service, in which the quantity of customers’ rooms in the queue is finite and the space of retrial orbit is infinite. When the server starts serving, it serves all customers in the queue in a single batch, which is the so-called batch service. If a new customer or a retrial customer finds all the customers’ rooms are occupied, he will decide whether or not to join the retrial orbit. By using the censoring technique and the matrix analysis method, we first obtain the decay function of the stationary distribution for the quantity of customers in the retrial orbit and the quantity of customers in the queue. Then based on the form of decay rate function and the Karamata Tauberian theorem, we finally get the exact tail asymptotics of the stationary distribution.

英汉赞同类肯定性应答标记对比研究——以“就是”及其英译形式“Exactly”“I Know”为例

文章以应答标记“就是”及其英译形式“exactly”“I know”为研究对象,从句法特征、语义特征、语篇组织功能和人际互动功能四个角度对三者进行对比分析,通过系统的研究发现:三者都能位于应答句句首、句中、句末及能单独成句,具有相似的语义特征,都具有语篇组织功能与人际互动功能,但在连用情况、主要程序意义、保持话轮功能和强调功能上存在量化差异。同时,文章还探讨了“就是”的英译策略。通过细致的比较研究,希望对二语习得、英汉互译、英汉双语词典编纂等双语活动提供借鉴功能。

Frequentist and Bayesian Sample Size Determination for Single-Arm Clinical Trials Based on a Binary Response Variable: A Shiny App to Implement Exact Methods

Sample size determination typically relies on a power analysis based on a frequentist conditional approach. This latter can be seen as a particular case of the two-priors approach, which allows to build four distinct power functions to select the optimal sample size. We revise this approach when the focus is on testing a single binomial proportion. We consider exact methods and introduce a conservative criterion to account for the typical non-monotonic behavior of the power functions, when dealing with discrete data. The main purpose of this paper is to present a Shiny App providing a user-friendly, interactive tool to apply these criteria. The app also provides specific tools to elicit the analysis and the design prior distributions, which are the core of the two-priors approach.

Calculation of Two-Tailed Exact Probability in the Wald-Wolfowitz One-Sample Runs Test

The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the algorithms employed by three statistical software programs (R, Real Statistics using Excel, and SPSS) for calculating the exact two-tailed probability of the Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test for randomness, to present a novel approach for computing this probability, and to compare the four procedures by generating samples of 10 and 11 data points, varying the parameters n0 (number of zeros) and n1 (number of ones), as well as the number of runs. Fifty-nine samples are created to replicate the behavior of the distribution of the number of runs with 10 and 11 data points. The exact two-tailed probabilities for the four procedures were compared using Friedman’s test. Given the significant difference in central tendency, post-hoc comparisons were conducted using Conover’s test with Benjamini-Yekutielli correction. It is concluded that the procedures of Real Statistics using Excel and R exhibit some inadequacies in the calculation of the exact two-tailed probability, whereas the new proposal and the SPSS procedure are deemed more suitable. The proposed robust algorithm has a more transparent rationale than the SPSS one, albeit being somewhat more conservative. We recommend its implementation for this test and its application to others, such as the binomial and sign test.

西藏青少年北京研学日记

Editor's Note:In early spring,22 students from the border counties of Xigaze,Xizang,visited Beijing for a seven-day study tour.It is the first time for the children to travel by train and also their first time to Beijing.In just a few days'study activities,the children have a lot of novel experience.In this age of curiosity and desire for knowledge,having such a new experience in life is exactly the significance of the study tour.

Exact Solutions of Forced Schrödinger Equation and How to Choose the External Forces

Schrödinger equations are very common equations in physics and mathematics for nonlinear physics to model the dynamics of wave propagation in waveguides such as power lines, atomic chains, optical fibers, and even in quantum mechanics. But all these equations are most often studied without worrying about what would happen if this equation were maintained, that is to say, had a second member synonymous with an external force. It is true that on a physical level, such equations can be considered as describing the generation of waves on a waveguide using an external force. However, the in-depth analysis of this aspect is not at the center of our reflection in this article, but for us, it is a question of proposing exact solutions to this type of equation and above all proposing the general form of the external force so that the obtaining exact solutions is possible.

Pyroelectric Plate with Magnetoelectric Effect

In dynamic problems the electric and magnetic fields are inseparable. At the same time, a multitude of electrostatic and magnetostatic effects permit mutually independent description. This separation appears to be possible and thermodynamically consistent when the bulk energy density depends only on the polarization density or, alternatively, on the magnetization density. However, when the bulk energy density depends simultaneously on the both densities, then, the electrostatic and magnetostatic effects should be studied together. There appear interesting cross-effects;among those are the change of the internal electrostatic field inside a specimen under the influence of the external magnetic fields, and vice versa. Below, in the framework of thermodynamic approach the boundary value problem for magnetoelectric plate is formulated and analyzed. The exact solution is established for the isotropic pyroelectric plate.