An Innovative Approach towards Selecting Aerobic and Coordinative Exercises in Clinical Practice for Children and Young People with ADHD

A growing body of studies and systematic reviews show evidence of the beneficial effects of physical exercise on core symptoms of ADHD. Furthermore, studies indicate that physical exercise as an adjuvant can enhance the effects of medication in the treatment of ADHD. Aerobic and coordinative exercises improve executive functioning through their effect on neurocognitive domains that are implicated in ADHD. It is postulated that through their specific modus operandi, aerobic exercise, by raising cortical arousal levels, improves impaired alerting functions whereas coordinative exercises improve the regulation of inhibitory control through the involvement of a higher variety of frontal-dependent cognitive processes. The increasing use of routine neurocognitive testing with continuous performance tests (CPT), such as the QbTest, at clinical assessments for ADHD allows for an innovative approach to identify the assessment impairments in alerting function and inhibition control that are related to ADHD and accordingly choose aerobic or coordinative physical exercise in a more targeted fashion.

Intervention control of aerobic exercise in maintaining quality of life and pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension is a serious complication in the treatment of maintenance hemodialysis patients,which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and threatens their life safety.Prevention,treatment and improvement of pulmonary hypertension are of great significance to improve the quality of life of patients.AIM To investigate the intervention and control of pedal-powered bicycle in maintaining quality of life and pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients.METHODS 73 patients with maintenance hemadialysis combined with pulmonary arterial hypertension at a hemodialysis center in a certain hospital from May 2021 to May 2022 are selected.Patients are divided into two groups,37 cases in the control group(group C)and 36 cases in the intervention group(group I).Patients are divided into two groups,group C is treated with oral administration of betaglandin sodium combined with routine nursing care.Based on group C,group I conducts power cycling exercises.RESULTS After treatment,group I patients had higher muscle strength,36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores,and Kidney Disease Targets Areas scores;The 6-minute walk distance test index level was higher and the Borg score was lower;The group I had lower systolic blood pressure,greater vital capacity,higher positive emotion,lower systolic pulmonary artery pressure index level,higher arterial partial oxygen pressure level,lower pulmonary vascular resistance index level,and higher blood oxygen saturation level[158.91±11.89 vs 152.56±12.81,1795.01±603.18 vs 1907.20±574.15,24.00(22.00,29.00)vs 24.00(22.00,28.00),P<0.001].CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise combined with Western medicine treatment can effectively improve patients'pulmonary hypertension,alleviate their negative emotions,and enable them to achieve a higher level of quality of life.

Dose-dependent associations of joint aerobic and muscle-strengthening exercise with obesity:A cross-sectional study of 280,605 adults

Background:Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that compared to engaging in 1 activity mode alone,a combination of moderate-tovigorous physical activity(MVPA:brisk walking/jogging,cycling)and muscle-strengthening exercise(MSE:push-ups/sit-ups,using weight machines)has more favorable associations with optimal weight status.However,few studies have examined the dose-dependent and joint associations of MVPA and MSE with obesity.Methods:Based on cross-sectional analyses of the European Health Interview Survey Wave 2(2013-2014),we examined prevalence ratios(PRs)of joint and stratified associations between MVPA(4 categories:(ⅰ)0 min/week,(ⅱ)1-149 min/week,(ⅲ)150-299 min/week,and(ⅳ)≥300 min/week)and MSE(3 categories:(ⅰ)0 day/week,(ⅱ)1 day/week,and(ⅲ)>2 days/week)with body mass index-defined obesity(body mass index of>30.0 kg/m2)using Poisson regression with robust error variance.PRs were examined unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics(e.g.,sex,age,education,income,and smoking status).Results:Data were available for 280,456 adults(≥18 years),of which 46,166(15.5%)were obese.The interaction MVPA x MSE guideline adherence was statistically significant for obesity(p≤0.05).The joint MVPA-MSE analysis showed that compared to the reference group(i.e.,no MVPA and no MSE),the PRs followed a dose-dependent pattern,with the lowest observed among those reporting≥150 MVPA min/week and≥1 MSE days/week(PR:0.43;95%confidence interval:0.41-0.46).When stratified across each MVPA strata,the PRs were mostly lower among those engaging in MSE 1 day/week,as compared to those doing MSE≥2 days/week.Conclusion:"There was evidence for a dose-dependent association between joint MVPA-MSE with a reduced prevalence of obesity.Public health strategies for the prevention and management of obesity should recommend both MVPA and MSE.

Beneficial mechanisms of aerobic exercise on hepatic lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND：Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD）refers to any fatty liver disease that is not due to excessive use of alcohol.NAFLD probably results from abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.Aerobic exercise is shown to improve NAFLD.This review aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on NAFLD.DATA SOURCE：We searched articles in English on the role of aerobic exercise in NAFLD therapy in Pub Med.RESULTS： The mechanisms of chronic aerobic exercise in regulating the outcome of NAFLD include： （i） reducing in- trahepatic fat content by down-regulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-lc and up-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y expression levels; （ii） decreas- ing hepatic oxidative stress through modulating the reactive oxygen species, and enhancing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase; （iii） ameliorating hepatic inflammation via the inhibition of pro-inflammatory media- tors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta; （iv） attenuating mitochondrial dependent apoptosis by reducing cytochrome C released from the mitochondria to the cytosol; and （v） inducing hepato-protective autophagy. CONCLUSION： Aerobic exercise, via different mechanisms, significantly decreases the fat content of the liver and improves the outcomes of patients with NAFLD.

Early Aerobic Exercise Promotes Neurological Function Recovery of Rats after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion by Upregulating the Expression of Heat Shock Protein A5

Objective The neuroprotective function of heat shock protein A5(HSPA5)in ischemic stroke has been confirmed.This study aimed to investigate the effects of early aerobic exercise on neurological function recovery from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and to determine whether these effects are associated with the expression level of HSPA5 in the ischemic penumbra.Methods A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the ischemia and exercise group[middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)-Ex,n=18],ischemia and sedentary group(MCAO-St,n=18),sham-surgery and exercise group(Sham-Ex,n=18),or sham-surgery and sedentary group(Sham-St,n=18).The MCAO-Ex and MCAO-St groups were subjected to MCAO for 60 min,whereas the Sham-Ex and Sham-St groups were subjected to an identical operation without MCAO.Rats in the MCAO-Ex and Sham-Ex groups then ran on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 5 consecutive days.After reperfusion,the motor function of the rats was scored by the Bederson neurological function test,balance beam test,and screen test.Nissl staining was conducted to assess morphological and structural change of nerve cells in the ischemic penumbra.The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect the mRNA expression of HSPA5.Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the protein expression of HSPA5.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)staining was carried out in the ischemic penumbra after MCAO.Results Rats receiving early treadmill exercise had lower Bederson neurological function,balance beam,and screen test scores on the 3rd,7th,and 14th days after MCAO;in addition,more neurons survived in the ischemic penumbra after MCAO,and higher mRNA and protein expression of HSPA5 and fewer TUNEL-positive stained cells were observed.Conclusion Our study demonstrated that early aerobic exercise can improve neurological function recovery after ischemia/reperfusion.Furthermore,the increased level of HSPA5 in the ischemic penumbra might be one of the mechanisms of enhanced neurological function recovery.

Impact of Exercise Atmosphere on Adolescents’Exercise Behavior:Chain Mediating Effect of Exercise Identity and Exercise Habit

Appropriate physical exercise has a positive impact on adolescents’physical and mental health,but there is a serious lack of physical exercise among Chinese adolescents.How to shape their exercise behavior(EB)has become an important task in promoting their development.A questionnaire survey was conducted using stratified cluster random sampling on three middle schools by class in Zhejiang Province,China to investigate the impact of exercise atmosphere(EA)on adolescents’exercise behavior and the mediating role of exercise identity(EI)and exercise habit(EH).806 adolescents were investigated by the Exercise Atmosphere Scale(EAS),Exercise-Identity Scale(EIS),Self-Report Habit Index(SRHI),and Physical Activity Rating Scale(PARS-3).The results show that:There is a significant positive correlation between each two of exercise atmosphere,exercise identity,exercise habit,and exercise behavior(p<0.05).Exercise atmosphere could not only directly affect adolescents’physical exercise behavior but can also indirectly affect their physical exercise behavior through the mediating effect of exercise identity and exercise habit,involving three mediating pathways,namely,the mediating path through exercise identity,the mediating pathway through exercise habit and the chain mediating pathway through exercise identity and exercise habit.The direct effect of exercise atmosphere on exercise behavior was 0.459(p<0.01),accounting for 62.62% of the total effect of 0.733,and its indirect effect was 0.274,accounting for 37.28% of the total effect.To a certain extent,the mediating effect model reveals the mechanism of exercise atmosphere affecting exercise behavior and has a certain reference value for promoting adolescents’exercise behavior.We should start by creating an exercise atmosphere,cultivating exercise identity,and enhancing exercise habits to help teenagers form active physical exercise behaviors.

Effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on glycemic control in type 1 diabetic youths

AIM:To evaluate the long-term effect of aerobic and/or anaerobic exercise on glycemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes.METHODS:Literature review was performed in spring and summer 2014 using Pub Med/MEDLINE,Google Scholar,Scopus,and Science Direct with the following terms:aerobic,anaerobic,high-intensity,resistance,exercise/training,combined with glycemic/metabolic control,glycated haemoglobin A1c(Hb A1c) and type 1diabetes.Only peer-reviewed articles in English were included published in the last 15 years.It was selected from 1999 to 2014.Glycemic control was measured with Hb A1 c.Studies with an intervention lasting at least 12 wk were included if the Hb A1 c was measured before and after the intervention.RESULTS:A total of nine articles were found,and they were published between the years of 2002-2011.The sample size was 401 diabetic youths(166 males and 235 females) with an age range of 10-19 years except one study,in which the age range was 13-30 years.Study participants were from Australia,Tunisia,Lithuania,Taiwan,Turkey,Brazilia,Belgium,Egypt and France.Four studies were aerobic-based,four were combined aerobic and anaerobic programs,and one compared aerobic exercise to anaerobic one.Available studies had insufficient evidence that any type of exercise or combined training would clearly improve the glycemic control in type 1 diabetic youth.Only three(two aerobic-based and one combined) studies could provide a significant positive change in glycemic control.CONCLUSION:The regular physical exercise has several other valuable physiological and health benefits that justify the inclusion of exercise in pediatric diabetes treatment and care.

Effect of aerobic exercise on the contractile function of gastrocnemius myosin heavy chain

Objective To study the effect of 4-6 weeks’ treadmill training of male SD rats on the contractile function of their gastrocnemius myosin heavy chain (MHC). Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group and training group. The treadmill training of the training group rats was incessantly performed for 4-6 weeks at an intensity of about 75% VO2max (18.5-24 m/min,gradient of 0°,each training session lasting 50 minutes,twice a day). The content of gastrocnemius MHC mRNA was tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),and the changes of muscle fibre and its cross-section area (CSA) were measured using immunohistochemistry. Electric stimulation tests were used to determine the maximal tension of isometric contraction of the post-training gastrocnemius. Results ① After continuous treadmill training for 4-6 weeks,we found that the content of the total MHC,MHC Ⅰ,MHC Ⅱx,MHC Ⅱa mRNAs was 105%,105%,109% and 108% of that in the resting control group,respectively,and the MHC Ⅱb mRNA content did not change significantly. The percentage of MHC Ⅰ mRNA in the total MHC mRNA increased while that of MHC Ⅱ mRNA decreased after aerobic training. ② The slow type of fibre type Ⅰ was the main part of the MHC after training and the CSA of the muscle fibres increased simultaneously. ③ The maximal tension of isometric contraction by pulse stimulation of square wave in the training group increased significantly compared with that in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion The findings indicate that aerobic exercise may promote an increase in the contractile function of MHC.

Walking and Aerobic Capacity in Old Adults after Concentric and Eccentric Endurance Exercise at Self-Selected Intensities

Self-selected exercise intensity can be a useful exercise prescription tool for older adults;however, it is not known if it can elicit improvements in walking and aerobic capacity. In older adults, effects of concentric or eccentric endurance exercise at self-selected walking speed were examined on 1-mile indoor walk performance, predicted maximum oxygen uptake and physiological parameters. Twenty-four older adults (67 ± 4 years) completed 3 × 30 min treadmill walks per week for 12-weeks on level (LTW, n = 11, 0%) or downhill (DTW, n = 13, ﹣10%) treadmill gradient at a self- selected speed, which progressed every 4 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake was predicted using a 1-mile walk at 4-week intervals with physiological responses recorded using a portable metabolic system. One-mile walking speed increased from baseline following 8- and 12-weeks (12 weeks: LTW: 13% ± 6%, DTW: 14% ± 9%,

The effects of aerobic exercise training on oxidant-antioxidant balance, neurotrophic factor levels, and blood-brain barrier function in obese and non-obese men

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity and aerobic exercise training on oxidant-antioxidant balance,neurotrophic factor levels, and blood-brain barrier(BBB) function.Methods: Ten non-obese healthy men(body mass index < 25 kg/m2) and 10 obese men(body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) were included in the study.Both groups performed treadmill exercise for 40 min 3 times weekly for 8 weeks at 70% heart rate reserve. Blood samples were collected to examine oxidant-antioxidant balance(reactive oxygen species(ROS) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity levels), neurotrophic factors(brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF), nerve growth factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor levels), and BBB function(S100βand neuron-specific enolase(NSE) levels) before and after exercise training.Results: The obese group showed significantly greater changes than the non-obese group in serum ROS(-0.46 ± 0.31 mmol/L vs.-0.10 ±0.17 mmol/L,p=0.005),serum S100 p levels(-8.50 ± 5.92 ng/L vs.-0.78 ± 5.45 ng/L,p=0.007),and serum NSE levels(-0.89 ± 0.54 μg/L vs.-0.01 ± 0.74 μg/L,p= 0.007) after training. At baseline,the obese group showed significantly higher serum ROS and S100β levels and significantly lower serum SOD activity and BDNF levels than the non-obese group(p < 0.05). The obese group showed significantly lower serum ROS, S100β,and NSE levels and significantly higher serum SOD activity and BDNF levels after training compared with baseline(p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results suggest that obesity can reduce serum neurotrophic factor levels and can induce BBB dysfunction. On the other hand,aerobic exercise can improve an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in obese subjects and limit BBB dysfunction.

Metabolic response to 6-week aerobic exercise training and dieting in previously sedentary overweight and obese pre-menopausal women:A randomized trial

Background： The aim of this study was to compare 6 weeks short-term moderate intensity aerobic exercise and dieting on serum metabolomics and cardio-metabolic risk factors in pre-menopausal women. Methods： Ninety previously inactive overweight and obese （BMI 25-35 kg/m2） women （age 41.5 ± 7.6 years） were randomized to either a 6-week Nordic walking exercise program （EX, n = 45） or dietary counseling group （DI, n = 45）. Body composition, serum glucose, insulin and lipids were measured. Serum low-molecular-weight metabolites and lipid constituents were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Measurements were done at baseline and 7 days after the last training session. Results： Six weeks aerobic exercise program yielded reductions in serum free fatty acids （-34.7%, 95% confidence interval （CI）, -50 to -18, p 〈 0.001）, glucose （-9.6%, 95%CI, -15 to -4, p 〈 0.001） and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） （-28.7%, 95%CI, -48 to -10, p = 0.005） without changes in body weight or fat mass. Diet counseling resulted in loss of body weight （1.5%, 95%CI, -2.3 to -0.7, p = 0.001） but no changes in free fatty acids, fasting glucose, or HOMA-IR were found. Conclusion： Our results indicate that small weight loss does not produce measurable health benefits, whereas short-term regular aerobic exercise can improve glucose and lipid metabolism even in the absence of weight loss in previously sedentary overweight and obese women.

The Effect of Aerobic Indoor Exercise Compared with Green Exercise on Different Symptoms of Depression: An Investigation of Psychological Mediators of Stress and Coping

Objectives: Considering the growing need for using a variety of new nonpharmacological methods in treating depression, this quasi experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic indoor exercise in a gym compared with green exercise in an outdoor green environment of an urban park on triple categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and to examine its psychological mediators of perceived stress and coping strategies. Methods: Forty six female outpatients with major depressive disorder were divided into 3 conditions of indoor exercise + routine pharmacotherapy (n = 15), green exercise + routine pharmacotherapy (n = 15), and a routine pharmacotherapy alone as the control group (n = 16). The exercise used for both indoor and green exercise conditions consisted of 36 one hour sessions (three times per week) with an intensity of 50% - 70% of the maximum heart rate. The participants completed the pre- and post-intervention depression, stress and coping questionnaires including Beck Depression Inventory-II, Perceived Stress Scale and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Results: The findings indicated a significant decrease in the post-intervention scores of all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and perceived stress in both exercise groups compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference between two exercise groups. With respect to the use of problem-focused, emotion-focused and avoidant-focused coping methods, there was no significant difference between post-intervention scores of all groups. Conclusion: In the clinical settings, both of the indoor exercise and green exercise programs can help to further improvement in all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression as an adjunct (or independent) treatment to the same degree, especially mediated by reducing the amount of perceived stress, but not through any significant changes in cognitive-behavioral coping strategies.

The effect of acute aerobic exercise on central arterial stiffness,wave reflections,and hemodynamics in adults with diabetes:A randomized cross-over design

Background:Individuals with diabetes have greater central arterial stiffness,wave reflections,and hemodynamics,all of which promote the accelerated cardiovascular pathology seen in this population.Acute aerobic exercise has been shown to be an effective strategy for reducing central arterial stiffness,wave reflections,and hemodynamics in healthy individuals;however,the effects of acute aerobic exercise in reducing these outcomes is not well established in people with diabetes.Recently,implementation of high-intensity interval exercise(HIIE)has shown superior improvements in cardiovascular health outcomes when compared to traditional aerobic exercise.Yet,the effect of HIIE on the aforementioned outcomes in people with diabetes is not known.The purpose of this study was to(i)describe the central arterial stiffness,wave reflections,and hemodynamic responses to a bout of HIIE and moderate-intensity continuous exercise(MICE)in adults with diabetes;and(ii)compare the effects of HIIE and MICE on the aforementioned outcomes.Methods:A total of 24 adult men and women(aged 29-59 years old)with type 1(n=12)and type 2(n=12)diabetes participated in a randomized cross-over study.All participants completed the following protocols:(i)HIIE:cycling for 4×4 min at 85%-95%of heart rate peak(HR_(peak)),interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 60%-70%HR_(peak);(ii)MICE:33 min of continuous cycling at 60%-70%HR_(peak);and(iii)control(CON):lying quietly in a supine position for 30 min.Results:A significant group￡time effect was found for changes in central systolic blood pressure(F=3.20,p=0.01)with a transient reduction for the HIIE group but not for the MICE or CON groups.There was a significant group￡time effect for changes in augmentation index at a heart rate of 75 beats/min(F=2.32,p=0.04)with a decrease following for HIIE and MICE but not for CON.For all other measures of central arterial stiffness and hemodynamics,no significant changes were observed(p>0.05).Conclusion:A bout of HIIE appears to lead to a greater transient reduction in central systolic blood pressure than the reduction observed following MICE;however,both HIIE and MICE improved augmentation index at a heart rate of 75 beats/min in people with diabetes.There was no significant difference in response to HIIE and MICE in all outcomes.This provides preliminary evidence on the role of HIIE on such outcomes in people with diabetes.

Sleep quality improved following a single session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in older women:Results from a pilot study

Background： Poor sleep quality is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. It is not clear whether exercise can improve sleep quality and whether intensity of exercise affects any of the effects. Methods： Fifteen healthy, non-obese （body mass index = 24.4 ± 2.1 kg/m^2, mean 4- SD）, sedentary （〈20 min of exercise on no more than 3 times/week） older women （66.1 ± 3.9 years） volunteered for the study. Peak oxygen consumption （VO2peak） was evaluated using a graded exercise test on a treadmill with a metabolic cart. Following a 7-day baseline period, each participant completed two exercise sessions （separated by 1 week） with equal caloric expenditure, but at different intensities （60% and 45% VO2peak, sequence randomized） between 9：00 and 11：00 am. A wrist ActiGraph monitor was used to assess sleep at baseline and two nights following each exercise session. Results： The average duration of the exercise was 54 and 72 rain, respectively at 60% （moderate-intensity） and 45% VO2peak （light-intensity）. Wake time after sleep onset was significantly shorter （p = 0.016）, the number of awakenings was less （p = 0.046）, and total activity counts were lower （p = 0.05） after the moderate-intensity exercise compared to baseline no-exercise condition. Conclusion： Our data showed that a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session improved sleep quality in older women.

Regular moderate aerobic exercise improves high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 pathway suppression

Purpose:Monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1(MGAT1)is reported to play a key role in the development of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Thus,this study investigated the effect of exercise on suppression of the MGAT1 pathway in NAFLD tissue of high-fat diet(HFD)-induced obese rats.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an HFD containing 45%fat for 6 weeks.Upon confirmation that NAFLD had been induced in the obese animals,they were divided into HFD-fed groups provided with exercise(HFD+EXE)or without exercise(HFD)and a group given dietary adjustment(DA)only,for a further 6 weeks of intervention treatment.The 6-week regular moderate aerobic exercise consisted of an accommodation phase with increasing exercise.Lipid accumulation in the liver tissue was determined by Oil Red O staining.The MGAT1 and liver lipogenic gene mRNA levels were measured by qPCR,and their protein levels by western blot assay.Results:Oil Red O staining showed that NAFLD was successfully induced by HFD-fed.The gene expression of MGAT1 was significantly lower in HFD+EXE than HFD.However,there was no significant difference between HFD+EXE and DA.The protein expression of MGAT1 was significantly lower in HFD+EXE than both HFD and DA.Messenger RNA and protein expression of other lipogenic genes were not different among groups.These data indicate that exercise suppresses MGAT1 pathway regardless of HFD feeding;in part,this effect could be greater than DA.Conclusion:Our data suggest that exercise can improve NAFLD,which is probably due to suppression of MGAT1 pathway.

Effect of aerobic exercise on insulin resistance and centra1 adiposity disappeared after the discontinuation of intervention in overweight women

Purpose： This study aimed to assess whether the benefits of exercise on central adiposity and insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） are maintained after discontinuation of intervention in the overweight/obese （OWOB） women. Methods： The study subjects were from 2 independent studies with similar aerobic exercise （AE） intervention programs. In study I, I50WOB postmenopausal women with pre-diabetes （body mass index, BMI = 24-33 kg/m2, aged 52-65 years） completed an 8-month exercise intervention and were followed for 2 years after the intervention. In study lI, 12 OWOB （BM1 = 25-35 kg/m2, aged 30-50 years） premenopausal women participated in a 6-week AE and were followed for 4 years after the intervention. The exercise program consisted of progressive AE with intensity of 60%-75% of initial fitness level, 30-60 min/time and 3-5 times/week. Fat mass （FM） was assessed by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry （DXA Prodigy; study I） or bioelectrical impedance device （Inbody 720; study II）. Plasma glucose and insulin were assessed by chemiluminescent immunoassay and HOMA-IR was calculated. Results： Both 8-month and 6-week moderate AE were effective in reducing HOMA-IR （-18.9%, p = 0.012 and -26.7%, p = 0.046, respectively）, and 8-month AE reduced FM at upper abdominal region （-6.2%, p = 0.021）. However, these improvements were not maintained in either study at the follow-up. Conclusion： The AE program used in these studies was effective to reduce insulin resistance and/or FM in central body region among overweight and obese women. However, when exercise intervention was discontinued, the beneficial effects following both short- and long-term intervention disappeared. Thus maintaining exercise seems to be required if one wants to reap the benefits of exercise in the long-term.

Inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease: Findings from the FIT-AD trial

Background:Despite the strong evidence of aerobic exercise as a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease(AD)in animal models,its effects on cognition are inconsistent in human studies.A major contributor to these findings is inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise,which was well documented in the general population but not in those with AD.The purpose of this study was to examine inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention in community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia due to AD.Methods:This study was a secondary analysis of the Effects of Aerobic Exercise for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease(FIT-AD)trial data.Aerobic fitness was measured by the shuttle walk test(SWT),the 6-min walk test(6MWT),and the maximal oxygen consumption(VO2max)test,and cognition by the AD Assessment Scale-Cognition(ADAS-Cog).Inter-individual differences were calculated as the differences in the standard deviation of 6-month change(SDR)in the SWT,6MWT,VO2max,and ADAS-Cog between the intervention and control groups.Results:Seventy-eight participants were included in this study(77.4±6.3 years old,mean±SD;15.7±2.8 years of education;41%were female).VO2max was available for 26 participants(77.7±7.1 years old;14.8±2.6 years of education;35%were female).The SDR was 37.0,121.1,1.7,and 2.3 for SWT,6MWT,VO2max,and ADAS-Cog,respectively.Conclusion:There are true inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to aerobic exercise in older adults with mild-tomoderate dementia due to AD.These inter-individual differences likely underline the inconsistent cognitive benefits in human studies.

Blood glucose response to aerobic exercise training programme among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu South-East, Nigeria

The following article has been retracted due to the conflicts between the authors. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter, and HEALTH treats all unethical behavior seriously. This paper published in Vol.5 No.11, 1796-1802 (2013) has been removed from this site. Title: Blood glucose response to aerobic exercise training programme among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu South-East, Nigeria Authors: Charles Ikechukwu Ezema, Amarachi Akuegbu Onwunali, Sikiru Lamina, Uche Anthonia Ezugwu, Augustine Amaeze Amaeze, Maduabuchukwu Joseph Nwankwo, Florence Ngozi

Impact of community-based exercise program participation on aerobic capacity in women with and without breast cancer

BACKGROUND Evidence for exercise as an efficacious strategy to improve aerobic capacity of breast cancer survivors(BCS)has come largely from intervention studies conducted in laboratory settings.There is an increasing need to translate to community-type settings,but the efficacy of those interventions using gold standard evaluation is not well-established.AIM To investigate whether similar improvement in aerobic capacity(maximal oxygen consumption[VO2])measured with gold standard testing can be achieved through a community-based setting in BCS.METHODS A peak cardiopulmonary exercise test(VO2peak),6-min walk test(6MWT),and timed up and go test(TUG)were assessed pre-and post-16 wk of progressive intensity aerobic and strength training exercise at a community center.RESULTS The sample consisted of 31 early BCS(<1 year since treatment completion)and 15 controls(CTLs).Both groups significantly improved VO2peak(+1.2 mL/kg/min;P=0.030),6MWT(+35 meters;P<0.001),and TUG(-0.44 s;P<0.01)following training.Both groups improved peak cycling power during the cardiopulmonary exercise test with BCS improving by+10 watts more than the CTLs(P=0.020).Average exercise attendance was 71%(34 of 48 possible days),but compliant days averaged only 60%of total days for aerobic,and<40%for strength in both groups.CONCLUSION Community-based exercise programs can be an effective strategy to improve aerobic capacity and physical function for early-stage BCS but potentially not to the same extent observed in laboratory-based randomized controlled trials.Further research is needed to explore barriers and facilitators of exercise engagement in community-based centers to maximize training benefits for adults with cancer.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on the Intramuscular Lipid and Glycogen Content of Fiber Types in Soleus Muscles of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Model Rats

We studied the effects of exercise on muscle mitochondria, and lipid and glycogen content in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into 3 groups: the control group was fed standard chow;the NASH group was fed a methionine-choline-deficient high-fat diet (MCD);the NASH-exercise group was fed the MCD and exercised three times a week. Exercise training consisted of continuous running for thirty minutes at a 13 m/min, 6° slope on a motor-driven rodent treadmill for 6 weeks. Mitochondria content in NASH group decreased in the both fiber types compared with those of the control group. As compared between the NASH and NASH-exercise groups, however, exercise not only promoted significant improvements in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and triglyceride (TG) content but also increased mitochondria content in type I muscle fiber in particular. These data suggest that exercise improved hepatic steatosis in NASH model rats and can prevent the progression of NASH.