Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on the Homogeneous Charge Combustion Process of n-Heptane at Different Load Conditions

Effects of exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） on homogeneous charge combustion of n-heptane was studied through simulation and experiment. Experiments were carried out in a single cylinder, four-stroke, air cooled engine and a single cylinder, two-stroke, water cooled engine. In the four-stroke engine, experiments of the effects of EGR were examined using heated N2 addition as a surrogate for external EGR and modifying engine to increase internal EGR. The ignition timing was sensitive to EGR due to thermal and chemical effects. EGR or extra air is a key factor in eliminating knock during mid-load conditions. For higher load operation the only way to avoid knock is to control reaction timing through the use of spark ignition. Experimental and modeling results from the two-stroke engine show that auto-ignition can be avoided by increasing the engine speed. The two-stroke engine experiments indicate that high levels of internal EGR can enable spark ignition at lean conditions. At higher load conditions, increasing the engine speed is an effective method to control transition from homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） operation to non-HCCI operation and successful spark ignition of a highly dilute mixture can avoid serious knock.

Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel/n-butanol blends with split-injection and exhaust gas recirculation stratification

Oxygen fuels have broad application prospects and great potential for realizing efficient and clean combustion,and hence this study applies diesel/n-butanol blends to explore the influence of split-injection strategy on combustion and emission characteristics.Simultaneously,changing the way of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)gas introduction forms uneven in-cylinder components distribution,and utilizing EGR stratification optimizes the combustion process and allows better emission results.The results show that the split-injection strategy can reduce the NO_(x)emissions and keep smoke opacity low compared with the single injection,but the rise in accumulation mode particles is noticeable.NO_(x)emissions show an upward trend as the injection interval expands,while soot emissions are significantly reduced.The increase in pre-injection proportion causes the apparent low-temperature heat release,and the two-stage heat release can be observed during the process of main combustion heat release.More pre-injection mass makes NO_(x)gradually increase,but smoke opacity reaches the lowest point at 15%pre-injection proportion.EGR stratification can optimize the emission results under the split injection strategy,especially the considerable suppression of accumulation mode particulate emissions.Above all,fuel stratification coupled with EGR stratification is beneficial for further realizing the in-cylinder purification of pollutants.

EFFECTS OF COOLED EXTERNAL EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON DIESEL HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The effects of cooled external exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） on the combustion and emission performance of diesel fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） are studied. Homogeneous mixture is formed by injecting fuel in-cylinder in the negative valve overlap （NVO） period. So, the HCCI combustion which has low NOx and smoke emission is achieved. Cooled external EGR can delay the start of combustion effectively, which is very useful for high cetane fuel （diesel） HCCI, because these fuels can easily self-ignition, which makes the start of combustion more early. External EGR can avoid the knock combustion of HCCI at high load which means that the EGR can expand the high load limit. HCCI maintains low smoke emission at various EGR rate and various load compared with conventional diesel engine because there is no fuel-rich area in cylinder.

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads

Achieving simultaneous reduction of NOx,CO and unburned hydrocarbon(UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research.The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel(diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads.The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads.However,it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency,resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NOx emissions.CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%,respectively,The NOx emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.

Numerical study of effect of post injection coupled with EGR on combustion and emission performances of CRDI engine fueled with biodiesel-ethanol blends

Energy shortage and environmental pollution are becoming more serious,biodiesel is regarded as the most promising alternative fuel for diesel engines due to its environmentally friendly and renewable characteristics.In this study,the biodiesel-ethanol blends were used in a diesel engine,and the purpose of the study was to simultaneously control the NOx and soot emissions of the diesel engine by adjusting the injection strategy and EGR rate.A turbocharged,six-cylinder,common rail direct injection(CRDI)engine model was established using GT-Power.The effects of the main-post injection strategy and post injection coupled with exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)on combustion and emission characteristics were investigated at a maximum torque speed and a medium load.The results show that when the main-post injection strategy is employed,the combustion duration of the main injection is shortened with an increase in the main-post injection interval(MPI).When the MPI increased to more than 18℃A,the heat release of post injection could be observed clearly from the curve of the heat release rate,NOx emissions decreased by 5.70%and 7.12%,respectively,and soot emissions decreased by 25.56%and 30.20%,respectively.Moreover,with the increasing post injection quantity,the combustion duration of the main injection shortened,and the peak heat release rate(PHRR)of the post injection increased.When the fuel quantity for the post injection increased from 2 to 6 mg,NOx emissions decreased from 2.33%to 9.80%,and soot emissions decreased from 16.10%to 34.97%.The effect of post injection quantity on emissions was more significant than that of the MPI.In addition,with increasing EGR rate,the ignition delay is prolonged,the peak cylinder pressure,PHRR,peak combustion temperature and NOx emissions decrease,whereas soot emissions increase gradually.Main-post injection can improve the NO-soot trade-off,the optimal EGR rate is 22.86%under a post injection quantity of 4 mg and a MPI of 22℃A.

Collaborative optimization of exhaust gas recirculation and Miller cycle of two-stage turbocharged marine diesel engines based on particle swarm optimization

To meet increasingly stringent emission standards and lower the brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)of marine engines,a collaborative optimization study of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)and a Miller cycle coupled turbocharging system was carried out.In this study,a one-dimensional numerical model of the EGR,Miller cycle,and adjustable two-stage turbocharged engine based on WeiChai 6170 marine diesel engine was established.The particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to achieve multi-input and multi-objective comprehensive optimization,and the effects of EGR-coupled Miller regulation and high-pressure turbine bypass regulation on NO_(x)and BSFC were investigated.The results showed that a medium EGR rate-coupled medium Miller degree was better for the comprehensive optimization of NO_(x)and BSFC.At medium EGR rate and low turbine bypass rates,NO_(x)and BSFC were relatively balanced and acceptable.Finally,an optimal steady-state control strategy under full loads was proposed.With an increase in loads,the optimized turbine bypass rate and Miller degree gradually increased.Compared with the EGRonly system,the optimal system of EGR and Miller cycle coupled turbine bypass reduced NO_(x)by 0.87 g/(kW·h)and BSFC by 17.19 g/(kW·h)at 100%load.Therefore,the EGR and Miller cycle coupled adjustable two-stage turbocharging achieves NO_(x)and BSFC optimization under full loads.

Combustion analysis of a hydrogen-diesel fuel operated DI diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel and growing demand necessitates researchers to find alternative fuels which are clean and sustainable. The need for finding renewable, low cost and environmentally friendly fuel resources can never be understated. An efficient method of generation and storage of hydrogen will enable automotive manufacturers to introduce hydrogen fuelled engine in the market. In this paper, a conventional DI diesel engine was modified to operate as gas engine. The intake manifold of the engine was supplied with hydrogen along with recirculated exhaust gas and air. The injection rates of hydrogen were maintained at three levels with 2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min and 8 L/min and 10 L/min with an injection pressure of 2 bar. Many of the combustion parameters like heat release rate （HRR）, ignition delay, combustion duration, rate of pressure rise （ROPR）, cumulative heat release rate （CHR）, and cyclic pressure fluctuations were measured. The HRR peak pressure decreased with the increase in EGR rate, while combustion duration increased with the EGR rate. The cyclic pressure variation also increased with the increase in EGR rate.

Experimental study on combustion pressure oscillation of soybean bio diesel oil

The principal objectives of this study were to examine in-cylinder combustion pressure oscillation characteristics of soybean biodiesel in time domain and time-frequency domain,and their influences on the control and operational parameters,such as injection timing,exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)ratio,engine load and engine speed.In this study,the combustion pressure oscillation characteristics of biodiesel engine for various injection timing,EGR ratio and engine speed were investigated.The corresponding relation of pressure characteristics in the time domain and frequency domain were obtained.The results showed that the pressure oscillation and peak pressure rise acceleration occurred mainly in the diffusion combustion,and the peak pressure rise rate located in the premixed combustion.The in-cylinder pressure level curve can be divided into three stages.The pressure levels of stage 1,stage 2 and stage 3 represent the peak in-cylinder pressure,the maximum amplitude of pressure rise rate and pressure rise acceleration,respectively.As the injection timing retards,the pressure levels of stage 1 and stage 3 decrease gradually.The pressure level curve of stage 3 with 25°before top dead center(BTDC)is the highest and the oscillation is the most significant.It is worth noting that the location of each stage with various operate conditions is not fixed.At 0.41 MPa indicated mean effective pressure(IMEP),with the increase of EGR rate,the pressure levels of stage 1 and stage 2 decrease gradually.The pressure level curve of stage 3 and the maximum amplitude of pressure rise acceleration with 0%EGR rate are the highest.The oscillation with 0%EGR rate is the most significant at 0.41 MPa IMEP.Compared to 0.41 MPa IMEP,the frequency bands of stage 1 and stage 2 at 1.1 MPa IMEP are relatively low due to the soft combustion in the cylinder.As EGR rate increases,the pressure level of stage 1 decreases,and those of stage 2 and stage 3 increase gradually.The oscillation with 30%EGR rate is the most significant.With the increase of engine speed,the pressure levels of stage 1 and stage 2 decrease,and move to the low frequency.The pressure level in the high frequency domain at 1600 r/min is less than that at 1100 r/min,and the combustion process is smooth.

柴油微引燃双燃料发动机燃烧及排放特性研究

为改善柴油微引燃双燃料发动机的燃烧过程、经济性及排放特性,通过数值仿真方法研究了大负荷工况下喷油策略、废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR)及进气门晚关(Late Intake Valve Closing,LIVC)对柴油微引燃双燃料发动机缸内燃烧及排放特性的影响。结果显示:随着预喷时刻提前,缸压和放热率峰值降低,NO_(x)排放量降低,但预喷时刻过早导致缸内燃烧状况恶化,热效率下降。随着主喷时刻提前,缸压和放热率峰值先升高后逐渐降低,碳烟、碳氢化合物(Hydrocarbon,HC)和CO排放量先逐渐降低后略微升高,NO_(x)排放量先增多后减少;燃烧相位受主喷时刻的影响较大,合理调节主喷时刻可有效控制天然气/柴油反应活性控制压燃(Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition,RCCI)燃烧相位和污染物排放。随着EGR率增加,缸压及放热率峰值减小,缸内温度降低,燃烧相位推迟,有利于发动机向更高负荷范围拓展。当进气门晚关角度为0时,EGR率从32%增至48%,NO_(x)排放量下降66.21%;当EGR率大于40%后,碳烟、HC和CO排放量随EGR率增加而急剧升高。随着LIVC增大,缸压峰值和放热率峰值显著下降,指示热效率和NO_(x)排放量逐渐降低,碳烟、HC和CO排放量增加。在大负荷工况下,采用合适的主喷时刻、较小的LIVC耦合较低的EGR率可提高发动机的热效率,维持NO_(x)排放量较低的同时能有效减少碳烟、HC和CO排放量。

超高压缩比混动专用发动机的爆震控制研究

为抑制混动发动机爆震现象,基于超高压缩比混动发动机,建立计算流体力学(CFD)模型,通过台架试验分析发动机子系统及控制参数对爆震的影响。结果表明:提高进气道滚流比可实现快速燃烧;提升燃烧室加工精度可改善燃烧一致性;缸体、缸盖分离式冷却可实现分区温度智能调节;增加挡水板可降低金属温度;对于该发动机最大有效热效率点,降低废气再循环(EGR)系统压损,可使EGR率达到25%;高温环境下,需对发动机有效压缩比及出水温度进行精确控制。

EGR的热效应和稀释效应对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

以改进的KIVA-3V程序为计算平台,在转速为1,600,r/min,每循环喷油量为52.8,mg工况下,分别进行了EGR的热效应和稀释效应对柴油机燃烧和排放影响的数值模拟.结果表明,EGR的热效应对滞燃期影响较大,而稀释效应成为制约最高爆发压力和缸内温度的主要因素,且随着氧气体积分数的降低,热效应对最高爆发压力的影响增强;EGR导致碳烟排放增加是由于EGR的稀释效应,低温燃烧时碳烟排放的降低是EGR的稀释效应和热效应相互作用的结果;相比稀释效应,EGR的热效应是实现低温燃烧的主要因素,高进气热容更易改善NOx和碳烟排放的折衷关系.

不同增压方式下EGR对高压共轨柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台电控高压共轨柴油机上,采用单级增压、两级增压和可变几何截面增压3种增压方式,进行了高压冷却废气再循环(EGR)的燃烧与排放试验研究.结果表明,柴油机采用可变几何截面增压时,涡前与进气压差较低,泵气损失小,具有良好的燃油经济性;大负荷、等EGR率情况下,单级增压、两级增压和可变几何截面增压的缸内最大爆发压力和主燃烧期的瞬时放热率依次增加,燃烧持续期缩短.随着EGR率的增加,可变几何截面增压器的进气压力增加,导致缸内爆发压力保持较高值,两级增压和可变几何截面增压的烟度和CO排放较单级增压大幅度降低,并能明显改善NOx排放和烟度之间的trade-off关系;中小负荷时,单级增压的HC排放最高,两级增压的缸内最大爆发压力最大,但CO排放最低,可变几何截面增压的燃烧相位较单级增压和两级增压有所推迟,预混燃烧比例增加,烟度下降.

轻型柴油机EGR与喷油正时的协同性能研究

以一台高压共轨轻型柴油机为样机,研究废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)和喷油正时协同作用对发动机燃烧特性、燃油消耗率、氮氧化物(NOx)和HC排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着EGR率增大,缸内最大压力有所下降,瞬时放热率峰值有所减小。随着喷油提前角增加,缸内最大压力增大,瞬时放热率峰值先增大后减小。EGR率与缸内最大压力降幅、瞬时放热率峰值降幅均具有较好的线性关系。随着EGR率的增大和喷油提前角的减小,NOx排放降低,燃油耗增加,而且存在一个最佳的EGR率和喷油提前角的组合区域使HC排放达到最低。为了实现降低NOx排放的同时有效控制燃油消耗率和避免HC排放升高,低负荷时选择高EGR率并结合大喷油提前角的控制策略;中等负荷时选择适中EGR率结合适中喷油提前角的控制策略。

甲醇和EGR降低柴油机NO_x和碳烟排放的试验研究

在4100QBZL增压中冷柴油机上进行了M15甲醇柴油的试验研究。在维持原机动力性的基础上,研究了不同EGR率对柴油机燃用M15甲醇柴油时的动力性、经济性、燃烧特性、NOx和碳烟排放的影响。结果表明:甲醇可以同时降低柴油机的NOx和碳烟排放,但造成柴油机动力性下降,经济性变差。增加9.5%的供油量后,柴油机可以维持原机的动力性,碳烟排放较低,但NOx排放量大幅度上升。采用EGR系统后,随着EGR率的增加,最高缸压、最大放热率和缸内温度逐渐降低,所对应的曲轴转角后移,NOx排放大幅度降低,烟度有不同程度的恶化。在维持动力性和经济性的基础上选择合适的EGR率可以使柴油机的NOx排放和烟度排放均低于燃用0#柴油。

EGR与喷油定时对柴油机预混燃烧颗粒排放的影响

采用试验方法研究了小负荷单次早喷射模式下EGR率和喷油定时对柴油机预混燃烧过程和颗粒排放的影响.结果表明:当喷油定时处于45°~35°,CA BTDC、EGR率不超过60%,时,积聚态颗粒物数浓度受EGR影响而增加的趋势较为缓慢,此时平均粒径大小在50~60,nm;当EGR率超过60%,达到70%,时,积聚态颗粒物数浓度急剧增加,此时数浓度的最大值所对应的平均粒径却减小到30~40,nm.当喷油定时处于30°~26°,CA BTDC时,积聚态颗粒物数浓度受EGR影响并不明显.随着喷油定时的推迟,核态颗粒物数浓度逐渐升高.当ηEGR≤60%,,总颗粒物数浓度受EGR率变化影响不大,但随喷油定时的推迟呈现逐渐升高的趋势,与核态颗粒物变化趋势一致;当ηEGR>60%,,总颗粒物数浓度随EGR率升高急剧增加,这是积聚态和核态颗粒物共同作用的结果.

EGR对直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声影响的试验研究

设计了合适的废气再循环(EGR)系统和试验方案,通过测量引入EGR前后影响燃烧噪声的参数,开展EGR对直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声影响的研究。研究结果表明:引入合适的EGR量,可以降低柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声,使大部分负荷工况的柴油机瞬态工况辐射噪声降低1 dB以上,且对动力性能影响不大。针对试验结果的分析表明:合适的EGR率使得瞬态工况过程的压力升高率降低,压力高频振荡幅值减小,从而引起相应的燃烧噪声的降低。

两次喷射参数及EGR对汽油压燃(GCI)燃烧及排放的影响

在一台由6缸重型柴油机改造而成的单缸试验发动机上进行了汽油压燃(GCI)的试验研究,在较高负荷下研究了两次喷射间隔、EGR率、喷射压力对GCI燃烧和排放的影响.结果表明:较小的两次喷射间隔虽然碳烟排放相对较高,但更有利于缩短第2次喷射的滞燃期、降低第2段预混放热速率和控制压力升高率;提高第1次喷射比例虽然会导致THC、CO升高,但可以获得更低的NO_x和碳烟排放,同时对最大压力升高率降低作用更加显著.因此,控制适当小的两次喷射间隔和适当大的第1次喷射比例可以在有效降低最大压力升高率的前提下获得良好的综合排放效果.增大EGR率可以有效降低NO_x排放,但对碳烟排放、指示热效率及最大压力升高率控制不利,所以要根据排放控制需要合理选择.适当提高喷射压力可以大幅降低碳烟排放,CO和THC排放也有所改善,有利于汽油压燃清洁燃烧的实现.

内燃机废气再循环(EGR)率评价方法研究

废气再循环(EGR)率的合理控制对NOx的净化效果和整机排放极其重要。为此,分析比较了各种EGR率的评价方法,提出了新的EGR率评价指标比废气再循环率ηEGR,同时阐明了EGR率闭环控制的必要性及其控制方法。

EGR对燃用煤制油增压柴油机燃烧与排放的影响

在一台增压柴油机上通过试验方法研究了废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)对煤直接液化柴油(diesel from direct coal liquefaction,DDCL)和普通石化柴油的燃烧及排放的影响。试验结果表明:DDCL着火滞燃期比柴油长,燃烧持续期比柴油短,这种差别在40%EGR率下更明显;相同策略下DDCL燃烧对应的最大压升率高于柴油;当进气氧浓度低于19%后DDCL燃烧产生的NOx排放浓度低于柴油;不论采用何种控制策略,DDCL燃烧产生的碳烟排放浓度总低于柴油,产生的CO和HC排放浓度总高于柴油;柴油机分别燃用DDCL与柴油的油耗率很接近,随着EGR率的增加,DDCL的燃油经济性逐渐差于柴油。

喷油时刻和EGR对Diesel/MF混合燃料燃烧和排放的影响

在一台压燃式发动机上,进行了燃用2-甲基呋喃(MF)及其与柴油混合燃料的发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究。结果表明:喷油时刻接近上止点时,缸内压力峰值降低,废气再循环可明显降低缸内峰值压力和放热率;喷油时刻提前CO排放降低;推迟喷油和采用废气再循环(EGR)可明显降低NOx排放;混合燃料可以明显降低碳烟排放;相同的喷油时刻下,废气再循环对小颗粒的影响较小,对大颗粒的影响较大;喷油时刻越靠近上止点,废气再循环对颗粒数量浓度的影响越大;喷油时刻早于上止点前12.5°CA时,在废气再循环的影响下,大颗粒物数量增多,颗粒物质量浓度也随之增大。